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Ambassadors of Sustainability: An Analytical Study of Global Eco-Friendly Cities

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 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

Ambassadors of Sustainability: An Analytical Study of

Global Eco-Friendly Cities
Walaa A. Yakoub, Ghada M. Elrayies and Osama M. Abo El-Enien Mahmoud F. Mahmoud
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning Department of Architectural Engineering
University of Port-Said University of Suez Canal
Port-Said, Egypt Ismailia, Egypt
Walaa_ahmed22222@yahoo.com; ghadaelrayies@ymail.com mafouad66@hotmail.com

Abstract - Degradation of urban ecology is issue in most large cities
around the world, and is particularly extreme in the mega-cities of the
developing world. So that, climate change experiments and global
cities is the major goal of current governments and policymakers as it
suggests that climate change experiments are a critical means through
which to understand the nature and implications of urban responses
to this urgent agenda. As, leading experiments of eco-friendly cities
are planned to be with zero greenhouse emission transit and complete
self-sufficiency in water and energy, together with the use of zero
energy building principles. Energy demand will be substantially
lower than comparable conventional cities due to the high
performance of buildings and a zero emission transport zone within
the city. Besides, Waste is considered to be a resource and most of
the city's waste will be recycled. In contrary, leading experiments of
eco-friendly cities are still in a need to update their environmental
plans to overcome any lacks and obstacles facing sustainable
development. Moreover, this research examines the work that a
selection of cities globally has made towards establishing
sustainability indicators to monitor the success of their sustainability
plans. The research has focused on identifying the commonalities
between the cities analyzed to extract indicators that will serve as a
starting point for other cities that are interested in establishing or
developing sustainability indicators to become ambassadors of
sustainability also.
Index Terms - Cities, Urban ecology, Environmental
degradation, Eco-urbanism, Sustainable development, Sustainable
lifestyle, Indicators.
I. INTRODUCTION
According to the Native American proverb, we did not
inherit earth from our grandparents but, we borrowed it from
our grand-children; the world moves towards a carbon-free
future, so, cities have been identified as key hubs for change.
They have the greatest ability to quickly develop more
efficient systems and implement climate change mitigation
policies. Moreover, cities will become the destination of a
population migration as humanity grows globally to a
population of 11 billion [1]. In addition, focusing on cities as
sites where climate change and dwindling oil resources will
take their biggest human toll is presented as stark reality [2],
besides, cities affect, and are in turn affected by,
environmental change. To begin with, cities concentrate
people, enterprises, motor vehicles and waste. They are
therefore centers of energy consumption, greenhouse gas
production and soil, water and air pollution. Since the
majority of the world population consists of urban dwellers,
cities are blamed for being important contributors to global
environmental change [3]. Consequently, cities and their
inhabitants play a significant role in helping to achieve global
sustainability. This idea of sustainability spotlights
population's ability to live within the environmental limits of
the earth. Neither cities nor city buildings are sustainable, but
can significantly contribute to global environmental
sustainability [4]. Ten cities around the globe; Malmo,
Portland, Toronto, Freiburg, BEDZED, Tianjin, Weihai,
Milan, Dongtan and, Makati have been chosen as case studies
because they illustrate successful models that facing climate
changes challenges although they suffered such problems in
past similar to those of other cities recently and have been
interesting laboratories of sustainable planning strategies,
some more successful than others. Because these cities have
tried to address regional problems more actively than most
other metropolitan areas all over the world, it is possible to
learn from their experience as they are considered as
ambassadors of urban sustainability. So, this study seeks to
analysis these pioneer cities globally have made towards
establishing the indicators of environmental sustainability to
monitor the success of their sustainability plans.
II. Overview of global experiments in Eco-friendly
cities
For centuries, cities have been at the heart of the arts and
culture, thriving businesses, and innovative ideas. Over ninety
percent of urban areas are coastal areas, which means that
most cities on the planet are extremely vulnerable to the effects
of the climate crisis as sea levels rise, polar ice melts, and
powerful storms sweep across these regions. Thus, the impacts
of climate change have become more apparent, concern has
 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

grown that the impacts would fall disproportionately on groups ecological and other problems [8]. So, since the mid of 2000s
that are already experiencing environmental injustice – those in particular, there has been a proliferation of new eco-city
already burdened by the health effects of climate change such initiatives, which suggests that this phenomenon has gained
as heat waves, and economic hardships [5]. Governments are considerable momentum and become embedded in mainstream
facing greater challenges every time in providing inhabitants policy-making [9].
with a good quality of life in their cities. Many cities around
the world have developed sustainable urban development Cities transformation into sustainability needs to take
plans for leading their urbanization process towards a desired serious measures in consideration as (Fig1) shows that the
status of urban sustainability [6]. Efforts to render cities most important forms of global pollution problems as follow:
environmentally and socially sustainable are not new. Urban
planning and regeneration over the last one hundred years or
so have been significantly influenced by attempts to redress
the perceived detrimental effects of large-scale urbanization,
such as environmental degradation, social inequalities and
urban sprawl. The Garden City, the New Town and the
Techno-City are 19th and 20th century exemplars of such
attempts to reinvent the city in the (post)industrial era.

More recently, these efforts have culminated in a new

phenomenon – the so-called eco-city. The term can be traced
back to the mid-1970s, when it was first coined in the context
of the rising environmental movement. Throughout the 1980s
and early 1990s, it remained mainly an innovative concept,
Figure 1: Motives of cities towards
with practical examples few and far between. The United
transforming into sustainability,
Nations Earth Summit (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), and the
Source: The Researchers based on [8]
resulting sustainable development programme (Agenda 21),
formed the background to a first wave of practical eco-city
As former (Fig.1) clarified that climate changes is one of
initiatives. Curitiba (Brazil), Waitakere (New Zealand) and
the most motives push cities towards transformation into
Schwabach (Germany) are examples of the first-generation
sustainability. As, the (Fig.2) shows that, climate changes have
eco-cities. Currently, number of current experiments of
different impacts on urban environment as; pollution of air and
sustainable cities increases day by day in different spots of the
water, environmental hazards and risks and resources
globe; some of these success experiments are illustrated as
depletion. Moreover, climate changes are the main driver of
follow:
environmental degradation of urban areas.
A. Motives beyond Eco-Development of cities
A necessity is the mother of invention; thus, the necessity
of cities for facing potential risks of climate changes is an
urgent issue since last decades. As, urban ecology risks which
threats humanity survival … For that, many cities around the
world in particular, the developed world, take their way in
transformation into sustainability. So that, advancing urban
ecology research can support the goals of improving urban
sustainability and resilience, conserving urban biodiversity,
and promoting human well-being on an urbanizing planet [7].
Hence, environmental concerns are an important factor in
sustainable development. For a variety of reasons, activities
which continually degrade the environment are not sustainable
over time, e.g., the cumulative impact on the environment of Figure 2: Relation between climate changes and
such activities often leads over time to a variety of health, its impacts on urban environment,
Source: [The Researchers]
 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

B. Main impacts of climate changes on urban environment
The human impact on the natural environment rose
dramatically with the expansion of economic activities, though
there are substantial differences between countries as to their
claims on natural resources and pollution of the environment
[10], and some of these main impacts areas follow:
1) Pollution& Environmental Risks
2) Resources Depletion
In the point of view of researchers, resources depletion
occurs due to pollution and environmental risks; for example,
sewage leakage damage water plus increasing in temperature
in the past century, extreme weather (droughts, floods); rise in
sea level; and disappearance of glaciers, these trends are
expected to worsen by 2050 according to the World Watch
Institute.
C. About cities /ambassadors of sustainability
The researchers launched the term of ambassadors of
sustainability on such cities which could put itself on the way
of sustainability; Malmo, Portland, Toronto, Freiburg,
BEDZED, Tianjin, Weihai, Milan, Dongtan and, Makati as
this study highlight the environmental features of these cities
plans, besides, discusses the lacks and criticism. Moreover,
extract the lessons to be learned of these valuable experiments
and the environmental indicators that will be guidelines for
other cities.
Hanseatic League, Malmö University, which opened in 1998,
is Sweden's latest venture in the field of higher education,
accommodating some 20 000 students. Malmö has developed
round its harbor. The economy is centered on investments in
new technology and training programmers of high caliber.
Also, Malmö, is considered an economic mainstay of
Southern, Sweden and a former industrial city, has transformed
itself into a technological innovation, culture and sustainable
development center [13]; as, the first Malmö Environmental
Plan was completed in 1990 and a second plan was produced
in 1998. The overall objectives of the program are to become a
sustainable society. The result of the plan is, amongst other
things, an expansion of the district heating system and greatly
reduced emissions of sulphur oxides. However, the use of
energy is still mainly based on non-renewable fuels and the
emissions of carbon dioxide are considered too high. Indeed,
Malmo (Sweden), aiming to be carbon-neutral by 2020 as it
Malmo promotes itself variably as climate/solar/eco-city [14].
As, the city received a Special Mention award at the Lee Kuan
Yew World City Prize 2012 in recognition of its good work at
Västra hamnen [15]. Västra Hamnen is also known as "the
City of Tomorrow", and is the first district in Europe that
claims to be carbon neutral, the district uses aquifer thermal
energy storage system to heat buildings in the winter and cool
them in the summer [16].

Figure 4: Malmo city, Source:

www.malmo.se
(accessed Feb 18th 2018).

Figure 3: Leading cities towards urban sustainability,
Source: [The researchers]
1) Malmo
The Swedish city of Malmö lies at the southern point of
Sweden and is the gateway between Sweden and Denmark
[11]. Besides, it is Sweden's third largest city, with more than
265 000 inhabitants. Malmö has historically been known as
‘The City of Parks’ because of a number of parks that date
back to the early 1900s [12]. A former member of the
2) Portland
Portland is the largest city in the U.S. state of Oregon and
the seat of Multnomah County. It is a major port in the
Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the
confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers. The city
covers 145 square miles (380 square kilometers) and had an
estimated population of 647,805 in 2017, making it the 26th
most populous city in the United States, and the second-most
populous in the Pacific Northwest [17]. First established in
1979 and expanded little since then, the boundary
 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

encompasses 24 cities, parts of three counties, and
approximately 1.3 million people, Portland is also known for
its light-rail transit system, established on the east side of the
metropolitan area in 1986 [18]. In 2005, Portland, Oregon
became the first U.S. city to meet carbon dioxide reduction
goals set forth in the landmark Kyoto Protocol, an
international agreement forged to mitigate the threat of global
warming. Also, Portland is one of leading solar cities, driving
solar power growth starting with its public buildings. Portland
has also launched “Solar Forward,” an initiative that asks
community members to chip in to fund city solar projects [19].
Figure 5: Portland city,
Source: https://www.portlandoregon.gov
(accessed Nov 29th 2017).
3) Toronto
Toronto, Canada, as an urban area of approximately 5
million people, the Toronto region is Canada‘s largest
metropolitan area, comprising 15% of its population and
nearly 20% of its GDP. The dense urban core of the region
stands in stark contrast to the urban sprawl of the outer
suburbs. The region is a magnet for highly educated
immigrants and possesses a diverse and relatively robust
economy that is offsetting a 20-year decline in manufacturing
with growth in the services sector. The City of Toronto is well
positioned to capture new investment and employment
opportunities through the support and growth of emerging
innovative green economic development policies, programs
and initiatives [20]. Toronto (Canada) has achieved a CO2
reduction of 40% by 2009 city’ [14].
Figure 6: Toronto city, Source: https://www.toronto.ca
(accessed Feb 24th 2018)
4) Freiburg
Freiburg, a city of about 220,000 people and 155 km2 of
land, is located in the southwest corner of Germany, at the
edge of the Black Forest and near the borders with France and
Switzerland. It was founded in the year 1120, and through the
centuries of growth and modernization still maintains its Old
World charm and surrounding beauty. With its large academic
community, Freiburg was an early stronghold of the Green
Movement in the 1970s. A successful protest against a nearby
nuclear power plant is thought to be the galvanizing moment.
According to Energie-Cites (1999), “The most committed
leaders [of the anti-nuclear movement] joined the political
arena, the administration, the utilities, found a job in
educational or research activities or founded green-spirited
companies.” Freiburg’s mayor and one-fourth of the city
council are Green Party members.
Freiburg is widely considered the single best city for
sustainable urban development. Starting early, in the 1970s,
Freiburg has tackled energy and climate change, transport and
land use, urban livability and safety, and democratic issues –
all using a highly integrated approach. In two separate learning
cases we look at this integrated work in Freiburg, and at
Freiburg’s integrated renewable energy concept. The
interconnectedness of accessibility and mobility with other
issues is demonstrated by a city that started – earlier than most
in the 1970s – with a decision to save energy. Citizens in
Freiburg, a German university city, did not want to accept a
planned nuclear power station. That first decision led to the
development of Freiburg as a global first-rank model of
sustainable urban life – for its leading solar industrialisation,
high quality of life via energy-saving spatial and transport
planning, and nature conservation, etc. Freiburg sought energy
sustainability, and identified transport choices and urban
sprawl as key factors [21].

Freiburg is now also famous as a “Green City.” It excels in

the areas of transportation, energy, waste management, and
land conservation, and has created a green economy that
perpetuates even more environmental progress [22]. So,
Freiburg promotes itself as a Green city—especially in the
areas of transportation, energy, waste management, land
conservation, and green economics—and the city has won
various national and international environmental awards.
Actually, in some respects (e.g., waste management), Freiburg
 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

is much like other German cities. But in the areas of energy

and green economics, it is particularly outstanding. Also,
Freiburg has been known as ‘ecological capital’ (the latter
winning a same-named national award in 1998). Freiburg
frequently trades on the label as Europe’s ‘greenest city’ [14].
Freiburg may rightly call itself one of the birthplaces of the
environmental movement. The successful fight against the
planned Wyhlnuclear power plant 40 years ago and the
establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency in 1986
are the source of a large number of ecological model projects
and concepts on the way to a sustainable metropolis. Freiburg
has become a model for many cities and attracts creative
minds, investors and tourists from all over the world to the
Green City [23].
Figure 7: Freiburg city,
Source: https://www.freiburg.de/
Figure 8: BEDZED city, Source: [24]
6) Tianjin
Tianjin Sino-Singapore Eco-City, a flagship cooperative
project between the Chinese and Singapore governments, has
the goal of demonstrating the transformation of the current
urban development mode in order to tackle climate change,
save resources and energy, protect the environment, and
achieve social harmony. The development plan targets an area
of 30 square kilometers (km2) having a population of 350,000.
To govern the project, the Chinese government and Singapore
established a vice-premier- level joint coordination council
and ministerial-level joint working committees in charge of
key issues such as urban planning, environmental protection,
resource conservation, building a circular economy, practicing
ecological construction principles and standards, integrating
renewable energy and neutral water-recycling technologies,
providing for sustainable development, and promoting social
harmony.

5) BEDZED The Tianjin Eco-City plan, which prioritizes ecological

The Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED) is
the UK’s largest mixed-use sustainable community. It was
completed and occupied in 2002 and is located in the London
Borough of Sutton, on the suburban fringe of the city.
BedZED was designed to create a thriving community in
which ordinary people could enjoy a high quality of life while
living within their fair share of the earth’s resources.
Ecological and carbon foot printing were used to set
benchmarks for “sustainable lifestyles”. (BedZED), is a high
density residential development that accommodates a mix of
income groups and combines homes and workspaces. It
dramatically reduces carbon dioxide emissions per person
from the homes and encourages and supports other aspects of a
sustainable lifestyle including reduced water use and reduced
private automobile use [24].
health, also emphasizes community management and public
service. An indicator system comprising 22 controlled
indicators and 4 directive indicators17 was selected as a tool
for city planning, development, and construction, with
emphasis on eco-environment health, social harmony and
progress, economic development, and efficiency. The indicator
system stipulates quantitative requirements regarding planning,
transportation, ecological restoration, energy supply,
community system, water, and so on. Section 3 provides a
detailed analysis of the Tianjin indicators [25].
 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

8) Milan [28]

The municipality of Milan has about 1,305,000

Figure 9: Tianjin city,
Source:[26]
7) Weihai
The city of Weihai is located at the eastern tip of Shandong
Peninsula, bearing a long history, was inhabited as early as the
middle of the New Stone Age. The Ming government, in the
year of 1398, established Weiha, as a military base, to prevent
invaders. In 1987, Weihai, a prefecture level city was founded.
Weihai covers a gross area of 5,436 km 2, with a population of
2.47 million. In 2005, compared with the foundation of Weihai
city in 1987, the developed urban area grew from 13.1 to 82
km2; the urban population grew from 233,000 to 462,000; and
GDP grew from 3.42 billion to 116.98 billion. But the
environmental quality has almost remained the same. In 1987,
the average of COD in the coastal sea area was 0.81mg/l, SO2
in the atmosphere was 0.057mg/m3, and PM10 was
0.077mg/m3, in 2005, COD was 1.05mg/l, SO2 was
0.026mg/m3, and PM10 was 0.063mg/m3 [27].
inhabitants, of which less than 8 percent live downtown. It is
the second largest city in Italy, located in the plains of
Lombardy. The Milan metropolitan area, depending on the
specific definition, has a population ranging from 3.9 to 7.4
million. The metropolitan district of Milan is located in the
Lowland Padana in the west-central area, inclusive of the
rivers Ticino and Adda, among the river Po and the first relief
prealpini. With a surface of around 181 square kilometers, it is
positioned 122 meters above sea level. The Olona River, the
Lambro River, and the Seveso Creek run through Milan:
Olona and Seveso run mostly underground.
Although in past decades, Milan has had mainly
atmospheric emissions problems, such as non-compliance with
limits and traffic pollutants that are too high, the city has
focused mainly on mitigation policies rather than on
adaptation. Besides, it started working on monitoring,
accounting, and reporting pollutants during the past decades.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Municipality of Milan
in 2005 amounted to 5,803.47 kilotons of carbon dioxide
(CO2). This represents the sum of carbon dioxide equivalent
tons of emissions from various sectors, such as agriculture,
transport and mechanical sources, industrial and nonindustrial
combustion, fuel extraction and distribution, manufacturing,
power generation and transformation, road transport, waste
treatment, and solvents.

Weihai was awarded the title of the “1st National Sanitary

City in China”, is one of the first “National Model Cities for
Environmental Protection,” “National Garden City,” and a
“National Excellent Tourism City.” The city has also twice got
Dubai International Award for Best Practices to Improve the
Living Environment by UN. In 2003, Weihai received the
“UN-Habitat Scroll of Honor Award.” [27].
Figure 11: Milan city, Source:
https://www.turismo.milano.it
(accessed Feb 24th 2018)

9) Dongtan [30]

Dongtan on Chongming Island will be the world’s first

Figure 10: Weihai city, Source: carbon-neutral city built intentionally. Dongtan is located at
https://www.en.investweihai.gov.cn the mouth of the Yangtze River on Chongming Island, situated
(accessed Nov 28th 2017) on 8,600 hectares (86 square kilometers) of agricultural land
(three-fourths the size of Manhattan) adjacent to an
 Menoufia University
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Second International Conference
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Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

internationally important wetland. The city design incorporates
a 350 hectare (3.5 square kilometer) wide buffer zone between
the city and the wetland to minimize the impact of the
development. The city is planned to take up just 40 percent of
the total site area with the remaining land to be used for
agriculture and energy production or preserved as wetland.
Dongtan was presented at the United Nations World Urban
Forum by China as an example of an eco-city. It is the first of
four such cities to be designed and built in China.1 The
planned cities will be ecologically friendly, with no
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and completely self-
sufficient in water and energy. The city will be completed in 3
phases:
 Phase 1. 100 hectares (1 square kilometer) will
accommodate up to 10,000 people by 2010.
 Phase 2. 650 hectares (6.5 square kilometers) will
accommodate 80,000 people by 2020.
 Phase 3. 3,000 hectares (30 square kilometers) will
finally accommodate 500,000 people around 2050.
greenhouse gases and its own future vulnerability to climate
impacts.
China has witnessed a 0.5-0.8°C increase in temperature in
the past century (more than the global average rise), and most
notable in western, eastern, and northern regions; extreme
weather (droughts, floods); rise in sea level of 2.5 millimeters
per annum (more than global average); and disappearance of
glaciers. These trends are expected to worsen by 2050.
According to the World Watch Institute, 16 of the world’s 20
most polluted cities are in China. China has established a
National Coordination Committee on Climate Change and a
China National Climate Change Program (CNCCP) outlining
objectives, principles, actions, and policies to address climate
change up to 2010 and to promote a circular economy. The
Government has also established legislation on energy
conservation and is undertaking studies to inform further
policy in this area, including on energy-saving buildings and
urban spatial design. Local strategies to tackle climate change
will be coordinated with the National Leading Group on
Climate Change (NDRC).

Dongtan is designed to have only green mobility along its

coastline. The site will be connected to Shanghai via bridge
and tunnel. People will arrive on the coast and asked to park
their cars, and then will travel by foot, bicycle, or other
sustainable public transport. The city will be linked by a
network of pedestrian walkways. Several transport measures
have been planned:
- Car pooling. People who want to share cars will be
connected through an intranet system.
- Zero-carbon vehicles. Only emission-free vehicles will be
allowed to drive within the city.
- Pollution-free mass transit. Pollution-free buses, trams, or
water taxis, powered by fuel-cells or other zero carbon
technologies, will be allow to run in the city;
- Electric scooters or bicycles. Traditional motorbikes will
be replaced by electric scooters or bicycles.
As urbanization in China grows at unprecedented rates and
the urban built-up area expands, minimizing GHG emissions
and reducing air pollutants is crucial. According to a recent
OECD report, Guangzhou and Shanghai are among the top 10
cities in terms of exposed populations to climate change
impacts. While the Dongtan project follows a clear agenda of
adaptation and climate proofing agenda, serious attention also
needs to be devoted to mitigating climate change in China to
minimize the country’s contribution to the global stock of
Figure 12: Dongtan city, Source:
https://www.Dongtan.com
(accessed Jan 20th 2018)
10) Makati
Makati City is one of the constituent cities of Metro
Manila, Philippines. Metro Manila consists of 16 cities and the
municipality of Manila. Makati City is located in the central
part of the metropolitan region (Figure 1). The total area of
Makati City is 27.36 square kilometers, which is only 4.3
percent of the total area of Metro Manila. Makati City has a
resident (nighttime) population of around 0.5 million, which
increases to 3.7 million during the day due to the influx of
people entering for jobs or other business purposes. The high
floating population is unprecedented and contributes to the
very high risk of the city to different disasters [29].
The Philippines is located in the Pacific ring of fire, which
is prone to high seismic and volcanic activity. Makati City has
 Menoufia University
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Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

high seismic hazard risk because of the West Valley fault
passing near the eastern parts of the City. There are several
other faults that can produce large earthquakes, affecting the
whole of Metro Manila. Makati City is also prone to other
hazards. It is vulnerable to typhoons that are frequently
produced in the Pacific Ocean. Both the high wind and high-
intensity rainfall cause damage. The City is also prone to
widespread flooding during the rainy season due to an
inadequate drainage system. In addition, Makati City
experiences minor landslides in some locations and has some
vulnerability to volcanic eruption from Taal volcano located
about 60 kilometers to the south of Metro Manila. The City is
also experiencing environmental degradation due to an
increase in air pollution. Since Makati City has an active
economic sector, both industrial activities and vehicular traffic
contribute to the City’s pollution. The City feels that the level
of pollution may reduce its competitiveness as a destination for
regional business, and it is striving to reduce pollution levels
[31].
Figure 13: Makati city, Source:
http://www.makati.gov.ph
(accessed Jul 2nd 2018)
D. Features of environmental sustainability/ Eco-
Development of cities
Each successful experiment of the mentioned cities has a
firm environmental plan aided it in achieving sustainability in
a short term; these plans imposed restrictions to be enabled to
achieve its goals; features of environmental sustainability of
eco-development for each city are separately shown as follow:
1) Malmo
Malmö is one of the Sweden’s most ambitious cities in
terms of sustainable planning and development. Malmö has
undergone significant transformation including architectural
developments, sustainable planning projects and attracting new
international companies to the area [11]. The city has its first
environmental plan in 1990 and, the second plan in 1998, also,
it Expand heating system for districts and, achieve a great
reduction of emissions. Besides, efforts in renewable energy;
intends to become a 100% renewable energy city by
developing solar, wind, hydro-power and biogas. The
municipality already has the largest solar farm in the country,
Sege Park, a farm with 1,250 m 2 of PV panels which will
soon be equipped with the first solar-powered Stirling engine.
Malmö is also close to Sweden’s largest offshore wind farm,
Lilgrund, which produces 0.33 TWh and supplies energy to
60,000 households. The municipality is simultaneously
developing small-scale wind power close to the port area in
order to ensure a more diversified and secure energy future
and create new local jobs. It also plans to have the world’s
largest biogas unit (300 GWh) built in the port area in
cooperation with E.ON, its main energy supplier. In the long-
term, Malmö plans to have it converted from a biogas to a
hydrogen unit supplying electricity and heat to municipal
buildings and a more sustainable fuel to the transport sector
[13].
The municipality aims to cover 100% of its energy needs
by renewable energy by 2030, an objective it intends to
achieve by halving energy use. As of 1998, Malmö embarked
on a policy of sustainable development and green energy
solutions. Today, two of its districts, Augustenborg and Västra
Hamnen, already are supplied by 100% renewable energy
(biogas, solar, wind and hydraulic power) and have
demonstrated Malmö’s energy transition potential. The
municipality first transformed the Augustenborg district, a
former flood-prone area. The district’s regeneration program
included daptation measures (rainwater collection system), the
introduction of 9,000 green roofs and the creation of a system
using food waste to produce biogas for public buses. In 2001,
the industrial district of Västra Hamnen (Western port) was
also regenerated. 350 flats made of sustainable materials were
built and an innovative district heating and cooling network
was introduced, as well as sustainable mobility solutions (e.g.
free five-year car-sharing subscription for residents) But
Malmö wanted to go further by adopting a more systematic
approach to further accelerate its energy transition. In 2007,
the municipality set up 5 workgroups composed of staff from
different municipal departments to identify local
environmental challenges and come up with sustainable
solutions. Two years later, in 2009, a strategic energy and
environmental plan targeting a 100% renewable supply, called
“Energistrategi för Malmö”, was prepared on the basis of this
study. The plan was unanimously adopted by the city council
in the same year. With its “Energistrategi för Malmö”, the city
aims to have 100% of its energy needs covered by renewable
energy by 2030, an objective it intends to achieve by halving
energy use. Recommended measures include energy
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retrofitting, smart grids, efficient waste management and
developing public transport and cycle paths. The remaining
needs will be covered by renewable energy produced within
the city (50%). Malmö has prepared a roadmap describing the
urban development required to achieve this deployment of
renewable energy. The plan of Malmö, which the municipality
also submitted as its Sustainable Energy Action Plan for the
Covenant of Mayors, clearly identifies those sectors (transport,
building, energy production) with energy efficiency and
renewable energy potential. In the building sector for example,
an energy mapping of the city has helped the municipality
determine how to retrofit buildings in a cost-effective way
[13].
Consequently, Malmö has set interim milestones for
achieving 100% renewable energy [13]:
oil and large-scale investment in district heating. Today, 90
percent of Malmö’s apartment buildings are connected to
extensive district heating networks. Improvement continued in
the 1970s with pollution control, closing of heavily polluting
factories, and new types of fuel for heating. Today, the main
source of air pollution is road traffic. Atmospheric
concentrations of the typically car-related pollutants nitrogen
dioxide and ozone have been relatively stable since the 1980s
[33].
Finally, in terms of air quality; a further factor is the aim to
revitalize urban centers socio-economically by shifting away
from old industries to new knowledge-based, green technology
and creative industries, as illustrated by Malmö [9].
2) Portland

• Energy use will be reduced by 20% by 2020 compared to
2001, and then by 50% by 2030.
• Greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by at least
40% by 2020 compared to 1990. This target was almost
already reached by 2014.
• The share of renewable energy will increase from 50% by
2020 to 100% by 2030.
In addition, storm water has previously been regarded as a
hydraulic problem in many municipalities, including the City
of Malmö, Sweden. Due to the increased knowledge regarding
storm water pollution and the implementation of the European
Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) which addresses the
chemical and biological quality in rivers and lakes,
groundwater and coastal beaches, increased attention has been
given to pollution due to storm water discharges; as storm
water contains a vast range of different pollutants such as
organic matter, nutrients, suspended solids, metals, inorganic
trace elements and xenobiotic organic compounds. Moreover,
the City of Malmö developed a handling strategy for
sustainable storm water management in a project called
BEATA. The project was a joint venture for the city’s
Waterworks, Environment and Health Administration, City
Planning Committee, Road department and Real estate
department [32].
As in most North European cities, air quality has improved
considerably since the 1960s. In Malmö, levels of sulfur
dioxide (SO2) have generally been below 5 μg/m3 since the
1990s, and concentrations of most other pollutants have also
decreased in recent decades. This improvement in air quality
started in the 1960s with the substitution of coal and coke with
Portland was falling into a downward spiral of urban
decay, sprawl, and the multiple problems stemming from car-
centered development. Not wanting to follow the same pattern
that characterized most North American cities, Portland has
helped to spearhead a movement towards urban livability.
With urban growth boundaries, quality public transportation,
and broad-based citizen participation in everything from local
and regional planning to neighborhood associations, Portland
is at the forefront of a movement to create livable urban
regions in North America.
In terms of ecological development; this integrates
features of the natural landscape into the form of the city in a
way that protects and restores environmental elements. In both
urban regions, little thought was given to this urban form value
until the last third of the 20th century. Since then, however,
regional and local planning agencies have designated park and
greenway networks, protected wetlands and stream corridors,
and changed development codes to require park or open space.
Portland area also developed a pedestrian environment factor
(PEF) to measure the pedestrian-friendliness of different
neighborhoods. The PEF measures street connectivity,
sidewalk availability, ease of street crossings and terrain. Not
surprisingly, highest PEF ratings were achieved by pre-World
War II in Portland neighborhoods [34]. Unfortunately, the city
has been shown to have significant urban heat island (UHI)
effects; it uses a substantial amount of municipal water
outdoors to maintain ornamental lawns and non-native trees
and shrubs (40% in Portland); and it is subject to increasing
water stress from climate change. The Pacific Northwest is
experiencing more frequent winter flooding and summer
warming, and downscaled global climate models predict
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increasing annual temperatures and higher precipitation 3) Toronto

variability. The U.S. Southwest is in the throes of a multi-year
drought, and long-term climate models indicate increasing
annual temperatures and higher precipitation variability.
Higher winter temperatures would lead to higher-elevation
snow lines that, in turn, would affect the timing of snowmelt
and summer flows and ultimately the quantity and timing of
water supplies in Portland [35].
In terms of water management: studies of water use in
Portland have focused on feedback effects among water
demand, irrigated vegetation, and the urban heat island effect.
The Portland Water Bureau (PWB) relies primarily on surface
water supplied by the Bull Run watershed, supplemented by
groundwater from the Columbia South Shore Well Field
(Portland Water Bureau, 2012). Conservation programs and
increasing block-rate pricing implemented in 1992 have
resulted in a roughly 30% decline in average daily per-capita
water use in City of Portland. PWB directly provides water to
City of Portland, with a population of over 500,000, as well as
19 smaller water providers. Since 1980, suburban development
in the Portland area has been contained by an urban growth
boundary (UGB), which has encouraged relatively dense
development for an American city, although lower density
development is not uncommon, particularly in the suburban
peripheries of the PWB service area. In addition, the usage of
waterworks sludges as building and construction materials as
brick making, manufacture of cement and cementitious
materials and using in pavement and geotechnical works [36].
In terms of waste management: waste was treated as
irrelevant to production, only to be managed when the pressure
to handle the problem is greater than the convenience of
disposal. But, when waste is seen as part of a production
system, the relationship of waste to other parts of the system is
revealed and thus the potential for greater sustainability of the
operation increases. So, the city take some measures towards
sustainable waste management; landfills became larger and
better engineered, thus reducing the environmental impact by
reducing contamination and small, poorly engineered landfills
closed; the economic viability of producing energy from
methane from landfill emissions increased. This consequently
reduced the impact on the environment from the effects of
greenhouse gases by 95%; byproducts from the waste disposal
service like recovery of organics, recycling packaging and
reusing goods became economic to set up for large urban
catchments; and solid waste operations extended to liquid and
hazardous wastes [37].
In terms of reduction GHG Emissions; Toronto has an
ambitious target to emit 80% fewer greenhouse gases in 2050
than in 1990, as our city continues to grow in population and
productivity. The Climate Change, Clean Air and Sustainable
Energy (“Climate Change Action Plan”) (2007) and The
Power to Live Green: Sustainable Energy Strategy (2009)
established our strategies to reach this long-term goal.
Emissions have been lowered by 25% from 1990 levels as of
2012, well exceeding the city goal of a 6% emissions
reduction. A major factor was the closing of Ontario’s coal
fired power plants, the single largest climate change initiative
in North America. More transformative action will be required
to reach 2050 target [38]. So, Toronto has become a pioneer in
the development of an urban response program to global
warming. It has charged a city agency to deal with global
warming issues, in particular emissions reduction . A number
of cities are collaborating as part of the Urban C02 Project to
develop policies to reduce their own CO2 emissions. The
Urban C02 Project is one of several projects carried out by the
International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives
(ICLEI), which was established in 1990 and has headquarters
at Toronto City Hall [39].
In terms of energy sector: In 1991, the Energy Efficiency
Office (EEO) was established in the Department of Public
Works and Environment. It was to be the administrative
spearhead for CO2 reduction projects. Among the initial tasks
carried out by the EEO were: (1) the development and
implementation of a program to retrofit all city-owned
buildings and facilities to improve energy efficiency; (2) the
development and implementation of a program to upgrade
efficiency of street-lighting; (3) review of proposals for new
private and public-sector buildings with regard to energy and
water use; and (4) an automobile program (the city would not
accept cars into its fleet unless they minimized various
pollutants, including CFCs) [39]. And basing on the point of
view said that distributed power and water provision in cities
needs community support. Toronto community began forming
‘buying-cooperatives’ in which they pooled their buying power
to negotiate special reduced prices from local photovoltaic
companies that had offered an incentive to buy solar
photovoltaic panels. The first co-op was the Riverdale
Initiative for Solar Energy. In this initiative, 75 residents
joined together to purchase rooftop photovoltaic systems,
resulting in savings of about 15 per cent in their purchase cost.
This then spread across the city. The Toronto example
suggests the merits of combining bottom-up neighborhood
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approaches with top-down incentives and encouragement. This
support for small-scale distributed production—offered
through what are commonly referred to as standard offer
contracts (often referred to as ‘feed-in tariffs’ in Europe), has
been extremely successful in Europe, where they are now
common. The same can be done with new technologies for
water and waste, such as rain water tanks and grey water
recycling [40].
In terms of water management: Although in the late
1980s, a problem concerned with effluent from the City’s
storm sewer system that flowed into Lake Ontario and made it
too polluted with faecal coliform bacteria to allow swimming.
Hence many studies conducted by an engineering firm
engaged by the City, there were two primary sources from
which the faecal coliform pollution originated: human faeces
contained in combined sewer overflow and animal excrement
which had been swept along with rainwater into the storm
sewers [41]. Toronto has experimented with mandatory
downspout disconnection programmes to reduce stormwater
run-off. Several studies conducted in association with
universities have been directed at monitoring the performance
of green roofs for stormwater management [42].
In terms of greening: the greening movement has been
playing a much more central role in the design of sustainable
communities than it has in North America, One city that has
been particularly proactive in converting brownfields into
green spaces over the last decade is Toronto, Canada. The
Planning and Parks Departments of that city have focused on
enhancing the green space inventory and overall quality of
urban life in the city. Toronto’s brownfield-to-green space
redevelopment experience has implications for cities across
North America undergoing brownfield planning and seeking to
enhance urban quality of life. Such policies have led to a kind
of “inner city recovery,” as thousands of sites have been
cleaned up and redeveloped [43].
In terms of infrastructure: Toronto all had to face the
cathartic experience of a controversial freeway. After a
political confrontation, the freeway options were dropped.
They decided instead to provide other greener options and
hence the building of light rail lines, cycleways, traffic calming
and associated urban villages began to emerge [40].
4) Freiburg
a city that started – earlier than most in the 1970s – with a
decision to save energy. Citizens in Freiburg, a German
university city, did not want to accept a planned nuclear power
station. That first decision led to the development of Freiburg
as a global first-rank model of sustainable urban life – for its
leading solar industrialization, high quality of life via energy-
saving spatial and transport planning, and nature conservation,
etc. Freiburg sought energy sustainability, and identified
transport choices and urban sprawl as key factors. Besides,
Freiburg has a strong orientation to walking, bicycling, and
public transport, with car-free areas and high levels of
accessibility for people of all ages (i.e. also the elderly, and
children). Freiburg’s development of sustainable transport
involves three major strategies:
 Restricting the use of cars in the city
 Providing effective transport alternatives to the car
 Regulating land-use (e.g. sprawl) to enable public
transport, cycling and walking
Freiburg has also preserved and expanded its light electric
rail network. This was against the trend in many cities to
remove trams to make space for cars. Freiburg has reaped
benefits like better air quality, quiet transport, space
efficiency, and the possibility to power its transportation with
clean renewable energy.
Freiburg’s city centre is almost entirely pedestrian-
friendly. This is one of the strategies that led to public
transport growing by some 50% and bicycle traffic by 100%,
but car trips only by 1%, in the 15-year period 1976–1991 (see
also Amsterdam, Copenhagen and Zürich). In 1999, 50% of all
daily trips were walking and cycling, and public transit use is
high for a small city. Freiburg has also worked with pricing to
get people to eschew car-travel. After a one-third cut in the
price of the public transport pass, there was a 23% increase in
use the first year, rising later to more than 100%, with public
transport use more than doubling [21].
Car-sharing is also encouraged. About 140 vehicles
currently are available through the Freiburger Auto-
Gemeinschaft e.V. Members have occasional use of a car (e.g.,
for big shopping trips or going to the mountains for skiing, as
one woman interviewed by Purvis (2008) explained). They
also receive a yearly free pass for public transport within the
city, and a 50% discount on national rail tickets.

In terms of transportation: the interconnectedness of Parking space management also contributes to the
accessibility and mobility with other issues is demonstrated by reduction of motor vehicle traffic. Multi-story garages are
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located at the edge of residential districts and at major mass
transit stations. The new district of Vauban is one extreme
example of parking space management. Parking there is
limited to garages on the outskirts of the neighborhood. Each
parking space costs 18,000 Euro (approx. US$23,000). To
avoid this cost, some people are said to lie about owning a car
in their annual declarations. But officially there are about 250
motor vehicles per 1,000 Vauban residents, compared to 423
for Freiburg as a whole (and 500 for Germany) and, about
9,000 bicycle parking spaces were also developed, including
“bike and ride” lots at transit stations. Cycling is promoted
with free maps and other information.
Another notable aspect of Freiburg’s transport policy is
traffic calming, as most streets (other than main streets) the
speed limit is 30 km (19 mi) per hour. On some streets cars
can travel no faster than walking speed, and children are
allowed to play in the streets.
Looking to the future, the official “traffic development
plan 2020” (published in 2008, see Huber-Erler et al.), after
consideration of various scenarios and their costs, includes
measures for pedestrian traffic, bicycle traffic, city public
transport, ] regional public transport, and motor vehicles.
[44]; [45]
In terms of Energy sector: Freiburg’s progressive energy
policy has its roots in the early 1970s, when the state of
Baden-Württemberg’s plan to build a nuclear power plant in
the town of Wyhl, just 30 km away, provoked intense protest
among Freiburg residents. Thomas Dresel (who is now the city
environmental manager) recalls that there was widespread civil
disobedience; the conflict began to look like a “civil war.”
Dresel says that as the protesters stood there in the mud
(created by police water cannons), they began to ponder the
question, If not nukes, then what? The plan was dropped in
1975, and in the years since then Freiburg has sought to
become a model of sustainable energy development. The
Chernobyl disaster of 1986 and concern over acid rain
damaging the Black Forest—and more recently concern
regarding climate change—strengthened the determination to
find alternatives to nuclear and fossil fuel energy. Germany’s
national energy policy, such as the decision to phase out
nuclear power and the 2001 federal renewable energy law,
which requires utilities to buy power from independent
producers, promote such a policy as well [22].
The City of Freiburg thus forced the builders to reduce the
consumption for another third. But yet, at Vauban district,
many builders were even more ambitious and planned to reach
the level of passive houses (< 15 kWh/m). Also, taking serious
measures towards energy saving as provision of proof for a
heat demand of less than 15 kWh/m2 in detailed
documentation, installing of an additional solar thermal plant,
and adherence to a ban on electric heating [46]. Besides, tries
to improve energy efficiency in existing buildings, as Freiburg
instituted a support program for home insulation and energy
retrofits. About 1.2 million Euros in subsidies were provided
in 2002-2008, complementing about 14 million Euros of
investments. Reduction of energy consumption averaged 38%
per building. Most municipal buildings (e.g., schools, offices)
were also retrofitted [22].
In terms of renewable Energy Sources: to arrest climate
change, a transition to a low-carbon economy must take place
quite rapidly, within a century at most. Thus, the rate of
diffusion of new technologies such as those for the generation
of electricity from renewable energy sources becomes a central
issue as solar energy and wind energy as well as widespread in
recent decades in German in general [47]. Thus, Freiburg has
become demonstrations on how to bring renewables into its
city planning [40].
Solar: Solar energy is by far the most visible renewable
resource used in Freiburg. The city is home to approximately
400 photovoltaic installations on both public and private
buildings. Prominent among these are [48]; [22]:
 The 19-story façade of the main train station
 The roof of the convention center
 The roof of the soccer stadium
 The Solarsiedlung (Solar Settlement) and its
neighboring Solarschiff (Solar Ship) business park
 The Solar Factory (SolarFabrik)
 The “Heliotrope,” a structure that rotates to follow the
sun
 The roof of the city’s waste management offices and its
recycling center

Energy Saving & Efficiency

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Each household or apartment building is equipped with three

Figure 14: Solar Settlement
and business park, Source: [22]
Currently Freiburg’s 150,000 m2 of photovoltaic cells
produce over 10 million kWh/year. The 60 “plus-energy”
homes of the Solar Settlement create more energy than they
consume, and earn 6,000 euros per year for their residents.
Solar thermal (mostly hot water) panels cover 16,000 m2 [49].
Wind: Representatives of the infant wind turbine industry
and independent power producers (i.e. early entrants in the
form of, for instance, farmers in north-west Germany)
collaborated with an association of owners of small-scale
hydro electric plants and with an organisation of local and
federal politicians favouring renewables (Eurosolar) to get the
German parliament to pass its first electricity feed-in law
(EFL) in 1991[49]. Although, Freiburg is not ideally suited for
wind energy, since it is in a hilly, wooded area. Still, there are
five windmills situated on hilltops within the city’s boundaries,
producing an average of 14 million kWh/year. The planning
authority for more windmills is now in the hands of a regional
council (Regionalverband Südlicher Oberrhein). Confounding
Freiburg’s plan for 10% renewables by 2010, the regional
authority did not plan any new wind projects in the Freiburg
municipality [22].
In terms of waste management: everywhere in Germany,
the volume of solid waste is declining because of waste
avoidance and aggressive recycling efforts. Around 70% of the
country’s waste is recovered and reused. The number of
landfills fell from 50,000 in the 1970s to 200 today. Hence, the
desired direction of waste management is towards sustainable
strategies. The approach which has emerged as the most
sustainable strategy has been called 3Rs, where reduction,
reuse and recycling, in this order, are seen as the best actions.
Recently recovery is added as the fourth action (4Rs) applied
in order to; for example, recover energy from waste that
cannot be classified under the 3Rs. This largely decreases the
volume of the waste that needs final disposal [50].
bins: one for paper, one for organic food and garden wastes
(the “bio-bin”), and one for non-recyclables (“rest-waste”).
They also have a “yellow sack” for packaging, such as yogurt
cups and tin cans. The bins are emptied and the sacks picked
up regularly by the local waste management company. In
Freiburg the bio-bin is emptied once a week, the others once
every two weeks. Glass must be sorted by color and deposited
in community bins. There are 350 of these in Freiburg.
Hazardous wastes like batteries, paints, pesticides, etc. can be
dropped off at temporary collection sites or at recycling yards.
Freiburg has 26 rotating collection sites that each accept
hazardous waste twice a year, plus three permanent recycling
yards. In addition, Freiburg recycles over 1 million corks per
year. These are processed into “Recykork,” an eco-friendly
insulation material, by handicapped workers at the local
Epilepsy Center. Mayor Salomon points out that Freiburgers
recycle more than the state or national average. Consequently,
the city reduced its annual waste disposal from 140,000 tons in
1988 to 50,000 tons in 2000. This is burned for energy at an
incinerator 20 km from the city. As mentioned above, the
contents of the bio-bins are fed to a biogas digester [22].
In terms of land conservation [22]: Freiburg is also
“green” in appearance. It is home to Germany’s largest
communal forest, covering over 40% of the municipal
territory. The forest is home to Germany’s tallest tree—a 63-
meter douglas fir. It has a surprisingly diverse terrain and
ecosystems—from high mountains to boggy lowlands. About
44% of the forest is used as an “environmentally appropriate
economic forest.” Wood is harvested at a rate of 35,000 m3,
which is about three-fourths of the amount that grows back in a
year. Monocropping is avoided; there is no clearcutting and no
use of pesticides. For this sustainable management Freiburg’s
Forestry Office earned certification from the Forest
Stewardship Council, and its timber can be marketed with the
FSC eco-label. The remaining 56% of the city forest are nature
conservation areas—50% managed and 6% wild. Besides the
5,000 hectares of forest, Freiburg has over 600 hectares of
parks and 160 playgrounds providing greenery, recreation, and
biodiversity. The parks range from the carefully manicured
and flowery site of a former international flower show, to the
more unkempt nature conservation areas. Pesticides are not
used, and only indigenous tees and shrubs are planted.
Changing the lawn mowing schedule from 12 times to only
twice a year has “markedly revived the biodiversity in the
meadows.” 22,000 trees were planted in the parks, and the
same number along streets. In addition, there are also 3,800
small garden allotments on the outskirts of the city, which
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serve as private oases for the city dwellers as well as a source research and education, and tourism. Overall the
of fresh fruits and vegetables. The number is expected to “environmental economy” employs nearly 10,000 people in
increase, according to the new land use plan. 1,500 businesses, generating 500 million euros per year [52].

All this green space is the result of deliberate urban
planning that seeks to keep development compact while
accommodating population growth. In the new neighborhoods
of Vauban and Rieselfeld, for example, the homes are four- to
five-story apartment buildings instead of single-family houses,
allowing for more green space. (In the Rieselfeld district, 240
hectares were designated as landscape conservation area and
only 78 hectares for residential development.) Shops and
offices are located on the ground floor of the apartment
buildings, allowing residents easy access, on foot or bicycle, to
their daily needs—so that “no supermarkets will be
constructed on green meadows.” The urban planning has been
participatory. For the new Land Use Plan 2020, citizens
formed 19 working groups to discuss potential construction
areas and make recommendations to the city council.
In terms of green economy: renewable energy production
is encouraged with tax credits from the federal government
and subsidies from the regional utility (badenova provides 200
euros for solar water heaters and 900 euros for photovoltaic
systems). But especially noteworthy as an economic model are
grassroots financing schemes that allow concerned citizens to
invest directly in renewable energy resources. For example,
through one local association for the promotion of renewable
energy (fesa, or Förderverein Energie und Solar Agentur e.V.),
citizens invested over 6 million Euros in 9 windmills, 8
photovoltaic arrays (including the soccer stadium), 1
hydropower plant, and a major energy conservation retrofit
project at the Staudinger public school. Investors get a return
on their investment and, in the case of the soccer stadium, free
season tickets. Under the heading “with us one can buy power
plants,” badenova (2009) describes four such plans, the most
recent of which bundles wind, hydro, and solar power due to a
dearth of new wind sites [51].
Freiburg has developed its profile from eco-capital into the
leading center of competence for alternative energy. The city’s
many small and large scale alternative energy facilities exist
thanks to the dedication of the citizens – citizens who equip
their own houses with solar panels, hold shares of communal
facilities and order regionally produced electricity from
renewable energy through our local energy supplier Badenova.
Freiburg has become the European Union’s “Solar Valley,”
similar to California’s Silicon Valley. The economic benefits
are especially noticeable in the sectors of manufacturing,
In terms of urban design: the compact urban design of
Freiburg is a new development that must meet strict urban
design guidelines. Like most European cities Freiburg uses
master plans to ensure high-quality development. Freiburg is a
city of short distances largely because of spatial policy that
insists on an arrangement of services that enable sustainable
transport and prevent sprawl (see also Portland and
Vancouver). Two-thirds of Freiburg’s land area is devoted to
green uses. Just 32% is used for urban development, including
all transportation. Forests take up 42%, while 27% of land is
used for agriculture, recreation, water protection, etc [21].
5) BEDZED
The Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED),
dramatically reduces carbon dioxide emissions per person
from the homes and encourages and supports other aspects of a
sustainable lifestyle –including reduced water use and reduced
private automobile use [24].
Energy and water use: BedZED households use 2,579
kWh of electricity per year which is 45% lower than the
average in Sutton. While the biomass combined Heat and
Power plant is not in use, BedZED uses gas to power the
district heating system. On average, households use 3,526
kWh of heat (from gas) per year – 81% less than the average
in Sutton. Residents only use 72 liters of mains water per day,
topped up by 15 liters of recycled or rainwater. This is less
than half of the local average.
Green lifestyles: 86% of BedZED residents buy organic
food and 39% grow some of their own food and although this
is encouraging, food growing in particular could be improved.
While BedZED residents have much lower car ownership and
drive far fewer miles, they also fly more so the overall impact
of transport is a little bit higher than for the average resident in
Sutton clearly more work is needed to redress this. Through
waste audits with 10 households we found that 60% of waste
by weight is recycled or composted, but this rate is likely to be
lower for all households – people tend to try harder to recycle
and compost while they are being audited.
Quality of Life: The sense of community at BedZED,
together with ZED factory’s innovative design, is the aspect of
BedZED most valued by the residents. When we asked
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residents to name one or two things they particularly like about
BedZED the sense of community was the most popular
answer, followed by the design, sustainability and a sense of
wellbeing (quietness, quality of light and the feeling of space
were all mentioned). 84% of residents felt that the community
facilities were better here than in previous neighbourhoods and
only 1 resident out of 70 who answered this question felt they
were worse. People living at BedZED know an average of 20
of their fellow residents by name and 1 resident was able to
name 150 of her neighbours! This is significantly higher than
for Hackbridge (excluding BedZED) where the average is 8.
Ecological Footprint: The Ecological Footprint of the
‘average’ BedZED resident is 4.67 global hectares (equivalent
to 2.6 planets, if everyone in the world lived like this). If the
biomass CHP was working and BedZED was zero carbon as
designed, the average resident would have an Ecological
Footprint of 4.32 global hectares (2.4 planets' worth) while a
keen resident, who made significant efforts to reduce their
impact, could achieve a footprint of 3 global hectares
(equivalent to 1.7 planets). While this is a significant decrease
in ecological footprint compared to the UK average, it is still
not sustainable. The limiting factor is that so much of BedZED
residents’ impact occurs outside of the estate; their schools,
workplaces and the goods and food that they buy for example,
and we have not so far been able to influence this. In 2005
Sutton Council committed to becoming a ‘One Plane Living 1
Borough’ in 20 years and will be working with BioRegional to
reduce the ecological footprint of the whole borough. By
working at this scale, and applying lessons learnt from
BedZED to the whole borough, we hope that that we can
make significant reductions in ecological footprint, for
BedZED and for all Sutton residents.
[53].
Waste and recycling: It isn’t possible, with such a small
site, to adequately address waste reduction and re-use through
design. Parts of the food strategy sought to reduce packaging
and food waste, but beyond this we would be dependent upon
community led initiatives or community engagement exercises.
BedZED is also too small to warrant on-site waste treatment
facilities, so, homes and workplaces use the standard local
authority recycling service. Waste collection from containers
placed directly outside every flat would have been too time
consuming for the recycling service. So, residents have to
carry their waste to shared bins around the site. This typically
leads to lower recycling rates.
Construction materials: The energy and carbon
emissions “embodied” in the construction process and
materials are significant as shown in Figures 1 and 2. The
figure for typical volume house builders in the UK is around
600–800 kilograms of carbon dioxide per square metre.
BedZED employed super insulation, double and triple glazing
and high levels of thermal mass, which required an investment
in more construction materials than standard houses. However,
our strategy reduced the embodied impact of the scheme by
20–30 per cent, down to 675 kilograms carbon dioxide per
square meter, so that despite the use of extra materials, it was
in line with standard UK housing. This was achieved using a
variety of choices of materials. Structural steel, timber
studwork and floorboards were all reclaimed materials.
Concrete floor slabs were prefabricated. Bulky materials
including sand, bricks and aggregate were bought within a 30-
mile radius of the site. Recycled sand and aggregate was used
as well as low impact materials such as local oak
weatherboarding and timber-framed windows. The Forest
Stewardship Council certified all timber. Sometimes these
various approaches were in conflict. For example, we
imported high quality, double- and triple-glazed timber-framed
windows with low u-values (i.e. that reduce heat loss) from
Denmark rather than purchasing lower quality windows in the
UK. The difference in embodied energy and lifecycle
performance outweighed the transport impact significantly.
BedZED is designed to stand for at least 120 years, more than
double the lifespan of the typical UK home, and is built for
deconstruction so that materials can be re-used [24].
6) Tianjin
Studies suggest that more participation in pro-
environmental behaviors may be expected as rapid economic
development increases public exposure to environmental harm
in urban China [54]. Consequently, the Tianjin eco-city project
will be used to showcase the latest green technologies adopted
in buildings with a view to reducing the adverse effects of
global warming, carbon emissions, and climate change;
leading in the process to sustainable facilities [55]. Although
Tianjin is a large zone aimed at being an industrial growth
pole to rival Shanghai’s Pudong [2], it becomes one of
important eco-cities in china and a unique model of eco-cities
worldwide. In terms of Site selection; the Chinese Government
set two criteria for the location of the Eco-city site. First, it
should be developed on non-arable land; second, it should be
located in an area facing water shortage. Four possible
locations for the project were identified – in Baotou,
Tangshan, Tianjin Municipality and Urumqi. Consequently,
 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

the Tianjin site was eventually selected after a thorough study
by Singapore and China, taking into account considerations
such as the state of development of the surrounding
infrastructure, accessibility and commercial viability [56].
Taken measures towards environmental protection in
Tianjin [56]; In terms of water treatment, the PUB; the
national water agency, manages Singapore's water supply,
water catchments and used water in an integrated way. It
ensures a diversified and sustainable supply of water for
Singapore with local catchment water, imported water, new
water and desalinated water. It also spearheads water
conservation efforts in Singapore. PUB's experience is
valuable to Eco-city, as the latter lacks water resources and is
situated on salt-alkaline land. In addition, PUB has worked
closely with the Eco-city Administrative Committee to jointly
develop a set of Integrated Water Management Guidelines for
the Eco-city covering water conservation, water safety and
quality and sanitation and drainage. PUB is also contributing
its expertise to the construction and operation of the Eco-city’s
wastewater treatment plant and recycling plant. Together with
the Eco-city Administrative Committee, PUB had provided
technical assistance to rehabilitate the Qingjing Lake in 2013.
It has also shared its "Active, Beautiful and Clean Waters
Programme” with the Eco-city. In addition, PUB monitors the
water-related KPIs for the Eco-city. These include ensuring
that water from taps in the Eco-city is potable and at least 50%
of the water utilized in the Eco-city is from non-conventional
water resources. Targets have also been set for per capita
domestic water consumption and for the quality of water
bodies in the Eco-city.
officials and industry professionals. This is to enhance the
awareness of green building concepts and develop industry
capabilities in green building technologies in the Eco-city.
BCA is also a technical advisor for the Low Carbon Living
Lab in the Eco-Business Park, which is the first project that
won the BCA Green Mark Platinum Award in China and in a
temperate zone. It also achieved Platinum standard under the
Eco-city’s GBES as well as 3-Star Award in China Green
Building Design Label.
NEA is the lead agency for achieving and sustaining a
clean and green environment in Singapore. It is working with
the Eco-city Administrative Committee to develop an
integrated environmental monitoring system for the Eco-city.
It is also working with the Eco-city Administrative Committee
to monitor the Eco-city's various environmental-related KPIs,
such as treatment of hazardous waste, noise pollution levels,
ambient air quality, carbon emissions level, per capita
domestic waste generated and overall recycling rate. NEA has
also helped to link Singapore environmental companies with
the Eco-city Administrative Committee to participate in
projects in the Eco-city.

In terms of green buildings, BCA champions the
development of a safe, high-quality, sustainable and friendly
built environment in Singapore. It has won international
accolades for its various initiatives relating to sustainable
development. In the case of the Eco-city, BCA has been
working closely with the Eco-city Administrative Committee
to develop the Eco-city into a “Demonstration Base for Green
Buildings”. This includes achieving 100% green and barrier-
free buildings in the Eco-city. It has jointly developed the
Green Building Evaluation Standards (GBES) for the Eco-city
with the Eco-city Administrative Committee, which is drawn
up based on BCA's Green Mark System and the Green Star
System adopted by the PRC Ministry of Housing and Urban-
Rural Development.
BCA has conducted customised training programmes for
Tianjin and Eco-city Administrative Committee government
Figure 15: Feature of Environmental Sustainability in
Tianjin,
Source: www.Tianjinecocity.gov.sg
In terms of green technology: Tianjin Eco-city uses green
technologies such as water recycling and waste treatment
systems. Besides, water pricing is used as a demand
management tool that provides incentives for water
conservation which will help to maintain low per capita
consumption of water. Also, the city contributes to biodiversity
by creating parks and green spaces in the city [3]. In addition,
the existing statutory provisions within the Ministry of
Environmental Protection (MEP) in the PRC that encourage
the use of solar and renewable energy with a view to fostering
sustainable construction, including provisions dealing with
water pollution [55].
 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

7) Weihai points, COD, OIL cannot meet the standard of the

environmental function zone.
The Chinese city (Weihai) faces many serious
challenges of environmental administration as shown as Consequently, Weihai decided to use the central treatment
follow [27]: method to control the water pollution.

1) Air pollution The first sewage treatment plant began to operate in

Like the cities in other developing countries, Weihai is facing
the heavy pressure from air pollution. One is the high coal
consumption. In China, more than 70% of the energy comes
from coal, most of the coal its sulphur content is higher, so the
SO2, dust and NOx are always the main issue of the air
pollution. These years, we encouraged the people to use clean
fuel, but the total coal consumption still grows rapidly. We
constructed a Power Station and 4 Heating & Power Plants,
the total coal consumption from 0.69 million tons in 1987 to
3.27 million tons in 2001, 4.7 times higher. Now in China, we
have policies and regulation to force, to encourage the
factories especially the power station to use the low sulphur
coal, like collecting sulphur emission fee, total sulphur
emission controlling, large power station must has desulphur
facility etc., but it does not work well. It is hard to find an
available technology that can meet the situation in China. So
the total SO2 emission slowly goes high. This situation is hard
to be changed in near future. Another is the vehicle emission.
These years, the private car grows very fast. In Weihai, from
1987 to 2001, the annual growth rate of the vehicle is 21.7%.
In China, the main problem of the vehicle emission is not only
the number of vehicle, but also the poor vehicle condition.
Though the emission standard is not as strict as west countries,
but most of the vehicle still cannot meet it. Some of the car
outdated already, but still running in the road, that caused
more traffic accident, also polluted the air very seriously. For
this issue, China is just starting, still has a long way to go.
1985. The capacity of the first phase is 5000 tons per day. The
second phase is 10,000 tons per day. That began to operate in
1990. The process is primary sedimentation, aeration, second
sediment ation; it is a classical secondary treatment method. Its
total investment is 12mRMB.
The second sewage treatment plant began to operate in
1995, the capacity is 80,000 tons per day, the process is grid
chamber, rough screen, fine screen, storage, and ocean outfall.
In 2005, we decided to add the secondary treatment process in
this plant. The total investment is 120m RMB.
The third sewage treatment plant began to operate in
2000, the capacity of the first phase is 10,000 tons per day,
and its investment is 50mRMB. The planning capacity is
50,000 tons perday. The process is ORBAL ditch.
Moreover, Weihai started to apply the mentioned
corrective measures in different levels as follow:
In household level, we encourage people to use water-
saving equipment, change the screw tap to one action tap, the
volume of the urinal must less than 6L, some householders
even storage the water after wash hands or vegetable for
running urinal. From this year, using the water-saving
equipment in household has become a law that must be
followed from house designing.

2) Water pollution In factories level, we do not permit them to establish

Weihai is located in the eastern tip of Shandong Peninsula and
no external water comes from. The annual precipitation in
Weihai is 770mm, but because the landscape is mountain and
hill, so most of the rain water running into the ocean directly.
Weihai is a water shortage area. The main water resources of
Weihai are Gushan Reservoir and Mishan Reservoir. In the
early 1980s, Weihai has the preferential policies that the
central government offered to the coastal opening cities to
attract foreign investment. So the economy, the urban
construction and population developed very fast. In the same
time, the waste water discharged along the coastline grew high,
that cause a serious pollution for the ocean water, in some
higher water consumption project, all of them must use clear
product process. The water must be recycled, reused as much
as possible. In 2002, the heating-power station invested
50mRM B, change the supplying steam method to circulated
hot water for heating, which can save 0.5m ton water every
year. Now the water reuse rate in Weihai is 81.4%. Now
Weihai Municipal Government try to use the market
mechanism, absorb foreign and private investment, establish
joint venture or use BOT, TOT method, to construct and run
waste water treatment plants, to increase the efficiency of
investment and management, to improve the relationship of
private, public and the government.
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Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

In addition, the city management focused the
responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Bureau as
follow [27]:
1) Developing environmental protection plan.
2) Carry out the environmental laws, policies and
regulations that issued by the national and provincial
government.
3) Issue environmental regulations on behalf of the city
government
4) Issue the environmental permit for new project.
5) Supervision the environmental performances of the
enterprises and other organizations.
6) Collect discharge fees from the enterprises that cannot
meet the national pollutant discharge standard.
7) Monitor the environmental quality.
8) Response the environmental claims from the public.
Finally, Weihai, as a livable city, should adjust and
optimize industrial structure shall be not only based on
economic development but also based on environment
protection and resources utilization effectively, that is to say,
we should pay more attention to the quality of the industry
development. To adjust and optimize industrial structure shall
firmly focus on environment protection and resources
utilization effectively, we shall not stand still in order to
protect environment neither pay the price of wasting resources
and sacrificing environment. This essay aims to learn the
successful experiences from some livable cities, analyze the
problems existing in those cities, summarize the general rule
for the adjustment of industrial structure in livable cities,
therefore, propose the solutions and measures Weihai, as a
livable city, shall take to adjust and optimize its industrial.
8) Milan
The city determined the principal sources of emissions are
the following [57]:
 Domestic energy use, 54.4 percent;
 Transport, 28.7 percent; and
 Industry, 7.8 percent.
also based on a programmatic approach that takes into account
all the factors of producing, collecting, and absorbing
emissions. Milan’s strategy on carbon dioxide forms parts of a
framework of measures designed to deliver an organic and
programmed reduction of greenhouse gases, directed at the
principal sources of emissions: household energy use and the
transport sector.
In terms of energy: Measures by the Civil and Housing
Section are aimed at reaching the European Commission
Energy Efficiency Green Paper’s target of a 20 percent
reduction in prime energy consumption by 2020. The
Municipality of Milan’s Plan on Energy and the Environment
aims to reach this goal through the redevelopment of existing
housing and the promotion of more rational energy use by the
general public. The Plan further lays down a target for the
development and promotion of renewable and alternative
energies within the public sector, both by the city and the
public utilities under its control. Milan’s goals are actually
more ambitious than the current legislation requires.2 The
Mobility and Transport Section’s activities are also closely
aligned with the overall strategy on carbon dioxide, each
individual measure being assessed in terms of its contribution
to the Municipality of Milan’s GHG targets.
In terms of transportation: The Municipality launched
the Ecopass project for designing pollution and congestion
charge. Ecopass came into effect on January 2, 2008. It is
designed to restrict access to the central Cerchia dei Bastioni
area of Milan by charging the vehicles that pollute most
heavily.
The Ecopass Project aims to: Make the air cleaner by
reducing particulate matter emissions in the Cerchia dei
Bastioni by 30 percent, with a positive impact on the
surrounding areas of the city as well;
- Relieve congestion by reducing the number of incoming cars
by 10 percent and thereby speeding up public transport in the
area; and
- Boost public transport by reinvesting all Ecopass charges in
sustainable traffic and a sustainable environment.

So, it put some mitigation measures as follow [57]:
In terms of GHG: Milan is committed to drastically
reducing its emissions; using the year 2000 as a reference
point, it plans to cut emissions 15 percent by 2012 and 20
percent by 2020. Milan’s climate program focuses on cutting
emissions from residential energy use and transport, yet it is
So, the Ecopass project is meant to improve mobility and
safeguard both public health and the environment. City
officials believe that Ecopass will help to heighten awareness
of the effects of human behavior on the environment and to
build a more eco-friendly city for its citizens.
 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
9) Dongtan
With the rapid urbanization in China, the country faces
significant challenges in sustainable urban development and
actively explores novel ways to expand urban areas while
conserving natural resources. Radical changes in city planning
are being made to switch to sustainable development, with new
cities being designed to be ecologically friendly guided by
principles like carbon neutrality and self-sufficiency [58].
Adaptation and Mitigation Measures [57]
The goal of Dongtan is to become the world’s first carbon-
neutral sustainable city. Annual carbon dioxide (CO2)
reductions are planned to be 750,000 tons of carbon per year
for 80,000 people. The scheme will utilize the following main
planned activities in designated sectors:
In terms of buildings: the buildings will be dense, but not
more than eight stories high. Green roofs made of turf and
vegetation--a natural form of insulation that also reduces run-
off and recycles wastewater- -will be installed. Photovoltaic
panels and small-scale windmills will be integrated into the
building designs to provide up to 20 percent of the power.
In terms of waste and energy: up to 80 percent of solid
waste will be recycled. Organic waste will be reused for
compost and energy generation. Rice husks, which are a
plentiful waste product in China, will be burned in combined
heat and power plants to generate heating, cooling, and
electricity. Outside the city center, carefully positioned wind
turbines will produce electricity. An energy center will manage
all energy generation via wind turbines, bio-fuels, and recycled
organic material, and also serve as an information resource
center for inhabitants and visitors. Besides, Dongtan is
designed to use 64 percent less energy than a comparable city
of its size built and run in a business-as-usual way.
In terms of flood protection: a bridge, a tunnel, and high-
quality roads are currently being built by the Shanghai
Municipal Government to connect Chongming Island and the
Dongtan site to the Shanghai mainland. There are existing
flood walls around the site and space has been built into the
design to increase the height of the defenses should sea levels
rise. Protective cells have been designed within the city’s
basements as an additional measure against flooding.
10) Makati
Makati as a resilient city is characterized by adopting a
firm disaster management system which regard to dealing with
the impacts of climate changes and its effects on Makati
urbanization. This system put its own aims of many programs
then adaption and mitigation measures as shown as follow:
Disaster Management System [31]: The Makati City
disaster management system is governed by the Makati City
Disaster Coordination Council (MCDCC) that is responsible
for implementing the policies of the National Disaster
Coordination Council. In addition, the MCDCC is responsible
for developing and implementing various levels of disaster
management plans in conformity with national policies. The
City’s initiatives in environmental management have been
extended in the last few years to include climate change
management programs. In 2006, it created the Environmental
Protection Council of Makati City (MCEPC) with the
following objectives:
- Aim to pursue a strategy of sustainable development where
economic development is tempered by environmental
management and protection programs
- Prepare the City for any impending or unavoidable
environmental disaster and increase its capacity and
capability to monitor and participate in the protection and
management of the environment.
- Establish strong linkages with private sector and civic
organizations in the preparation and development of
environmental management programs and projects.
Solid Waste Management Program: Makati City
recognizes that solid waste collection and recycling is critical
not just for reducing GHG emissions but also for improving
the overall environment. The City has aggressively focused on
solid waste management. The Makati City Environmental
Protection Council has provided leadership to the solid waste
management program.
The City has set up the Makati Solid Waste Management
Board, Makati Clean & Green Committee, and Clean Cities
Makati Coalition to facilitate the inclusion of all stakeholders
in this endeavor. As a part of the program, the City has also
started a small one-day annual collection event for recyclables.
In 2007, the waste market was able to sell approximately
25,000 kilograms of recyclables.
Energy Sector Program: Makati City has lowered its
GHG emissions through reduction in electricity consumption.
The City initiated a program to replace streetlights with more
 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

energy-efficient systems with programmable controls. In 2007, as sustainable, livable, and economically competitive;
the program covered a total street length of 136 kilometers. In highlight the challenges and obstacles affecting transforming
2006, this program earned an Energy Efficiency Citation from into sustainability as follow:
the Department of Energy and the United Nations
Development Program. Makati City has started a green 1) Malmo
procurement policy2 that prefers purchases of air conditioners
with Energy Efficiency Ration ratings. In addition, all City  Neglecting water and waste management.
employees are encouraged to use non thermal paper in fax
 The city did not address the development of different
machines. All equipment that uses ozone-depleting substances
ways of infrastructure as blue, red and gray
are also avoided. The electricity consumption due to lighting
infrastructure.
and air-conditioning has been reduced in city-owned buildings
by using more energy-efficient lighting and modifying the air-
2) Portland
conditioning duration.

Transport Sector Program: The mitigation programs in
the transportation sector have been developed to reduce
atmospheric pollution as well as GHG emissions. Makati City
experiences heavy commercial vehicle traffic. These vehicles
are often identified as a major source of pollution. The City
has launched antismoke-belching campaigns to prevent
polluting vehicles from traveling on the City’s roads. The
government-owned public transportation system is being made
environmentally friendly by using low-pollution fuels and
biofuels. Jeepneys (jeep jitneys), which constitute a vast
proportion of privately owned transportation systems, are
being refitted to use electricity, and are now called e-Jeepneys.
Adaptation Measures: Makati City has initiated several
programs for adapting to climate change. The City recognizes
that it needs to improve the level of services provided to its
residents. The different infrastructure services considered
include the construction of several new disaster-resistant
school buildings in safer locations and the improvement of the
health system. Some of the adaptation measures that are
important for managing the impacts of climate change are
described below. These programs help reduce health
vulnerabilities that may be exacerbated by climate change.
 The city has been shown to have significant urban heat
island (UHI) effects; which negatively affects the
environmental quality.
 Portland is subject to increasing water stress from climate
change as higher winter temperatures would lead to
higher-elevation snow lines that, in turn, would affect the
timing of snowmelt and summer flows and ultimately the
quantity and timing of water supplies in Portland
 The city did not seriously address the issues of waste
management.
 The file of Energy sector development is not updated.
3) Toronto
Although, the city of Toronto is committed both to
reducing the environmental footprint of City operations, and to
delivering programs and policies that build a green and
sustainable community, it cannot completely achieve all
environmental objectives; as the city adopted long term
strategies in development.
4) Freiburg

Mitigation Measures: Makati City has set a target to

reduce its GHG emissions by 20 percent between 2003 and
2010. The mitigation programs focus on controlling the
sources of emissions and reducing electricity consumption.
E. Lacks/ Criticism in the experiments of eco-friendly cities
Despite these efforts, it appears that many cities on the way
of sustainability have not met all their objectives. This section
of current study concerns with discussing the features of
change and growing pains as a city attempts to reinvent itself
 Although, geothermal is a possibility, its use to date has
been negligible.
 Although, Dreisam River runs through Freiburg, there are
no major hydropower stations, so, the municipality
compiles to import hydropower.
 Unfortunately, Freiburg’s total electricity demand is well
over 1,000 million kWh/year, so despite all the efforts.
 Unfortunately many of the policies of waste management
adopted in the past were aimed at short term solutions
without due regard to the long term implications on health
 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

and the environment, leading in many cases to the need to
take difficult and expensive remedial action.
5) BEDZED [24]
 The strategy for BedZED remains unusual in that it tackled
carbon emissions not only in domestic and office energy
use but also by addressing the embodied impact of
construction (which includes the carbon emissions arising
from the building materials used), personal transport, food
and waste. Other issues not included in these indicators
were also covered: water, quality of life and strengthening
the local economy. This holistic approach makes BedZED
one of the most coherent visions of sustainable living in the
world.
 Obviously, we need to do much better than this – a keen
BedZED resident can reduce their ecological footprint by
43 per cent but we need to achieve a 66 per cent reduction.
The carbon emissions reductions need to be even more
ambitious.
 BedZED residents are still jointly responsible for the
shared government services and capital assets, and use
almost all the same private services. These jointly account
for 22 per cent of our ecological footprint, or 25 per cent of
our carbon dioxide footprint.
 BedZED was too small a project to tackle consumer goods.
This a very personal area and the best opportunities for
intervention lie in large-scale community planning to
promote a culture of long lasting quality products and
active sociable recreation as a better alternative to
shopping.
 BedZED residents live and work outside of the boundary
of the site, so most of their lifestyle choices are affected by
the infrastructure, products and services that enable (or
frustrate) their ability to adopt sustainable lifestyle choices.
 While the layout of the site and the transport facilities
provided have obviously changed the approach that many
residents take to local mobility, it hasn’t translated into a
deeper understanding of the impact of transport. This is
true more generally of residents’ attitudes towards climate
change and shows that further measures are needed to
adequately reduce their emissions – whether through face
to face engagement, market incentives or some other
means.
Although BedZed, the applied the principle of energy
sobriety that led to the installation of a passive ventilation
system, with heat recovery that uses wind to generate the
flows, this ingenious system is not sufficient in summer. Hence
many residents have acquired pedestal fans to fight the
heat waves that strike the buildings during the summer
season.
6) Tianjin
 The Tianjin Eco-City plan prioritizes ecological health,
than community management and public service.
 Selected site of the city on non-arable land and, in an area
facing water shortage cost the government too much
money.
7) Weihai
 Despite of great efforts by government in encouraging the
people to use clean fuel, the total coal consumption still
grows rapidly.
 The city shall adjust & optimize its industrial.
 Neglecting waste management.
 It is still hard to find an available technology that can
completely address with the situation of air pollution in
China.
 The main problem of the vehicle emission is not only the
number of vehicle, but also the poor vehicle condition.
 Because of the landscape is mountain and hill, most of the
rain water running into the ocean directly; Weihai becomes
a water shortage area.
 Weihai, as a livable city, should adjust and optimize
industrial structure shall be not only based on economic
development but also based on environment protection and
resources utilization effectively, that is to say, we should
pay more attention to the quality of the industry
development.
8) Milan
 The principal sources of emissions still are domestic
energy use, 54.4 percent; transport, 28.7 percent; and
industry, 7.8 percent.
9) Dongtan
 There are also questions about whether the city will be as
sustainable as it claims.
 Big international engineering firms to blame for Dongtan's
setbacks, as they may have avoided taking responsibility for
flaws in some large flagship projects because they did not
acknowledge how “technology, engineering and politics
were intimately woven together.”
 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

 Although, Dongtan is the world's first purpose-built eco-city,
developers will have to prove they are using sustainable
materials, such as wood from sources that are being
replenished. China is criticized by environmentalists
worldwide because of its timber imports from the
diminishing forests of Indonesia and Burma.
10) Makati
 The level of services provided to its residents must be
improved.
 The different infrastructure services should be more disaster-
resistant as new school buildings and built in safer locations
and the improvement of the health system.
As shown, although the budgets have allocated millions for
simultaneous investments in sustainability on several levels,
but in actual fact, the initial objectives aren’t 100% met and it
is still found noticed lacks in some sectors as previously
described, consequently, efforts must be intensified and the
change must just begin to be more sustained.
F. Lessons learnt from global experiences of eco-friendly
cities
Promoting a transition to sustainability requires certain
changes: from a traditional economy based on production and
the exploitation of natural resources to a service economy
based on recycling, reuse, and knowledge; from lifestyles
based on consuming to lifestyles based on conserving,
behaving in an environment-friendly manner, and using
resources efficiently. Consequently, each ambassador of
sustainability presents a group of green tips to achieve
environmental sustainability as all of these steps will be
necessary to develop a new generation of citizens can be able
to ecologically promote urban sustainable development; these
lessons learnt are described as follow:
1) Malmo
 Transfer into technological innovation
 Expansion of district heating system
 Greatly reduce emissions
 Great efforts in energy sector
2) Portland
 Establishing Green buildings
 Recycling wastes.
 Depending on renewable energy resources
 Seeking to be a solar city
 Increasing of parks & open spaces
 Green urban planning
 Encouragement of walking, biking and using buses
 Embedment of the goal of sustainability within the city’s
collective consciousness.
3) Toronto
 Working to lower greenhouse gas emissions
 reducing waste
 Improving waste management
 Providing protection and enhancement of natural resources
 Achieving greener, and healthier Toronto.
4) Freiburg
 The entire city center was converted to a pedestrian zone
 Integrated traffic management plan and cycle path network.
aim to improve mobility while reducing traffic and benefitting
the environment
 Traffic avoidance is achieved in conjunction with urban
planning that makes Freiburg a city of “short distances”
 The public transit network has been steadily expanded and
modernized
 Freiburg’s energy policy has three basic pillars: Energy
saving, efficient technologies, and renewable energy sources.
 Solar energy is the most visible renewable resource used in
Freiburg.
 Seeking to phase out nuclear power and find alternatives to
it and fossil fuel energy also.
 Producing both electricity and heat by capturing the waste
heat from electricity production to generate more electricity
and useful heat.
 Although, Freiburg is not ideally suited for wind energy, as
it is in a hilly, wooded area, there are five windmills situated
on hilltops within the city’s boundaries, producing millions of
kWh/year
 Biomass has the largest share of Freiburg’s renewable
electricity generation by depending on the Black Forest
provides an ample supply of wood chips and wood pellets;
much of it waste from woodworking industries.
 The organic waste from Freiburg’s households is fed into a
digester that produces biogas and compost.
 Environmental design of residential buildings
 The volume of solid waste is declining because of waste
avoidance and aggressive recycling efforts.
 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

 The number of landfills progressively fell since a lot of
years.
 Each household is equipped with three bins: one for paper,
one for organic food and garden wastes (the “bio-bin”), and
one for non-recyclables (“rest-waste”). They also have a
“yellow sack” for packaging, such as yogurt cups and tin cans;
called “Source separation”.
 Safe disposition of hazardous wastes; batteries, paints,
pesticides, etc.
 Freiburg is also “green” in appearance; home of Germany’s
largest communal forest, covering over 40% of the municipal
territory.
 Deliberate urban planning that seeks to keep development
compact while accommodating population growth.
 It is not allowed for buildings to be constructed on green
meadows.
 Renewable energy production is encouraged with tax credits
from the federal government and subsidies from the regional
utility.
 The city frequently hosts international conferences that serve
the transfer of science and technology.
 The city forest has a wide variety of beneficial functions. It:
- serves as the city’s “green lungs” and cleans the air
- moderates temperature
- protects the soil
- Stores water
- is a natural and free recreational resource
- provides habitat for wildlife, including rare and endangered
species
- gives food from deer, wild pigs, and goats
- beautifies the landscape
5) BEDZED
 Developing a set of Integrated Water Management
Guidelines for the Eco-city covering water conservation,
water safety and quality and sanitation and drainage.
 Enhancing the awareness of green building concepts and
develop industry capabilities in green building technologies
in the Eco-city.
 Developing the Green Building Evaluation Standards
(GBES) for the Eco-city.
 Develop an integrated environmental monitoring system for
the Eco-city.
 Treatment of hazardous waste, noise pollution levels,
ambient air quality, carbon emissions level, per capita
domestic waste generated and overall recycling rate.
 Although the city lacks water resources and is situated on
salt-alkaline land, it could successfully manage the file of
water.
 Linkage of Singapore environmental companies with the
Eco-city Administrative Committee to participate in projects
in the Eco-city.
7) Weihai
 Environmental protection
 Seeking to be natural garden city
 Encouraging the people to use clean fuel
 Collecting sulphur emission fee and, total sulphur emission
controlling
 Usage of the central treatment method to control the water
pollution.
 Encouraging people to use water-saving equipment.
 In factories, preventing higher water consumption, all of
them must use clear product process. As, the water must be
recycled, reused as much as possible.

 The transport plan was very effective but wider changes are
needed.
 Increasing in recycled and rainwater.
 High proportion of waste is recycled or composted
 Making significant reductions in ecological footprint, for
BedZED and residents.
 Encouraging inhabitants to travel by bicycle or public
transport rather than car.
6) Tianjin
 Achieving and sustaining a clean and green environment.
 Despite of water shortage, it spearheads water conservation
efforts in Singapore.
8) Milan
 Focusing on cutting emissions from residential energy use
and transport
 Redevelopment of existing housing and the promotion of
more rational energy use by the general public
 The Mobility and Transport are closely aligned with the
overall strategy on carbon dioxide
 Charging the vehicles that pollute most heavily.
 Relieving congestion by reducing the number of incoming
cars by 10 percent and thereby speeding up public transport in
the area
 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

 Heighten awareness of the effects of human behavior on the
environment and to build a more eco-friendly city for its
citizens.
9) Dongtan
Necessarily, this research seeks to show most important results
of the experiences of leading cities of sustainability; Table 1
shows that the extracted environmental indicators of the
studied experiments of cities (both of major and minor
indicators) as follow:

 Ecologically friendly, with no greenhouse gas (GHG) Table 1: extracted environmental indicators of
emissions. urban sustainability,
 Completely self-sufficient in water and energy. Source: [The researchers]
 Trying to attract the new population and help them to move
into Dongtan. Major Minor
 City is designed to have only green mobility; Zero-carbon • Risk management based measures.
vehicles. Only emission-free vehicles and Pollution-free mass • Conducting a linkage among
transit will be allowed to drive within the city. In addition, different sectors.

Management
replacing traditional motorbikes will be replaced by electric Forest and soil management
scooters or bicycles. Waste and recycling management
 The city is linked by a network of pedestrian walkways. Energy efficiency
 The buildings will be dense, but not more stories. Water management
 Waste will be treated, rather than dumped into the Yangtse Air quality conservation
River. Adaption to and mitigation of
climate change
10) Makati • Fossil fuel consumption
Solar, wind, biomass & hydro energy
 Several programs for adapting to climate change as
Energy

production
follow: Energy consumption
• Energy intensity
- Controlling the sources of emissions and reducing • Renewable energy consumption
electricity consumption. • Clean and efficient energy policies
- The City has aggressively focused on solid waste • Energy consumption of residential
Buildings

management; the City has also started a small one-day

buildings
annual collection event for recyclables and the waste
• Energy-efficient buildings standards
market is able to sell thousands of kilograms of
• Energy-efficient buildings initiatives
recyclables.
- Starting a green procurement policy that prefers purchases
infrastructure

of air conditioners with Energy Efficiency Ration ratings. • Proportion of Red infrastructure
Green

- Reducing in electricity consumption by replacing • Quality of gray infrastructure

streetlights with more energy-efficient systems with • Quality of blue infrastructure
programmable controls.
- Avoiding all equipment that uses ozone-depleting
• Use of non-car transport
substances.
• Size of non-car transport network
- Launching antismoke-belching campaigns to prevent
Mobility

• Green transport promotion

polluting vehicles from traveling on the City’s roads. • Congestion reduction policies
- The government-owned public transportation system is • Number of smart vehicles
being made environmentally friendly by using low- Internal grid, Axial grid &Regional
pollution fuels and bio-fuels. grid
G. Extracted environmental indicators
 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

Solid & Liquid wastes

Land use
• Green land use policies
Waste &
land use

Hazards wastes
Municipal waste production • Proportion of mixed use
• Waste recycling • population density
• Waste reduction policies

conservation
Fresh water • fresh water

Resources
Salt water • Arable soil
Water

• Water consumption • Mines and quarries

• System leakages • Coral reef
• Water efficiency and treatment
policies
• Earthquake

Natural
Sanitation

• Tsunami

risks
• Wastewater system treatment
• Gray water recycling • Floods
• Safe disposal of black water • Desertation

• CO2 intensity

economy
Green
• CO2 emissions • Carbon trade
• CO2 reduction strategy • Solar power production
Outdoor quality

• Nitrogen dioxide
• Quality of natural resources
Quality of life

• Sulfur dioxide • Quality of mankind with nature

• Ozone • Integration of 3pillars of
Solid pollutants sustainability
Noise • Measures of environmental
• Particulate matter sustainability
• Clean air policies • Creative solutions facing climate
Innovation

change
Environmental

• New strategies dealing with crises and

governance

• Green action plan risks of climate changes

• Green management • Creative solution of environmental
• Public participation in green policy buildings

III. Comparison of global experiments of eco-friendly

cities
Awareness

• Green culture
• People participation This study analyses the development features of chosen
eco-friendly cities; in other words the ambassadors of
sustainability.
• Proportion of trees
• Quality of trees Table 2: A comparison among global Eco-friendly cities,
Greening

• Green belts Source: [The researchers]

Open spaces & green infrastructure
Hydroponic & Aquaponic
agriculture
 Eco-friendly City

Milan
Weihai
Malmo

Makati
Tianjin
Toronto

Dongtan
Portland

Freiburg

BEDZED
UK, Shanghai, Germany, Canada, North Oregon, Sewed,
Philippines Italy Singapore China, Asia Location
Europe China, Asia Europe America USA Europe

Resilient Resilient Zero Carbon- Greenest city

Eco-city Livable city Live green city Solar city Eco-city Aim
city city Energy Neutral city in Europe

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ygrenE

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Water

Sanitation

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Waste

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Air Pollution

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Green Buildings

● Green
Infrastructure

●
●

Greening

●
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Land use

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●
●
Mobility

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Resources
16-20 March 2019

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Development features

conservation
Menoufia University

Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

Faculty of Engineering

Natural risks

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Green economy

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Quality of Life

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Awareness
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)

Environmental

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goverance

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Management
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Innovation
 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

As is it noted from the former table, the common
lessons learnt among studied cities are represented in
certain categories; Energy, Water, Air Pollution, Waste,
Greening, Quality of Life, Awareness and Management.
A. The best cases of studied cities
After conducting the former comparison among the mentioned
ten cities; ambassadors of sustainability, the researchers
strongly nominate Freiburg city then, BEDZED and Portland,
as they deserve to be the best ambassadors of sustainability in
terms of environmental urbanism.
solutions. That’s why this study takes a look at some of
sustainable cities in the world and the steps they’ve taken to
become leaders in clean energy and climate solutions. So, we
discuss current findings, challenges, and opportunities to
advance urban ecology toward a more holistic science of
cities. There are broad categories of environmental action
within which the performance of all cities should be assessed.
As, (Fig16) illustrates a summary of adopted solutions towards
environmental sustainability of cities as follow:

Table 3: The pioneer cities of urban sustainability, Source:

[The researchers]
Rank /

Rank

Rank

Rank

Measures required
City

2nd

3rd
1st

- Using advanced
technology can make use of Figure 16: A summary of adopted
Freiburg

geothermal and hydropower solutions towards environmental

● sustainability of cities,
in energy production.
Source: [The researchers]
- Waste management
process needs long-term Our future and existing cities in an urgent need to
vision. adaptation to climate; these abbreviated measures represented
- Environmental design of in; Bus rapid transit (BRT); Closed cycle system; integrated
buildings should to be
BEDZED

design of buildings; Urban Management and urban

● developed to face high
temperature in summer.
- Decreasing ecological
footprint for residents.
- Decreasing the impact of
Portland
technologies that can put our cities in forefront Eco-friendly
cities, however, these solutions can ensure sustaining the cities
for future generations.
IV. Conclusion

urban heat islands.
● become truly global and mainstream, against the background
- Focusing on waste
management.
- Updating energy file.
Freiburg city in Germany well deserved to be the best
ambassador of urban environmental sustainability compared to
other cities; as it has completely outdone itself in the field of
urban sustainability besides, some measures should be taken to
promote its sustainability.
B. Review of measures towards Eco-friendly cities
Although cities are particularly at risk from the climate
crisis, they are also behind some of the most powerful
In recent years, the eco-friendly city phenomenon has
of a majority of people now living in cities and the growing
international recognition of the scale and severity of climate
change. Thus, Malmo, Portland, Toronto, Freiburg, BEDZED,
Tianjin, Weihai, Milan, Dongtan and, Makati are currently at
the forefront of Eco-friendly cities development worldwide.
Even though urban areas disrupt ecosystems in the region, the
concentration of population and consumption has its benefits
regarding global sustainability (e.g. public transportation
reduces car dependency, high population density reduces
demand for land, lower costs per capita of water and waste
water systems, greater possibilities for recycling and waste
management). However, the mentioned cities have achieved
good sustainable urban development, as their visions mean that
 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

they are at the forefront to face the real challenges, besides,
they have made a flying start towards sustainability.
Consequently, they enabled of success because of having both
the experience and the will to change. And they think long-
term for more and more of sustainability. That is why they
called ambassadors of sustainability.
Finally, the results show that evolution of studied cities
planning is characterized by the progressive inclusion of
different dimensions of the sustainability concept. However,
there are still many difficulties in terms of translating the
rhetoric into action.
Figure 17: Extracted environmental indicators,
Source: [The researchers]
V. Results
 Ecological principles are the keys to transformative change
to achieve resilience to climate change and other urban
stressors.
 Urban ecology has emerged as a multidisciplinary field with
many of the tools needed for advancing cities’ sustainability
and resilience.
 Each city around the globe can have a big impact already
with little actions, our globe will appreciate it.
 Sustainable behavior is good for the environment and pretty
easier in presence of awareness of sustainability.
 Sustainable cities make a difference for the planet; fight the
climate crisis and improve the lives of their citizens.
 The study explains to what extent eco-friendly cities can
effectively contribute to urban environmental sustainability;
existing experiments of urban ecology development present
the necessary knowledge to promote resilience and help set
cities and future urbanization on sustainable trajectories
 According to this study, Freiburg city is the best ambassador
of sustainability among studied cases.
 Resilient city is the best approach can adaptive with the
climate changes as, offers the capacity of a system to absorb
stress, to continue to develop, and to change without a loss
of essential structure, function, identity, and feedback. In
particular, examples of coastal cities.
 Promoting a transition to sustainability requires certain
changes: from a traditional economy based on production
and the exploitation of natural resources to a service
economy based on recycling, reuse, and knowledge; from
lifestyles based on consuming to lifestyles based on
conserving, behaving in an environment-friendly manner,
and using resources efficiently.
 Although, the efforts in cities towards sustainability, the
complexity of social–ecological interactions both within
cities and across interconnected urban regions—where
purportedly sustainable choices made in one place are not
truly sustainable if they create social, economic, or
environmental problems elsewhere.
 The study extracted many environmental indicators as; urban
infrastructure, urban form, carbon sequestration, quality of
life, built adaption, sustainable mobility, resources
conservation and natural risks resistance.
 There are still many difficulties in terms of translating the
rhetoric into action as absence of innovative solutions and
updating technology files towards environmental
sustainability.
VI. Recommendation
 Urban planners should turn their attention to resilient city
concept; adaption to climate changes and resistance of
natural risks and hazards.
 Necessity of environmental code presence, which is to
promote a sustainable development that will assure a healthy
and sound environment for present and future generations.
 Number of Sustainability ambassadors should continually
rise all over the world to face the potential threat of climate
change.
 There is not found a successful and sustainable urban area at
100% yet, so they must update their corrective actions.
 Future cities should be shielded from the degrading urban
environments around them through technologies such as
water filtration systems and air filters.
 Central features of future urban ecological research should
be synthesis, a complex-systems view, cross-city comparison
at multiple scales, and inclusion of more disciplines that take
advantage of emerging data sources, methods, and tools.
 Menoufia University
Faculty of Engineering
Second International Conference
(Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development)
16-20 March 2019
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
 Each city in the future should have a green code and
environmental response plan.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors deeply thank all stuff in faculty of
Engineering at Menofia University and special thanks for prof.
Ashraf Ezz El-DIn for their efforts for conducting this
conference.
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Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt

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