Creator By Ir.

RUDY SETIAWAN

CLASTIC ROCK

These are normally siliciclastic sediments, consisting of broken, weathered and transported
fragments of existing rock. During the process of diagenesis , further chemical and
mineralogical change may occur, but these will not be sufficient . to the alter essential character
of the rock

1. ROCK TYPE
The most commonly used wellsite methode to describe rock type are based on
grain size and in duration of the fragment making up the rock
The Three mayor sub-divisions of grain size used to describe rock type are :

1. RUDACEOUS : grain size discernible to the naked eyes

2. ARENACEOUS : grain size discernible with microscope
3. ARGILLACEOUS : grain size indiscernible in the field

The Two major subdivision of in duration used to described rock type are:

1. UNCONSOLIDATED ROCK : Occuring as individual grain

2. CONSOLIDATED ROCK : Grain held together either by cement or though dewatering
Example of Clastic Rock Types are :

Consolidated Unconsolidated

Conglomerate Gravel

Breccia RUDACEOUS Scree

Tillite Till

Sandstone ARENACEOUS Sand

Siltstone Silt

Claystone ARGILLACEOUS Clay

Shale Clay / mud

2. ARENACEOUS DEPOSITS

2.1. SANDSTONE

The frame work of sandstone is, by definition, formed of materials which are 1/16 mm to 2 mm
in diameter. Normally they are packed together in such a way that each grain is in contact with
its neighbors and the whole framework is a mechanically stable structure in the earth’s
gravitational field.
Sandstone may be classified according to rock and mineral composition of particles,
mineralogical maturity, textural maturity, primary structures, and type of cement or matrix.
Orthoquartzite : quartz sandstone with quartz cement , Quartz constitutes more than 75 % of the
rock.

Greywacke : Badly sorted and incompletely weathered fragments and rock materialsin the finer
grain matrix of similar composition. Quatrz constitutes less than 75 % of the rock and litic
fragments are more common than feldspar.

Arkose : Coarse fragment of quartz and feldspar in a calcitic or ferrigineous cement. Quartz
constitutes less than 75 % of the rock and feldspar more common than litic fragments.

Sandstone Tuffaceous : over than 10 % volcanic ash

Sandstone Calcarenaceous: over than 10 % calcarnite (composed of cemented sand-size grain

of calcium carbonate)

2.1.1 FORMAT DESCRIPTION

1. COLOR
Sandstone may be clear, and all shades of white, gray, greenish gray. The color of cement
usually determine the color of sandstone.

2. GRAIN SIZE
The grain size are classified according to the Wentworth Scale . Put predominant size first

1.0 -- 2.0 mm - Very Coarse Grain

0.5 -- 1.0 mm - Coarse Grain
0.25 -- 0.5 mm - Medium Grain
0.125 -- 0.25 mm - Fine Grain
0.063 -- 0.125 mm - Very Fain Grain
0.002 -- 0.063 mm - Silt
under 0.002 mm - Clay
Grain size determination also from drill cutting should follow a disciplioned procedure to obtain
an accurate overall estimate :
a. Size of individual grains.
b. Mean size of grains in an individual cutting
c. Mean size of grains in all cutting of the same lithology
d. An accurate visual estimate can be obtained using Grain Size Comparator.

3. GRAIN SHAPE
For practical wellsite descriptions, grain shape is function of roundness and angularity. The
grain shape comparator can be very usefull in shape determination. Degrees of angularity are
described as :
Angular -- Subangular – Subrounded -- Subrounded -- Rounded -- Well rounded .
4. SORTING
Degrees of uniform of size and shape of grains.

Extremely Well Sorted }

Very Well Sorted } Monomidal
Well Sorted }

Moderately Sorted }
Poorly Sorted } Polymodal
Very Poorly Sorted }

5. HARDNESS
The hardness of Sandstone is described as the degree of cementation. The type of cement is
the characteristic of hardness.

Hardness : Loose : grains fall apart in dray sample

Friable : grains can be detached easily by sample probe
Moderately Hard : grains can be detached with same pressure.
Hard : grains difficult to detached by sample probe/pick.
Very Hard : grains can not be detached

6. CEMENT : SiO2 -- Silica / Siliceous

CaCO3 – Calcareous
CaMg (CO3)2 -- Dolomitic
CaSO4 2H2O -- Gypsum / Sulphates
CaSO4 -- Anhydrite
FeS2 -- Pyrite ( rare )
FeO -- Iron Oxide

7. LUSTER
Surface features of the cutting under reflected light under microscope for both wet ofr dry
sample.
Coated : precipited or accretionary material on the surface of cutting
Vitrous, glassy : Clear, shiny, fresh apparence
Silky, pearly.polished : Lightly etched, or scoured
Frosted, dull, etched : Deeply etched or scoured
Pitted ; Solution or impact pits, often pinpoint size
Striated : parallel abration lines or scratches

8. VISUAL STRUCTURE
To detect bedding characteristics, it may take several sample over intervals to allow bedding
to be recognized
Fracture : usually with some type of filling materials (calcite, quartz, pyrite gypsum etc. ).
Inportant appearance in fracture basement reservoir
- Jointing
- Bioturbation
- Lamination

9. VISUAL POROSITY
Commonly inter granular / interparticle porosity
- Poor Visual Porosity
- Fair Visual Porosity
- Good Visual Porosity
- Excellent Visual Porosity

10. ACCESSORIES
Trace in quantity
Mineral --- example: Glauconite, Chlorite, Kaoline, Pyrite
Fosils ( bentinic / Plantonic foraminifera )

ESTIMATE OF ACCESSORIES

15 -- 20 % : Abundant
10 -- 15 % : Moderately abundant
5 - 10 % : Minor
1 - 5% : Rare
<1% : Trace

11. OIL SHOW

See Hydrocabon analysis.

2.2. SILTSTONE
Siltstone is indurated or cemented silt whose predominantly angular grains are between 1/16 –
1/256 mm . Its composition is intermediate in character between Sandstone and Shale.

2.2.1 FORMAT DESCRIPTION

1. COLOR
Siltstone are generally white, and all shades of gray, greenish gray.

2. GRAIN SIZE
They are by definition of silt size

3. Major and Minor Characteristic

Pure Quartz Variety

- Pyritic ( Fool’s Gold )
- Glauconitic ( look like green sand )
- Coal Inclusions
- Carbonaceous ( contains organic materials)
- Argillaceous ( clay or clay-size particles)
 Common Variety
- Pyritic
- Glauconitic
- Coal Inclusions
- Calcareous ( contains calcium carbonat )
- Dolomitic

4. POROSITY
Porosity in siltstone in intergranular porosity.

3. ARGILLACEOUS DEPOSIT

3.1 SHALE / CLAYSTONE

The major difference between these rocks is fissility. A Claystone is a structurless mass of clay
minerals. A Shale is finely laminated clay minerals and silt exhibiting fissility and showing
strong parallelism. Fissility is properly of splitting easy along closely spaced parallel planes.

1. COLOR
Shale are generally shade of gray, green, greenish grey brown, sometimes reddish brown.
Color is useful indicator of deposisional environment, especially in argillaceous rocks. For
example:
Red and Brown / Reddish brown : containing hematite/ferric iron, an oxidizing Environment.
Green and Grey : Ferrous iron, reducing environment
Dark Brown : Organic material, possible source rock
Black : An anaerobic environment
The color distinctions may be complimented by the term : Pale, Light, Dark or very Dark.

When more than one color persent, suitable description are : Multicolor, Speckled, Banded,
Dissemunated, Spotted, Scatteren, Variegated.

2. MAJOR CHARACTERISTIC

-. Calcareous (calc ) - contains calcium carbonat

- Pyritic - contain pyrite
- Glauconitic ( glauc ) : looks like green sand grains
- Silty
- Sandy
- Carbonaceous (carb) : contain organic materials
- Micaceous
- Fossiliferous (foss) : contains fossil fragment
- Coal inclusions (cl inc )
- Dolomitic (Dolc)

3. MINOR CHARACTERITIC

-. Waxey
- Earthy
- Laminated
- Banded
- Rough

4. HARDNESS

- Soluble : Readily dispersed by running water

- Soft : No shape or strength. Materials tend to flow
- Plastic / Sticky : Easily molded and holds shape, Difficult to wash through sieve
- Firm : Material has definite shape and structure. Readily penetrated and broken by
sample
probe.
- Hard : sharp angular edges, not readily broked by sample probe
- Brittle : snaps when pressed by sample probe / pick.

Blocky shales usually contain a large percentage of CaCO3 and take on a blocky form.
a. non-fissile
b. micro blocky – breaks into small blocks.
c. Fissile – flakes less than 2 mm thick.
d. Splintery ( spty ) – elongated flakes, splinters.
e. Papery ( ppy ) – flakes less than 0.5 mm thick.

5. POROSITY
We do not described porosity in shale

6. OIL SHOW
In general, we do not check for hydrocarbons in shale. However, oil shale are possible and they
can be a producing formation.

3.2. MARL

An old term loosely applied to a variety of materials most of which occur as soft, loose, earthy
and semi friable or crumbing unconsolidated deposits consisting chiefly or an intimate mixture of
clay and calcium carbonate in varying proportions, formed under either marine or fresh water
condition especially; specifically, an earthy substance containing 35 – 65 % clay and 35 – 65 %
carbonat ( Pettijohn 1957 . It is usually grey allthough yellow, green blue and black variety are
not common.
1. COLOR
Marl may be shades of grey, green, yellow, light brown.

2. GRAIN SIZE
As a clay, calcilutite, we do not described grain size

3. MAYOR AND MINOR CHARACTERISTIC

Marl by definition is very calcareous and argillaceous. Marl are commonly silty, sandy,
glauconitic and/or carbonaceous.

4. HARDNESS
Marl is described as being soft, loose, earthy.

CARBONATE ROCK
1. ROCK TYPE

Sample are etched in 10 % Hydrochloric acid ( HCl )and rinsed in distilled water during etching,
test sample for reactivity. Typical reaction rate are :
• Limestone: Sample react instantly and violently, it will float on top of the acid and move
on the surface. It will completely dissolve within minutes and leave the acid frothy
• Dolomitic Limestone : Sample react immediately, but moderately and is continuous. It
will move about in the acid from top to bottom.
• Calcitic Dolomite : Sample react slowly and weakly at first, but accelerates to a
continuousreaction after a view menites with some dobbing on the top of the dish
• Dolomite : Sample react very slowly and hasitant . Bubbles evolve one at a time. Acid
may have to be warmed for reaction to proceed. It will leave acid milky.
Auto calcimeter will assist in determining the percentage of calcit and dolomite

Various “stain kits” are available to assist in the determining the type of carbonate in the sample.
Most staining procedures required the sample be etched initially. The most common stain test
for carbonate determination is Alizarin Red S, After etching in HCl, the sample in placed in cold
alizarin Red S. for several minute. Limestone will a deep red, while dolomite remains
unaffected.
2. LIMESTONE

2.1 CLASSIFICATION

Classification of Carbonate Rocks according to deposisional Texture from Dunham (1962)

2.2 COLOR

Limestones are generally shades of white, grey, buff (kuning tua), brown, light brown, tan (
kehitaman ). Various in color may be the result of present of detrital materials (clay) or
substitution of metallic ions into mineral lattice. Grey possible indicated clay content, and brown
is possible indicated of some carbonaceous materials. Use wet Sample, put predominantly color
first than other color according ti their percent of limestone.
2.3 HARDNESS

Limestone hardnessis described according to its induration. There are exception, however, and
the following chart lists some possibilities and degrees

2.4 GRAIN OR CRYSTAL SIZE

Carbonate rock contains both physical transported particles ( oolites, intraclast, fossils, and
pallets) and chemically precipated minerals ( either as poor-filling cement, primary ooze or as
product of re crystallization and replacement
2.5 MAJOR AND MINOR CHARACTERISTIC

These inclided all constisuents that make up the rock including minerals, clay,arenaceous
(sand) impurities and fossils. Is a type of fossils (grain) should exceed 50% of the total grain, it
should be listed as prefix to the rock type and a not as characteristic. Below the list of Fossils,
minerals and sediments that are often found in limestone

• Fossil remains
Cocuina ( fossil and fragments loosely Styiolite, Pelecypods, algae
Cemented ) Coral, achinoderm
Nummulites Molusk
Foraminifera Pisolites (texture of pealike
Bryozoa , Gastropods, Spines grains)
Ostracods , Oolites (round body w/nucleus) Fossils (unidentified)
Pellets ( rounded agregat w/no nucleus )

• Mineral Grains
Pyrite Chert
Glauconite Mica
Sand Calcite (cement or cavity lining)
Silt

• Sediment
Argillaceous material - grey
Carbonaceous material - brown
Coal or lignite inclusions

• Accessories
Commonly detrital or diagenetic product of terrigeneous rosk fragmens contained within the
original sediment, with some mixed carbonate terrigeneous diagenetic minerals
Metallic sulfides as concretions or staining on fractures is common as well Accessories Silica,
chert and crystalline quartz.

2.6 VISUAL POROSITY

Porosity in Limestone depend on type of the Limestone.

Calcilutite -------- have pin-point porosity
Calcirudite and calcarenite --------- have intergranilar porosity ( void space between the grains )
and /or biomoldic porosity ( void spaces within the grain).
Porosity can be formed from :
• Inclusion of voids within the sediment particle
• Sediment packing or shrinkage
• Fracturing
• Selective solution of particle
• Primary porosity – formed by integral part of rock fabric, seen in cutting sample
• Secundary porosity – formed secondary to rock fabric, usually not seen in cutting sample
but my be inferred ( ROP, Torque, Lost circ, crystal growth )
2.7 SURFACE TEXTURE

• Rhombic --- perfectly form rhombs of nearly equal size, medium to coarse ( usually pure
dolomite )
• Sucrosic --- sugary, similsr to rombic, but fioner, lacking the perfectionof crystal form (
usually calcitic dolomite )
• Microsucrosic --- very finely sugary, often quite friable ( usually calcitic dolomite )
• Grainy --- not vividly crystalline, but with definite grains, often chalky in part ( usually
limestone or dolomitic limestone )
• Oolitic --- Spheroidal or smooth-surfaced grains with concentric internal structure.

2.8 VISUAL SRUCTURE

• Post lithification voids ( fracture / micro fracture, fissure, joints, vugs )

• Major impact on rock strength, porosity and permeability, reservoir potential and lost
circulation problem
• Evidence of mineralization and crystal growth may point to infilling or fracture, channel and
vugs.

2.9 OIL SHOW

See hydrocarbon analysis

3. DOLOMITE

Acarbonat sedimentary rock consisting chiefly ( more than 50 % weight or by areal percentages
under the microscope ) of mineral dolomite
( Ca Mg(CO3)2 . or approximating the mineral dolomite in composition or variety of limestone or
marble rich in magnesium carbonat , specifically,
- Carbonat sedimentary rock containing > 90% dolomite and < 10% calcite, or one having
Ca/Mg ratio in range 1 .5 – 1.7 (Chilinger 1957 )
- Magnesium carbonat equivalent 41.0 - 45.4 percent (Pettijohn 1957 )
Dolomite occurs in crystalline or non crystalline form. Is clearly associated and interbedded with
limestone, and usually represent of postdeposisional replacement of limestone.

3.1 COLOR
Dolomites are usually shades of pink or flesh color but may be colorless, white, green brown or
black. They are transparent to translucent. Grey possible indicated clay content, and brown is
possible indicated of some carbonaceous materials.

3.2. GRAIN OR CRYSTAL SIZE

Grain or crystal size in dolomite is determineaccording to the wentworth scale.

The term of euhedral is used for a crystal shape in a sedimentary rock ( such as a calcite crystal
in a re-crystallized dolomite ) characterized by a presence crystal faces.
- Euh ---Euhedral ( clearly crystal faces )
- Sub-euh --- Sub-euhedral
- Ahrl --- Anhedral ( no crystal faces )
- Fib --- Fibrous (elongated, thin, needle-like grains or fibers)
- Scly ---- Scaly (where small plates break or flake off fram surface like scales )
3.3. TEXTURE and LUSTER

- Wx --- waxy (soft luster like wax )

- Nacr --- Nacreous ( pearly, having luster of mother-of-pearl )
- Vit --- Vitreous ( having luster of broken glass )
- Ethy --- Earthy ( resembling earth, having property of soil )
- Suc --- Sucrosic ( fabric of crystalline sedimentary rock in which the majority of the
constituent crystals are uehedral , look like sugar )
- Amph --- amorphous ( no definite crystalline structure )
- Vg --- vuggy
- Sty --- Stylolitic
- Chky --- chalky
- Relic fossil form
- Filled vein and veinletts

3.4. HARDNESS

The actual hardness of a dolomite crystal is 3.5 - 4 on MOHS scale of hardness. Our
description are not concern with individual crystal hardness but with how well the crystals are
tied together to form a rock.
- Soft
- Fria
- Indurated
- Firm
- Hard
- Brittle

3.5 VISUAL POROSITY

Two type porosity most common to dolomite are intercrystalline visual porosiry and vuggy visual
porosity

Intercrystalline porosity ----- occurs in sucrosic and friable dolomite

Vuggy porosity ----- consists of spherical cavities wich may vary in size from microscopic to
several inches in diameter. The presence of vug will often assist in distinguished dolomite from
limestone. Vugs indicate porosity but they must be interconnected to constitute “effective
porosity”
Dolomite may be contain both intercrystalline and vuggy porosity. The lists below separate two
type s of porosity, but they may be combined for multi-type porosity

Intercrystalline Porosity

Excellent intercrystalline porosity ( exc intxln por )

Good intercrystalline porosity ( g intxln por )
Fair intercrystalline porosity ( f intxln por )
Poor intercrystalline porosity ( p intxln por )
Vuggy Porosity

Excellent interconnecting vuggy porosity

Good interconnecting vuggy porosity
Fair interconnecting vuggy porosity
Poor vuggy porosity

Other Posible Porosity

Intergranular porosity
Chalky – pinpoint porosity
Fracture - crack in rock usually having crystals on each side
Tight – no visual porosity

3.6 OIL SHOW

Look hydrocarbon analysis.