WORD FORMATION PROCESS

Lecture : Mrs. Septa Ayania M.pd

(subjuct : Morphologysintax)

Arranged by :
Arrief Budi Maulana 1911040272
M Chandra Dwi Putra 1911040385
Rindhu Windy Areselly 1911040465

CLASS G

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTEMENT FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND

TEACHER TRAINING STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF RADEN INTAN
2021/2022
 PREFACE

First, I would like to thank Allah SWT because with Allah’s help, the
author finished writing this paper entitled “word formation process” on time.

The purpose of writing this paper is to fulfill the task given by Mrs.
Septa Aryanika, M.Pd. as a lecturer at Morphosyntax.

In the preparation of this paper, the author really got a lot of challenges
and obstacles but with the help of many parties these obstacles can be
overcome. The authors additionally understands that there are as yet many slip-
ups during the time spent composing this paper. Therefore, you would like to
thank all those who have helped in the process of writing this paper. May Allah
reward all help and bless you all. The author realizes that this paper is still not
perfect both in terms of structure and content.

The author hopes that criticism from readers can help the author in
improving his next paper. Finally, I hope this paper can help readers to increase
their knowledge about word formation process.

Bandar Lampung, October 2021

 Table of Content

CHAPTER I..............................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1

CHAPTER II............................................................................................................................2

CONTENT...............................................................................................................................2

2.1 Definition of word formation....................................................................................2

2.2 Acronym...................................................................................................................2

2.3 Coinage.....................................................................................................................3

2.4 Blending....................................................................................................................3

2.5 Clipping....................................................................................................................4

2.6 Borrowing.................................................................................................................4

2.7 Compounding...........................................................................................................5

2.8 Back formation.........................................................................................................7

2.9 Conversion................................................................................................................8

2.10 Onomatopoeia...........................................................................................................8

2.11 Multiple Processes....................................................................................................9

CHAPTER III.........................................................................................................................10

COUNCLUSION....................................................................................................................10
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Nowadays we often find a lot of information written in various mass media,

both electronic and print, such as novels, tabloids, newspapers, articles, magazines,
and others. University. Sometimes students even use print media such as reference
books which are used as references in various research and lecture assignments.

In these books sometimes there are sentences that contain words that have
more than one category. The categories in question are the categories of words
contained in a sentence such as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and others. For
example, the word book contains the noun category, go contains the verb category,
good contains the adjective category. The category of a word that can have more than
one function, we often encounter unconsciously in various readings, for example in
the sentence (1) I taste the butter. The word butter in sentence (1) has a category or
class of words as a noun. The word butter is a basic word that is categorized as a
noun. But if we look at sentence (2) she butter the

2 bread, the word butter in sentence (2) above turns out to have a different class of
words, namely the category as a verb.

From the explanation of the examples above, the writer wants to explain that
these events are very important for us to understand because each word can have
different categories from the initial word class to a new word class or in other words it
can have more than one category even though it does not change writing and spelling.
From this, of course, the meaning contained also has a different meaning if the word
has a different category or class of words. Therefore, the author wants to examine this
in this thesis so that the reader or writer can understand the correct meaning of the
word in a sentence context. In the study of linguistics, there is a branch of linguistics,
namely morphology, one of which discusses the process of word formation. George

1
Yule (1985: 51) states that “Word formation process is a way of forming new words
or terms from the use of old words. The processes consist of affixation, compounding,
blending, clipping, back-formation, conversion, acronyms, and derivation”. He argues
that the process of word formation includes affixation, compounding, blending,
clipping, back-formation, conversion, acronyms, and derivation.
 CHAPTER II
CONTENT

2.1 Definition of word formation

As said with inside the introduction, the primary subject matter that you may
study on this module is phrase formation procedures the hierarchical shape of phrases.
It is recommended which you comply with the presentation sequentially, so you can
attain thorough, systematic and exhaustive comprehension Before you study the
subsequent part, prevent right here for some time and think about the whole lot which
you have understood approximately phrase formation procedures.

2.2 Acronym

These words are shaped via way of means of taking the preliminary sounds (or
letter or letters) of word and writing them right into a combination a separate word.
These acronyms regularly encompass capital letters, however can lose their capitals. It
is likewise vital to be aware that eventhough such phrases are firstly created as
acronyms, sspeakers ignore these origins, so the acronym becomes a new, unbiased
word.

Example acronym

a. Pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters

AIDS : acquired immune deficiency syndrome

NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organization

 Scuba : self-contained underwater breathing apparatus

Laser : Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

b. Pronounced as a word, containing non-initial letters

Amphetamine : alpha-methyl-phenethylamine

Gestapo : GeheimeStaatspolizei (secret state police)

Interpol : International Criminal Police Organization

Nabisco : National Biscuit Company

c. Pronounced as a word, containing a mixture of initial and non-initial

letters

Necco : New England Confectionery Company

Radar : radio detection and ranging

2.3 Coinage

Coinage This is the creation of a new word or terminology, without using an existing
word or other words. most of the words come from industrial language or trade names
such as the emergence of new technology products. Examples are the words: aspirin,
nylon, wipes, xerox, kodak, and exxon.
Example coinage

Aspirin Escalator Heroin Band-aid

Factoid Frisbee Google Kerosene

Kleenex Laundromat Linoleum Muggle

Nylon Psychedelic Quark Xerox

Zipper

2.4 Blending

Blending is a combination of parts of two wordsor more word. Blending is

combining two things. However, Blending usually only takes the front part of a word
with the end part of another word.

Example blending

motel (motorway hotel)

brunch (breakfast lunch fridge (freezer refrigerator)

 smog (smoke fog)

stagflation (stagnation and inflation)

spork (spoon and fork)

carjacking (car and hijacking)

mocktail (mock and cocktail with no alcohol)

splog (spam and blog)

2.5 Clipping

Clipping are words that are often shortened or cut. Clipping generally occurs
when words with more than one syllable are omitted or reduced to a shorter form.

There Types of clipping :

a. final clipping or back clipping, back clipping is when the back half of a word
is deleted.
Ex : Info : Information, Memo : Memorandum
b. Initial or Fore Clipping, deleting the beginning of a word.
Ex :Robot and Alligator.
 c. Mid Clipping, when the beginning and end of a word is clipped to form a new
word.
Ex :Influenza.
d. Compound Clipping, involves clipping more than one word to form a new
word.

Ex : Sci-fi (Science – Fiction), Sitco (Situation Comedy).

2.6 Borrowing

Borrowing in word formation process is borrowing words from other languages or

adapting from other languages. examples of Indonesian words that borrow terms from
English include uch usdiskusi (discussion), evaluation (evaluation); from Arabic, such
ussaat, wednesday, rest; from Dutch, such us book (boek), dokar (dokkar), room
(kamer) and stove (komfoor). Historically, English has adopted a large number of
loanwords from other languages.

Here is an example.

Alcohol : Arabic
Boss : Dutch
Piano : Italian
Tycoon : Japanese
Yoghurt : Turkish
Pretzel : German
Lilac : Persian
Croissant : French
2.7 Compounding

Compounding is combining process of two or more free morphemes or existing

words to produce a single from-a compound word.
The following are the important aspects that you should remember, concerning with
compounding.
a. The part of speech of the whole compound is the same as the part of speech of
the rightmost member of the compound – head of the compound. For example,
the head of the compound high chair is a noun (the noun chair); thus, the
whole compound high chair is also a noun.
The head of the compound overdo is a verb (the verb do); thus, the whole
compound is also a verb. Futhermore, for the same part of speech, such as
deaf-mute (adjective-adjective), the whole compound is adjective.
b. Compounds are not limited to two free morphemes of words, as shown by the
examples such as bathroom, mother-in-law, underprivileged, above-
mentioned, and foot-pound-second.
c. Compounds can be spelled as a single word (bathroom, postman) as a
hyphenated word (ape-man, foot-pound-secound), or as two separate words
(high, jump, high chair). There is no regular rule as two how a compound
should be spelled.
d. Compound that have words in the same order as phrase process primary strees
on the first word only, while individusl words in phrases get independent
primary stresses. For example :
Compound Phrases

Blackbird black bird

Makeup make up

Blackboard black board

 And compounds can process phrasal stress patterns, but only if they can not
possibly be phrases although they might also have stress on the first word only, like
other compounds. For example :

Phrasal stress patterns compound stress patterns

On compounds on compounds

Easy-going easy-going

Man-made man-made

Home-made home-made

compound may consist of various combinations of the parts of speech. The

following are some lists of the combinations of the parts of speech that from
compounds.

Noun + Noun adjective + noun

Bathroom low -rider
Movie-star sick - room
Apr-man blackboard

Preposition + noun verb + noun

Onlooker hit-man
Underdog pickpocket
Overdose scarecrow

Adjective + adjective Noun + Adjective

 Red-hot nation wide
Blue-green earth bound
Bittersweet skin-deep

Preposition + Adjective Preposition + Verb

Underprivileged outrun
Above-mentioned uproot
Overripe underfeed

2.8 Back formation

A very special type of reduction process is known as backformation. Usually, a

word from one part of speech (usually a noun) is reduced to another word from a
different part of speech (usually a verb). In general English speakers will from nouns
from verbs.

For example :

Existed erlier Formed later by backformation

Resurrection (to) Resurrect
Preemption (to)Preempt
Television (to) televise
Emotion (to) emote
Donation (to) donate
Vivisection (to) vivisect
2.9 Conversion

A new word can be created simply by changing a part of speech into another part of
speech without changing the form of the word. very common processes are
"functional shift" and "category change".

 He is papering the bedroom walls.

 Have you buttered the toast?
 We bottled the home-brew last night.
 They are vacationing in France.

This process is particularly productive in modern English, with new uses that occur
frequently. The conversion can involve, to mention a few, the following.

 Verbs becoming nouns: (to) guess and (to) spy becoming a guess and a spy.
 Adjectives becoming verbs: dirty and empty becoming (to) dirty and (to)
empty.
 Adjectives becoming nouns: crazy and nasty becoming a crazy and a nasty.
 Nouns becoming verbs: water and stone becoming (to) water and (to) stone.
 Others: adverbs becoming verbs up and down becoming (to) up and (to) down,
such as in the following sentence - They up the prices but we down the salary.

2.10 Onomatopoeia
 A new word can also be created simply by imitating or echoing the sound created
by a particular object. These words are called onomatopoeic. They imitate, imitate,
echo or suggest objects they describe such as animals, machines, and others

Example :

 Meow The sound a cat makes

 Quack The sound a duck makes
 Hiss The sound a snake makes
 Gobble The sound a turkey makes
 Cluck The sound a chicken makes
 Buzz The sound a bee makes
 Thud The sound a tepok makes when it hits the door
 Click The sound a light switch makes when it is turned On or off
 Pop The sound a bursting balloon makes.

Some other very common English onomatopoeic words Following.

 Bang
 Boom
 Cackle
 Clang cuckoo
 Hiccup
 Murmur poof
 Roar
 Splash
2.11 Multiple Processes

Up to this point you have learnt each of the 9 word formation processes in isolation. It
is possible, as a matter of facts, to trace the operation of more than one process at
work in the creation of a particular word. For instance, if you see a sentence, like this
The problems with the project have snowballed.

the final term or word can be noted as the example of compounding (snow + ball),
which has then undergone conversion process (noun →verb). Thus, the word has
undergone a multiple process, i.e. compounding and conversion.The word blueprinted
can be taken as a further example of a multiple process, i.e. compounding and
concersion.
 CHAPTER III
COUNCLUSION

This paper shows the process of word formulation. The word formation process is the
study of word requirements which is generated either by modification of existing
words or by complete derivation, which in turn becomes part of the language. In word
formation there are 2 parts, namely discussing the hierarchical structure of words and
discussing word formation in a way that gives birth to a term. Here we discuss in the
second part how to give birth to words in terms of terms. for the types of word
formation processes such as coinage, acronyms, blending, clipping, borrowing,
compounding, back formation, conversion, derivation, opeiaonormat, and multiple
processes.of all these types are needed in forming the word formation process and not
carelessly in making it
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