Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (2016) 726 – 732

QG,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXP1(:0(75232/,7$13(563(&7,9(66WUDWHJLFSODQQLQJ
VSDWLDOSODQQLQJHFRQRPLFSURJUDPVDQGGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWWRROVWKURXJKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI
+RUL]RQ(XURSH,67+5HJJLR&DODEULD,WDO\0D\

5DQNLQJIDUPVXVLQJTXDQWLWDWLYHLQGLFDWRUVRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\WKH
$JURPHWKRG
0DWWLD%HUWRFFKLD (XJHQLR'HPDUWLQLD0DULD(OHQD0DUHVFRWWLD
a
Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la salute, la produzione animale e la sicurezza alimentare, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy

$EVWUDFW

7KHSDSHUSUHVHQWV$JURDQHZPRGHOIRUWKHDVVHVVPHQWRIHQYLURQPHQWDOVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFVXVWDLQDELOLW\RIIDUPV7KH
IUDPHZRUNLVEDVHGRQDVHWRILQGLFDWRUV7KHSURFHVVKDVLQYROYHGWKHIROORZLQJVWHSVLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHPRVWUHOHYDQW
YDULDEOHVWKDWFKDUDFWHUL]HVVXVWDLQDELOLW\SHUIRUPDQFHVRIIDUPVFKRLFHRIWKHDSSURSULDWHLQGLFDWRUVDVVLJQPHQWRIWKHLUUDQJH
VFRUHVGDWDFROOHFWLRQFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHVFRUHIRUHDFKIDUPDQGWKHLUYLVXDOL]DWLRQE\JUDSKLFUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ7KHFDVHVWXG\
ZDVUHSUHVHQWHGE\ILIW\IDUPVIURPWKH6RXWK0LODQ$JULFXOWXUDO3DUN1RUWKHUQ,WDO\7KHPHWKRGDOORZVDFRPSDULVRQDPRQJ
IDUPVRUKRPRJHQHRXVJURXSVRIWKHPVKRZLQJWKHVHQVLWLYLW\WRWKHLUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGIDUPHUV¶FKRLFHV7KHUHVHDUFKVKRZV
WKHIUDPHZRUNRI$JURDQGGLVFXVVHVVRPHUHOHYDQWSRLQWVUHODWHGWRWKHVHOHFWLRQDQGZHLJKWLQJRILQGLFDWRUV
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,67+
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ISTH2020
Keywords:6XVWDLQDELOLW\DVVHVVPHQW,QGLFDWRUV(QYLURQPHQW6RFLHW\(FRQRP\

,QWURGXFWLRQ

6XVWDLQDELOLW\ LV D KROLVWLF QRWLRQ EDVHG RQ WKHHFRQRPLF HFRORJLFDO DQG VRFLDO SLOODUV WKDW QHHG WR EH
VLPXOWDQHRXVO\FRQVLGHUHGWRUHDOL]HPRUHVXVWDLQDEOHKXPDQDFWLYLWLHV*RRGODQG*yPH]/LPyQ 6DQFKH]
)HUQDQGH] )URP WKH PHWKRGRORJLFDO SRLQW RI YLHZ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI VXVWDLQDELOLW\ DVVHVVPHQW WRROV RI
DJULFXOWXUH LV D NH\ LVVXH IRU UHVHDUFKHU WKDW DLPV DW SURYLGLQJ GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ IUDPHZRUNV IRU ERWK IDUPHUV DQG


&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
E-mail address:PDWWLDEHUWRFFKL#XQLPLLW

1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ISTH2020
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.249
 Mattia Bertocchi et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (2016) 726 – 732 727

SROLF\PDNHUV +DQVHQ  'HPDUWLQL HW DO 1HYHUWKHOHVV FRQFUHWH DWWHPSWV RI LWV DSSOLFDWLRQ DV DQ
RSHUDWLRQDO WRRO WR LPSURYH DJULFXOWXUDO V\VWHPV DUH GLIILFXOW WR LGHQWLI\ +DQVHQ  EHFDXVH SXWWLQJ WKLV
WKHRUHWLFDO FRQFHSW LQWR SUDFWLFH LQYROYHVUHOHYDQWSUREOHPVUHODWHG WR WKH FDVH VWXG\ WKH GDWD UHTXLUHPHQW DQG WKH
REMHFWLYHRIWKHUHVHDUFK0HXOHWDO*yPH]/LPyQ 6DQFKH])HUQDQGH]7RIDFHWKHVHLVVXHVDWWKH
IDUPVFDOHUHVHDUFKHUVRIWHQXVHLQGLFDWRUVWRROVWKDWTXDQWLI\LQIRUPDWLRQWKURXJKVLPSOLILFDWLRQ6LQJKHWDO
DQGRIIHUDQHDV\FRPPXQLFDWLRQ%pODQJHUHWDOXVHIXODWWKHPXOWLSOHOHYHO*LUDUGLQHWDO
7KHDLPRIWKLVSDSHULVWRSUHVHQW$JURDQHZPHWKRGIRUWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIHQYLURQPHQWDOVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLF
VXVWDLQDELOLW\WKDWXVHVTXDQWLWDWLYHLQGLFDWRUV7KHIUDPHZRUNLVDEOHWRSURYLGHHDV\WRUHDGUHVXOWVIRUIDUPHUVWR
DVVHVV WKH HIIHFWV RI PDQDJHULDO FKDQJHV DQG IRU UHVHDUFKHUV DQG SROLF\PDNHUV WKDW QHHG WR LGHQWLI\ DJULFXOWXUDO
VXVWDLQDEOH SUDFWLFHV DQG WKH IDUP¶V FKDUDFWHULVWLFV WKDW PRVWO\ LQIOXHQFH VXVWDLQDELOLW\ +lQL HW DO  9DQ
&DXZHQEHUJKHWDO
7KH UHPDLQGHU RI WKH WH[W LV RUJDQL]HG LQWR IRXU VHFWLRQV6HFWLRQ  SUHVHQWV D OLWHUDWXUH UHYLHZ RQWKH PDLQ
VXVWDLQDELOLW\WKHPHVDWWKHIDUPVFDOH6HFWLRQVKRZVWKHIUDPHZRUNLWVLQGLFDWRUVDQGWKHVSHFLILFFDVHVWXG\XVHG
LQWKHSDSHU6HFWLRQSUHVHQWVWKHUHVXOWVDQGWKHLUGLVFXVVLRQ)LQDOO\DFRQFOXGLQJSDUDJUDSKRIIHUVDVXPPDU\RI
WKHUHVHDUFKDQGVRPHUHIOHFWLRQVRQLWVSRWHQWLDOLWLHVDQGOLPLWDWLRQV

/LWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ

7KH OLWHUDWXUH RIIHUV D KHWHURJHQHRXV UDQJH RI VXVWDLQDELOLW\ DSSURDFKHVDW WKH IDUP VFDOH +DQVHQ
1HYHUWKHOHVV PDQ\ DXWKRUV KDYH IRFXVHG WKHLU VWXGLHV RQ D VLQJOHSLOODURI VXVWDLQDELOLW\ ZKLOH ZKR WULHG WR
SURYLGH DQ LQWHJUDWHG DSSURDFKJDYH WKHP D GLIIHUHQW UHOHYDQFH 6LQJK HW DO &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKHUH LV DQ
LPEDODQFHUHJDUGLQJWKHLUZHLJKWLQWKHVWXGLHVRQVXVWDLQDELOLW\
7KH HQYLURQPHQWDO VXVWDLQDELOLW\ LV FHUWDLQO\ WKH PRUH VWXGLHG1HYHUWKHOHVVEHFDXVH RI D FOHDUGLIILFXOW\ LQ LWV
FRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQ PDQ\ VFLHQWLVWV WULHG WR SD\ PRUH DWWHQWLRQ WR LWV RSHUDWLRQDO FRQFUHWL]DWLRQ VWDUWLQJ IURP WKH
GHILQLWLRQRILWVREMHFWLYHV*yPH]/LPyQ 6DQFKH])HUQDQGH]LQSDUWLFXODUWKHZDWHUDQGVRLOTXDOLW\WKH
PDLQWHQDQFHRIELRGLYHUVLW\DQGWKHLVVXHVUHODWHGWRWKHFOLPDWHFKDQJH*LUDUGLQHWDO7KHDFKLHYHPHQWRI
WKHVHREMHFWLYHVLVPRUHUHOHYDQWLQWKHLQWHQVLYHDJULFXOWXUHZKHUHWKHHFRQRPLFFRPSRQHQWKDVDSULPDU\UROH9DQ
GHU:HUI 3HWLWDQGWKH³HFRORJLFDOGLVVHUYLFHV´DUHFRQVLGHUDEOH%HFDXVHRIWKDWWKHORFDODQG(XURSHDQ
LQVWLWXWLRQVRIWHQ SURYLGHV QXPHURXV UHJXODWLRQVDQGWKHLU HIILFLHQF\ DQG HIIHFWLYHQHVVQHHG WR EH YHULILHGWKURXJK D
VFLHQWLILFHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHLUDELOLW\WRHQKDQFHVXVWDLQDELOLW\*LUDUGLQHWDO
2Q WKH FRQWUDU\ WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH HFRQRPLF DQG HVSHFLDOO\ VRFLDO VXVWDLQDELOLW\ VXIIHU IURP D ODFN RI
DFFHSWHGDQGZHOOJURXQGHGIUDPHZRUNV9RQ:LUHQ/HKU
&RQWHPSRUDU\VRFLHW\UHFRJQL]HVDJULFXOWXUHDVKDYLQJDQLPSRUWDQWUHVSRQVLELOLW\LQVDIHJXDUGLQJWKHUHJLRQLWV
FXOWXUHDQGWUDGLWLRQV*DYLJOLRHWDO1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHPHDVXUHPHQWRIVRFLDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\LVOHVVVWXGLHG
DQGWKHOLWHUDWXUHPDLQO\SURSRVHVWRROVEDVHGRQTXDOLWDWLYHDVVHVVPHQWVVHH+lQLHWDO9DQ&DXZHQEHUJKHW
DO  0HXO HW DO  9LODLQ HW DO 2Q WKH FRQVHTXHQFH ILQGLQJ D PDWFK EHWZHHQ WKH VRFLDO
VXVWDLQDELOLW\REMHFWLYHVLQSDUWLFXODUWKHZRUNLQJFRQGLWLRQWKHTXDOLW\RISURGXFWVDQGWKHUHJLRQWKHFXOWXUDODQG
KXPDQ GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH UXUDO FRPPXQLW\ DQG WKHLU FRUUHVSRQGLQJ LQGLFDWRUV LV D FKDOOHQJLQJ WDVNEHFDXVH WKH
SHUFHSWLRQRIVRFLDOLVVXHVLVKHWHURJHQHRXVLQGLIIHUHQWWHUULWRULDOFRQWH[WV/LWWLJ *ULHVVLHU
(FRQRPLFVXVWDLQDELOLW\LVZKDWFRQWULEXWHVWRPDNHDIDUPLQJV\VWHPSHUHQQLDO/LHQHWDO7KLVLQYROYHV
WKH FDSDFLW\ RI D IDUP WR VXUYLYH YDULRXV ULVNV DQG VKRFNV ,Q PDQ\ VWXGLHV WKH HFRQRPLF VXVWDLQDELOLW\ LV RIWHQ
FRQILQHG WR DVVHVVPHQW RI LWV HFRQRPLF YLDELOLW\ 1HYHUWKHOHVV LW VHHPV HVVHQWLDO WR FRQVLGHU WKH JOREDO HFRQRPLF
KHDOWK DQG SURILWDELOLW\ RI IDUPV WKDW LQFOXGHV LWV HIILFLHQF\ WUDQVIHUDELOLW\ GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ DQG PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\
=DKP HW DO  0RUHRYHU WKLV QRWLRQ VWUHQJWKHQV WKH UROH RI DJULFXOWXUH LQ SURYLGLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO VHUYLFHV
DQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHWRRIIHULQFRPHGLYHUVLILFDWLRQRSSRUWXQLWLHVWRIDUPHUV&RVWDQ]DHWDO
728 Mattia Bertocchi et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (2016) 726 – 732

0DWHULDODQG0HWKRGV

3.1. The framework

$JUR DLPV DW WKH DVVHVVPHQW RI VXVWDLQDELOLW\ RI IDUPVWKURXJK WKH XVHRI  TXDQWLWDWLYH LQGLFDWRUV 7DEOH 
VXPPDUL]HV WKH LQGLFDWRUVDQG WKH UHODWLYH FRPSRQHQW LQGLFDWRU¶V FDWHJRULHV RI HDFK SLOODU7KH FRQFHSWXDO
IUDPHZRUNLVGHULYHGIURPDVXEMHFWLYHHYDOXDWLRQVLQFHWKHODFNRIDVKDUHGPRGHOIRUWKHVXVWDLQDELOLW\DVVHVVPHQW
DWWKHIDUPVFDOHKDVDOORZHGWRDQDUELWUDU\FKRLFHRIWRROVLQWKLVFDVHWKHLQGLFDWRUV9DQ&DXZHQEHUJKHWDO
,QWKLVVHQVHWKHNH\SRLQWZDVWKHSURSHUEDODQFHEHWZHHQWKHGDWDDYDLODELOLW\DQGWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKH
LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU VSHFLILF SURGXFWLRQ V\VWHPV DQG JHRJUDSKLFDO FRQWH[W 0HXO HW DO  ,Q WKLV VWXG\ WKH
VHOHFWLRQRILQGLFDWRUVZDVFDUULHGRXWWKURXJKWKHLUFROOHFWLRQIURPFXUUHQWO\DYDLODEOHPHWKRGV$PRQJWKHVHWKH
FKRLFHZDVEDVHGRQDFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHEHVWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIVLPSOLFLW\GDWDUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGVLJQLILFDQFHIRU
WKHFDVHVWXG\VHHWKHIROORZLQJSDUDJUDSK

7DEOH,QGLFDWRUVQXPEHUHGIURPWRDQGFRPSRQHQWVPDLQODEHOVLQEROG

 (QYLURQPHQWDOSLOODU  6RFLDOSLOODU  (FRQRPLFSLOODU
&RGH 'HQRPLQDWLRQPD[VFRUH  &RGH 'HQRPLQDWLRQPD[VFRUH  &RGH 'HQRPLQDWLRQPD[VFRUH
ENV_1 Diversity (50)  SOC_1 Products the territory (50)  ECO_1 Economic viability (50)
 $QQXDOFURSVGLYHUVLW\  4XDOLW\RIWKHSURGXFWV  9DOXHRISURGXFWLRQ
 7UHHFURSVGLYHUVLW\  5XUDOEXLOGLQJV  9DOXHDGGHG
 $QLPDOGLYHUVLW\  /DQGVFDSHDQGWHUULWRU\
 6DIHJXDUGRIJHQHWLFGLYHUVLW\

ENV_2 Space management (50)  SOC_2 SFSC, related activities (50)  ECO_2 Transmissibility (50)
 &URSURWDWLRQ  6KRUWIRRGVXSSO\FKDLQ  )DUPDELOLW\WRJHQHUDWHLQFRPH
 3ORWVPDQDJHPHQW  5HODWHGDFWLYLWLHV  
 (FRORJLFDOEXIIHU]RQHV   ,QFRPHSHUIDPLO\ZRUNHU
 (QYLURQPHQWODQGVFDSH
 6WRFNLQJUDWH
ENV_3 Agricultural practices (50)  SOC_3 Work (50)  ECO_3 Independence (50)
 )HUWLOL]DWLRQ  :RUN  &$3,QGHSHQGHQFH
 3HVWLFLGHV  6XVWDLQDELOLW\RIWKHHPSOR\PHQW  $XWRQRP\
 9HWHULQDU\WUHDWPHQWV  
 /LYHVWRFNHIIOXHQWV  7UDLQLQJ
ENV_4 Natural resources (50)  SOC_4 Ethics, human development (50)  ECO_4 Diversification (50)
 6RLOPDQDJHPHQW  /LYHVWRFNPDQDJHPHQW  'LYHUVLILFDWLRQRIWKHSURGXFWLRQ
 :DWHUPDQDJHPHQW  $VVRFLDWLRQVDQGVRFLDO  
 2UJDQLFPDWWHU  LPSOLFDWLRQV  )DUPEXVLQHVVGLYHUVLILFDWLRQ
 &RRSHUDWLRQ  
ENV_5 Energy management (50)  SOC_5 Society, culture, ecology (50)  ECO_5 Multifunctionality (50)
 (QHUJ\GHSHQGHQFH  :DVWHPDQDJHPHQW  0XOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\
 5HQHZDEOHHQHUJ\  $FFHVVLELOLW\WRIDUPVSDFHV
 6XVWDLQDEOHXVHRIPDWHULDOV
 (GXFDWLRQ

7KHPHWKRGLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DQDJJUHJDWLYHVWUXFWXUH)LJDLPHGDWUHGXFLQJGDWDIURPIDUPFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
WR VXELQGLFDWRUV LQGLFDWRUV FRPSRQHQWV DQG ODVWO\ D XQLTXH YDOXH RI HDFK SLOODU %\ WKLV ZD\ WKH IDUP
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHFRQYHUWHGLQWRGLPHQVLRQOHVVYDOXHVWKDWUHSUHVHQWDQHDV\WRUHDGVFRUHRIWKHUDZGDWDDFFRUGLQJ
WRWKHGHVLUDELOLW\RIWKHPHDVXUHGSHUIRUPDQFH$VVKRZQLQ)LJXUHWKHSURFHVVLVGLYLGHGLQWREDVLFSKDVHV

x 3KDVHFROOHFWLRQDQGDQDO\VLV)[DQG*[RIWKHIDUPV¶FKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQRUGHUWRREWDLQDUDZGDWDVHW



6HH+lQLHWDO9DQ&DXZHQEHUJKHWDO9LODLQHWDO0HXOHWDO5HLJ0DUWLQH]HWDO%pODQJHUHWDO
7KLROOHW6FKROWXVHWDO3DUDFFKLQLHWDO
 Mattia Bertocchi et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (2016) 726 – 732 729

x 3KDVHWKHHODERUDWLRQRIVXELQGLFDWRUVOHDGVWRLQWHJHUDQGGLPHQVLRQOHVVYDOXHVWKDWUDQJHIURPQHJDWLYH
WRSRVLWLYHYDOXHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUPD[LPXPVFRUHV
x 3KDVHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHLQGLFDWRUVREWDLQHGWKURXJKWKHVXPRIWZRRUPRUHVXELQGLFDWRUV$PLQLPXP>@
DQGDPD[LPXPVFRUH>YDULDEOHGHSHQGLQJRQWKHUHOHYDQFHDWWULEXWHGWRWKHLQGLFDWRU@LVDSSOLHG
x 3KDVH  WKH VXP RI WZR RU PRUH LQGLFDWRUV SURYLGHV WKH YDOXH RI HDFK FRPSRQHQW $ PLQLPXP >@ DQG D
PD[LPXP>@VFRUHLVDSSOLHG,QWXUQWKHVXPRIWKHFRPSRQHQWVOHDGVWRWKHRYHUDOOYDOXHRIHDFKSLOODURI
VXVWDLQDELOLW\ZKLFKFDQUDQJHIURPWR



)LJ7KH$JURIUDPHZRUN

/LNHWKHVHOHFWLRQSURFHVVRILQGLFDWRUVWKHLUZHLJKWLQJSURFHGXUHKDVGHULYHGIURPDVXEMHFWLYHHYDOXDWLRQ9RQ
:LUpQB/HKU:KLOHWKLVSURFHVVLQYROYHVWKHW\SLFDOULVNVFRQQHFWHGWRVXEMHFWLYHQRUPVEXWLWVHHPVGLIILFXOW
WRDYRLGVLQFHWKHLPSRUWDQFHJLYHQWRWKHYDULRXVLQGLFDWRUVVWULFWO\GHSHQGVRQWKHREMHFWLYHVRIWKHVXVWDLQDELOLW\
HYDOXDWLRQDQGWKHJHRJUDSKLFDOWHFKQLFDOHFRQRPLFDQGSROLWLFDOFRQWH[W7KXVVXVWDLQDELOLW\LQGLFDWRUVFDQQRWEH
FRQVLGHUHGHTXDOO\UHOHYDQWZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRVXVWDLQDELOLW\DVVHVVPHQW9LODLQHWDO=DKPHWDO

3.2. Case study

7KHVXUYH\ZDVFDUULHGRXWRQDVHWRIIDUPVEHORQJLQJWRWKH6RXWK0LODQ$JULFXOWXUDO3DUN3DUFR$JULFROR6XG
0LODQR 3$60 D LQWHQVLYHSURGXFWLRQ SHULXUEDQ SDUN  KHFWDUHV HPEUDFLQJ WKH VRXWKHUQ HDVWHUQ DQG
ZHVWHUQ DUHDV RI WKH FLW\ RI 0LODQ QRUWKHUQ ,WDO\)LIW\ IDUPV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW SURGXFWLRQ V\VWHPV DQG HFRQRPLF
GLPHQVLRQ ZHUH VHOHFWHG DQG DQDO\]HG GXULQJ WKH  SHULRG 7KH VDPSOLQJ SURFHVV ZDV FDUULHG RXW XVLQJ
GDWDSURYLGHGE\WKH6,$5/GDWDEDVH6LVWHPD,QIRUPDWLYR$JULFROR5HJLRQH/RPEDUGLD'DWDRIHDFKIDUPZHUH
FROOHFWHGXVLQJLLQWHUYLHZVLL6,$5/LLL3$60¶VRIILFLDOGRFXPHQWV

5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ

,QGLFDWRU FRPSRQHQW DQG SLOODU¶V VFRUHV DOORZ YDULRXV DSSURDFKHV RI GDWD UHGXFWLRQ LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH VDPSOH
IHDWXUHVDQGWKHREMHFWLYHRIWKHUHVHDUFK7KHPRGHOLVDEOHWRGHVFULEHWKHIDUPSHUIRUPDQFHVWKURXJKWKHVRFDOOHG
730 Mattia Bertocchi et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (2016) 726 – 732

Farms ranking approaches7KH)LJVKRZVIRXUH[DPSOHVRIGDWDHODERUDWLRQ,JUDSKLFDOO\UHSUHVHQWHGE\UDGDU

GLDJUDPV 9RQ :LUpQ/HKU  )DUPV KDYH EHHQ FODVVLILHG FRQVLGHULQJ VRPH RI WKHLU FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG WKH\
KDYHEHHQFRPSDUHGDPRQJKRPRJHQHRXVJURXSV
,Q )LJ D WKHDYHUDJH VFRUHV RI  FRQYHQWLRQDO IDUPV DQG  RUJDQLF IDUPVRI WKH VDPSOH DUH FRPSDUHG
&RPSDWLEO\WRZKDWIRXQGE\3DUDFFKLQLHWDORUJDQLFIDUPVDFKLHYHGKLJKHUVFRUHVLQDQ\HQYLURQPHQWDO
DQG VRFLDO FRPSRQHQWZLWK H[FHSWLRQ RI WKH (19B±(QHUJ\ FRPSRQHQW 2Q WKH FRQWUDU\ WKH RUJDQLF DWWULEXWH
GRHVQRWVHHPWROHDGWREHWWHUHFRQRPLFSHUIRUPDQFHVVLQFHLQHYHU\HFRQRPLFFRPSRQHQWFRQYHQWLRQDOIDUPVJRW
KLJKHUVFRUHV
6LPLODUO\ LQ )LJ E PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO IDUPV  IDUPV RI WKH VDPSOH DFKLHYHG KLJKHUHQYLURQPHQWDO DQG VRFLDO
VFRUHV FRPSDULQJ WR WKH  QRQPXOWLIXQFWLRQDO IDUP 7KHVH UHVXOWV LV SUREDEO\ GXH WR WKHLU GLUHFW FRQWDFW ZLWK
FRQVXPHUV*DIVL )DYUHDXWKDWDQ\ZD\GRHVQ¶WVHHPWRLQIOXHQFHWKHHFRQRPLFFRPSRQHQWVVFRUHVDUHLQ
DFFRUGWRZKDWIRXQGE\3DUDFFKLQLHWDO
,Q)LJFWKH62³6WDQGDUG2XWSXW´YDOXHVHQDEOHWKHFODVVLILFDWLRQRIIDUPVRQWKHEDVHRIWKHLUHFRQRPLFVL]H
VPDOOIDUPVPHGLXPIDUPVDQGODUJHIDUPV7KHPRGHOKDVVKRZQKLJKHUHFRQRPLFSHUIRUPDQFHVRIODUJH
IDUPVZLWKDKLJKHUYDOXHRI627KHVHUHVXOWVDUHLQOLQHZLWKZKDWIRXQGE\+lQLHWDODQG5HLJ0DUWLQH]HW
DODQGLWLVSUREDEO\GXHWRWKHH[LVWHQFHRIHFRQRPLHVRIVFDOHLQDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQVÈOYDUH] $ULDV
EXWDFFRUGLQJWR*DYULOHVFXHWDOLWKDVRQO\VRPHUHIOHFWLRQLQWKHVRFLDOFRPSRQHQWV62&B±:RUN
FRPSRQHQWSDUWLFXODUO\
)LQDOO\LQ)LJXUHGWKHVDPSOHLVKDVEHHQGLYLGHGLQWRILYHFDWHJRULHVRISURGXFWLRQV\VWHPFHUHDOIDUPV
OLYHVWRFNIDUPVIRUWKHERYLQHPHDWSURGXFWLRQGDLU\IDUPVSRXOWU\DQGSLJVOLYHVWRFNV2EVHUYDWLRQVFRXOG
EHPDQ\,QJHQHUDOWKHHFRQRPLFFRPSRQHQWVVHHPWREHPRUHLQIOXHQFHGE\LQGLYLGXDOIHDWXUHVRIIDUPVWKDWDUH
GLIILFXOWWRGHWHFWE\WKHVDPSOH¶VFODVVLILFDWLRQV2QWKHFRQWUDU\WKHHQYLURQPHQWDODQGWKHVRFLDOFRPSRQHQWVDUH
PRUHGHSHQGHQWIURPWKHSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPRIIDUPVUHODWHGWRWKHLUVSHFLDOL]DWLRQPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\DQGODQGVL]H
,QWKLVFDVHDLQGHSWKLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHLUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVFRXOGEHPRUHXVHIXOWRLGHQWLI\VXVWDLQDELOLW\YDOXHVRI
IDUPV


)LJ  5DGDU GLDJUDPV RI D FRQYHQWLRQDO YV RUJDQLF E QRQPXOWLIXQFWLRQDO YV PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO F VPDOO 62 PHGLXP
62ODUJH62!GQROLYHVWRFNYVFDWWOHPHDWSURGXFWLRQYVFDWWOHGDLU\IDUPVYVSRXOWU\YVSLJIDUPV
DYHUDJHVFRUHV

 Mattia Bertocchi et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (2016) 726 – 732 731

&RQFOXVLRQ

,Q WKH SUHVHQW ZRUN $JUR KDV EHHQ SURSRVHG DV D QHZ WRRO IRU WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI SHUIRUPDQFHV RI IDUPV 7KH
PHWKRGVHHPVDGHTXDWHWRSHUIRUPDQHYDOXDWLRQRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\DOORZLQJIRUGLIIHUHQWDSSURDFKHV

x Farms rankingZKHQWKHFDVHVWXG\LVIRFXVHGRQLQGLYLGXDOIDUPVRIKRPRJHQHRXVJURXSVRIWKHP
x Indicator (or component) evaluation ZKHQ WKH DVVHVVPHQW LI IRFXVVHG RQ VLQJOH DVSHFWV RI VXVWDLQDELOLW\
SURYLGLQJV\QWKHWLFLQIRUPDWLRQWRIDUPHUVZKRZDQWWRHYDOXDWHWKHLUOHYHOVDQGWRNQRZWKHZD\VWRLPSURYH
x Score evolutionLVDWHPSRUDOFRPSDULVRQRIUHVXOWVDFKLHYHGE\IDUPVRYHUWLPHDQGWKRVHWKDWDUHSUHGLFWDEOHLQ
WKHIXWXUH7KLVDSSURDFKZDVQRWFDOFXODWHGLQWKLVUHVHDUFKEHFDXVHRIWKHODFNRIGDWDIRUGLIIHUHQW\HDUV

)URP WKH PHWKRGRORJLFDO SRLQW RI YLHZ WKH VWXG\ KDV KLJKOLJKWHG VRPH UHOHYDQW FRQFHSWV DERXW WKH W\SLFDO
SUREOHPVRIDYDLODELOLW\DQGDGHTXDWHQHVVRILQIRUPDWLRQRQIDUPV¶FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGDFWLYLWLHV$QREMHFWLYHRIWKLV
ZRUNZDVWRUHDFKDQLGHDOEDODQFLQJEHWZHHQTXDOLW\DQGTXDQWLW\RILQIRUPDWLRQDQGWKHLUFRVW7KHVHOHFWLRQDQG
WKHZHLJKWLQJRILQGLFDWRUVSURFHVVHVZHUHKRZHYHUDUELWUDU\WKHUHIRUHWKHFKRLFHUHPDLQPRVWO\VXEMHFWLYH,QRUGHU
WR HYDOXDWH WKH UHSHDWDELOLW\ RI WKH PHWKRG SURSRVHG DV DJULFXOWXUDO VXVWDLQDELOLW\ HVWLPDWLRQ SURFHGXUHV VHHP
VHQVLWLYH WR WKH HDFK SDUWLFXODU VLWXDWLRQ IXUWKHU VWXGLHV PLJKW LQYROYH WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH VDPH PHWKRG LQ
GLIIHUHQWJHRJUDSKLFDOFRQWH[WV

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

7KLVUHVHDUFKZDVVXSSRUWHGE\&LWWj0HWURSROLWDQDGL0LODQR3DUFR$JULFROR6XG0LODQR)RQGD]LRQH&DULSOR

5HIHUHQFHV

ÈOYDUH]1 $ULDV&7HFKQLFDOHIILFLHQF\DQGIDUPVL]H$&RQGLWLRQDODQDO\VLVAgricultural Economics 30(3)

%pODQJHU 9 9DQDVVH $ 3DUHQW ' $OODUG *  3HOOHULQ '  'HYHORSPHQW RI DJULHQYLURQPHQWDO LQGLFDWRUV WR DVVHVV GDLU\ IDUP
VXVWDLQDELOLW\LQ4XHEHF(DVWHUQ&DQDGDEcological Indicators 23
&RVWDQ]D5G
$UJH5*URRW5')DUEHU6*UDVVR0+DQQRQ% %HOW09'7KHYDOXHRIWKHZRUOG
VHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHVDQG
QDWXUDOFDSLWDONature 387
'HPDUWLQL(*DYLJOLR$ %HUWRQL',QWHJUDWLQJDJULFXOWXUDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\LQWRSROLF\SODQQLQJ$JHRUHIHUHQFHGIUDPHZRUNEDVHG
RQ5RXJK6HWWKHRU\Environmental Science & Policy 54
*DIVL0 )DYUHDX-/:6 ¦ 0HWKRGVDQGSURFHGXUHVIRUEXLOGLQJVXVWDLQDEOHIDUPLQJV\VWHPVWK(XURSHDQ,)6$6\PSRVLXP
Ǧ-XO\9LHQQD$XVWULD$SSURSULDWHPHWKRGWRDVVHVVWKHVXVWDLQDELOLW\RIRUJDQLFIDUPLQJV\VWHPV
*DYLJOLR $ 3LUDQL $  %HUWRFFKL 0  'HYHORSPHQW RI WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO VRFLDO DQG HFRQRPLF VXVWDLQDELOLW\ LQ WKH SHULXUEDQ
DJULFXOWXUDODUHDVJRYHUQDQFHRSSRUWXQLWLHVLQWKH6RXWK0LODQ$JULFXOWXUDO3DUNAdvanced engineering Forum 11
*DYULOHVFX&7RPD& 7XUWRL&$VVHVVPHQWRIWKHVXVWDLQDELOLW\GHJUHHRIDJULFXOWXUDOKROGLQJVLQ0DFURUHJLRQXVLQJWKH,'($
0HWKRG. Bulletin UASVM Horticulture, 69
*LUDUGLQ3%RFNVWDOOHU& 9DQGHU:HUI+0*$VVHVVPHQWRISRWHQWLDOLPSDFWVRIDJULFXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHVRQWKHHQYLURQPHQWWKH
$*52 (&2PHWKRGEnvironmental Impact Assessment Review 20
*yPH]/LPyQ-$ 6DQFKH])HUQDQGH]*(PSLULFDOHYDOXDWLRQRIDJULFXOWXUDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\XVLQJFRPSRVLWHLQGLFDWRUVEcological
economics 69
*RRGODQG57KHFRQFHSWRIHQYLURQPHQWDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\Annual Review of Ecological Ecosystems 26
+lQL)%UDJD)6WlPSIOL$.HOOHU7)LVKHU0 3RUFKH+5,6(DWRROIRUKROLVWLFVXVWDLQDELOLW\DVVHVVPHQWDWWKHIDUPOHYHO
International food and agribusiness management review 6
+DQVHQ-:,VDJULFXOWXUDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\DXVHIXOFRQFHSW"Agricultural systems 50
/LHQ*+DUGDNHU-% )ODWHQ25LVNDQGHFRQRPLFVXVWDLQDELOLW\RIFURSIDUPLQJV\VWHPV$JULFXOWXUDO6\VWHPV
/LWWLJ % *ULHVVOHU (  6RFLDO VXVWDLQDELOLW\ D FDWFKZRUG EHWZHHQ SROLWLFDO SUDJPDWLVP DQG VRFLDO WKHRU\ International Journal of
Sustainable Development 8
0HXO09DQ3DVVHO61HYHQV)'HVVHLQ-5RJJH(0XOLHU$ 9DQ+DXZHUPHLUHQ$027,)6DPRQLWRULQJWRROIRUWKH
LQWHJUDWHGIDUPVXVWDLQDELOLW\Agronomy for sustainable development 28
3DUDFFKLQL0/%XOJKHURQL&%RUUHDQL*7DEDFFR(%DQWHUOH$%HUWRQL'5RVVL*3DUROR*2ULJJL5 'H3DROD&$
GLDJQRVWLFV\VWHPWRDVVHVVVXVWDLQDELOLW\DWDIDUPOHYHO7KH6267$5(PRGHOAgricultural Systems 133
5HLJ0DUWtQH] ( *yPH]/LPyQ -$ 3LFD]R7DGHR $-  5DQNLQJIDUPV ZLWK D FRPSRVLWH LQGLFDWRU RI VXVWDLQDELOLW\ Agricultural
economics 42
732 Mattia Bertocchi et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (2016) 726 – 732

6LQJK5.0XUW\+5*XSWD6. 'LNVKLW$.$QRYHUYLHZRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\DVVHVVPHQWPHWKRGRORJLHVEcological indicators

9
7KLROOHW6FKROWXV0 %RFNVWDOOHU&8VLQJLQGLFDWRUVWRDVVHVVWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWVRIZLQHJURZLQJDFWLYLW\7KH,1',*2Š
PHWKRGEuropean Journal of Agronomy 62
9DQ&DXZHQEHUJK1%LDOD.%LHOGHUV&%URXFNDHUW9)UDQFKRLV/*DUFLD&LGDG9+HUP\00DWKLMV(0X\V%5HLMQGHUV-
6DXYHQLHU ; 9DOFN[ - 9DQFORRVWHU 0 9DQ GHU 9HNHQ % :DXWHUV ( 3HHWHUV $  6$)($ KLHUDUFKLFDO IUDPHZRUN IRU
DVVHVVLQJWKHVXVWDLQDELOLW\RIDJULFXOWXUDOV\VWHPVAgriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 120
9DQGHU:HUI+0* 3HWLW-(YDOXDWLRQRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWRIDJULFXOWXUHDWWKHIDUPOHYHODFRPSDULVRQDQGDQDO\VLVRI
LQGLFDWRUEDVHGPHWKRGVAgriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 93
9LODLQ/%RLVVHW.*LUDUGLQ3*XLOODXPLQ$0RXFKHW&9LDX[3 =DKP)/DPpWKRGH,'($(GLFDJULpGLWLRQV)UDQFH
9RQ:LUHQ/HKU66XVWDLQDELOLW\LQDJULFXOWXUHDQHYDOXDWLRQRISULQFLSDOJRDOVRULHQWHGFRQFHSWVWRFORVHWKHJDSEHWZHHQWKHRU\DQG
SUDFWLFH$JULFXOWXUHEcosystems and Environment 93
=DKP)9LDX[3*LUDUGLQ39LODLQ/ 0RXFKHW&$VVHVVLQJIDUPVXVWDLQDELOLW\ZLWKWKH,'($PHWKRG)URPWKHFRQFHSWRI
IDUPVXVWDLQDELOLW\WRFDVHVWXGLHVRQ)UHQFKIDUPVSustainable development 16