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Freedom Movement 1857 1947
Freedom Movement 1857 1947
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Freedom movement Events at a Glance (1857 to 1947)
2.advance the interests of the Muslims of India and prevent any feeling of hostility
towards other communities. It played a dynamic role in the Pakistan Movement.
When Great Britain was involved in World War I, India’s national movement
though assumed new dimensions. One of them was the Home Rule Movement.
On April 28, 1916, the Home Rule League was set up with its headquarters at
Pune. Tilak went on a whirlwind tour of the country, appealing to everybody to
unite under the banner of Home Rule League. Annie Besant, an Irish lady, who
was a member of the Theosophical Society of India, played a key role in this
movement.
To quell the growing revolutionary fervour and spirit, the British government
enforced stricter laws to prevent agitations and meetings. The importance of the
Home Rule movement lay in the fact that for the first time, the independence of
India clearly became the objective of the Indian national movement. The public
at large especially the youth began to indulge in acts of terrorism, bombing
parliamentary meetings, blowing up railway lines and picketing shops. It was at
this juncture that a new leader appeared on the political horizon.
Annie Besant
Rowlatt Act
Meanwhile in 1917-18, came the Rowlatt Act, proposed by Justice Rowlatt which.
among other things gave the courts the right to try political cases without a jury while
provincial governments, apart from the centre, had the power of internment without
trial. Gandhi vehemently opposed the Rowlatt Act saying that since it raised issues of
trust and self-respect, and hence should be met by a moral response
1919-23 Khilafat Movement
An Indian Muslim Movement for the preservation of the Khilafat’ and the territorial integrity of
Ottoman Empire. The Ali Brothers were its leading proponents. Gandhi supported the
movement and encouraged non-cooperation with the British. A section of Indian Muslims,
to express their indignation, resorted to ‘Hijrat’. They gained nothing. The movement
petered(come to an end gradually) out when Mustafa Kamal Ataturk itself abolished
the caliphate.
allowed.
The Report rejected a federation and supported a unitary government.
1929 Quaid-i-Azam’s Fourteen Points
The Muslim League at the time was torn by internal dissension. The Quaid outlined a pr
ogramme on which Muslims could unite. This was the famous Fourteen Points.
2.A full-fledged province hood for Sind, Baluchistan and North-West Frontier.
1937-Elections
Elections to the provincial legislative assemblies were held in 1937 under the Government of
India Act 1935. Congress won majorities in eight provinces and formed ministries. It fared
(managed) badly in Muslim majority provinces. Muslims, on their side, were divided among
themselves.
1942-Cripps Mission
Sir Stafford Cripps arrived in New Delhi for talks with Indian Leaders on the future
constitution of India. He discussed the draft proposals. The Muslim League rejected the
proposals as there was no provision for amendments or for the formation of two constituent
assemblies instead of one.
Two of these were to have Muslim majorities while the third one was to have a Hindu
majority. First of Bengal and Assam and second group of Muslim majority Areas, and third
group of Hindus majority area. The Muslim League accepted the Plan but the Congress gave
a qualified consent. Nehru’s defiant posture and refusal to accept the groupings and a less
powerful Centre angered the Quaid, who later rejected the Plan.
1946-Direct Action Day
Disgusted with the Congress stance vis-à-vis the Cabinet Mission Plan, the Quaid voted for
observing Direct Action Day on August 16, to press for Pakistan. For the first time in its
annals, the League said good-bye to constitutional struggle for achieving their goal
1946-Interim Government Installed in Office
The British Government proposed on 22 July that an Interim Government be formed at the
Centre. Initially both the Congress and the Muslim League rejected the proposal. The Viceroy
then asked only Nehru to from the government. The Muslim League regretted the installation
of a one-party government and flew black flags. It later realised that its exclusion from the
government was playing havoc with Muslim interests. Finally after long and complicated
negotiations the League joined the government. Liaquat Ali Khan was given the Finance
portfolio. Congress was to regret this decision... more
1947-Pakistan Achieved
14 August 1947 was Pakistan’s date with destiny. On that day, Mountbatten formally
transferred power to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on behalf of His Majesty’s
Government. On 15 August Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was sworn in as the first
Governor General of Pakistan. A seven-year old struggle came triumphantly to an end and a
long cherished dream stood translated into reality... more