IJGHC; 2012, Vol.1.No.1, 61-74.

E- ISSN: 2278 – 3229

International Journal of Green and Herbal Chemistry

Available online at www.ijghc.org
HERBAL CHEMISTRY

Research Article

  Anti ageing drugs in Ayurveda

Charmi S. Mehta and Vimal R. Joshi
1
Department of RS &BK, J.S Ayurved College, Nadiad (Gujarat) INDIA
2
Department. of Rasashastra and Bhaishjya Kalpana, J.S Ayurved College,
Nadiad (Gujarat) INDIA
Received: 16 April 2012; Revised: 24 April 2012; Accepted: 29 April 2012

ABSTRACTS  
Ageing  (British  English)  or  aging  (American  English)  is  the  accumulation  of  changes  in  a  person  over  time. 
Ageing  in  humans  refers  to  a  multidimensional  process  of  physical,  psychological,  and  social  change  .Anti 
ageing is the term used to slower down the process of ageing in the cells of the body. This concept is described 
under a separate section in Ayurved known as Rasayana Chikitsa. Various procedures and herbs having anti 
ageing  properties  are  described.  Also  separate  groups  of  herbs  having  ant  ageing  properties  are  described 
under  the  section  of  Vayahsthapana  gana,  Jeevaniya  gana  etc.    Drugs  like  Ashwagandha,  Tulsi,  Haridra, 
Guduchi, Amalaki etc have been proven for their ant ageing effect by various researches 
Keywords: Keywords: Ageing, Rasayana, anti ageing, antioxidants.

INTRODUCTION
Ageing is defined as gradual biological impairment of normal functions, probably as a result of changes made into
the cells and structural components. These changes would consequently have a direct impact on functional ability
of organs and biological symptoms1. Ayurved counters the aging and its allied ill-effects with three pronged
approach. First it recommends the countering of aging and its adverse effects by use of Vayasthapak drugs (age
stabilizers) and the second approach is to rejuvenate the aged body by Jeevneeya drugs (vitalisers) and the third
approach is Jarachikitsa i.e. Rasayana Chikitsa. (rejuvenating process and formulations). Life extension science,
also known as anti-aging medicine, experimental gerontology, and biomedical gerontology, is the study of
slowing down or reversing the processes of aging to extend both the maximum and average lifespan2 The theme
of World Health Day 2012, marked on 7 April 2012, is devoted to "Ageing and continuing good Health3". Jara
(ageing) is divided in Ayurveda as – Swabhavika Vyadhi (natural disease) while premature ageing can surely be
reversed by Ayurvedic treatment. Even normal ageing can be slowed down by ant ageing herbs of Ayurveda.
Experimental studies done on various rasayana drugs prove that they have immune stimulant, antioxidant, and
antistress etc properties.
CONCEPTUAL STUDY
Rasayana is the therapy, which establishes the age (Vayasthapana), increases the life span (Ayuskar), intelligence
(Medha) and strength (Bala) as well as it enables the person to rid of the diseases4

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Anti ageing…. Charmi S. Mehta and Vimal R. Joshi.

Anti ageing drugs described in Ayurved are divided into a group i.e
(a)Vayasthapak gana (Age stabilizer drugs) 5
These herbs are listed below.
1. Guduchi- Tinospora cordifolia .
2. Haritiki. Terminalia chebula.
3. Amalki. Emblica officinale.
4. Yukta. Pluchea lanceolata.
5. Shweta. Clitoria ternatea.
6. Jeewanti. Leptadenia reticulata .
7. Atirasa. Asperagus racemosus.
8. Mandookparni. Centella asiatica.
9. Sthira. Desmodium giganticum .
10. Punarnava. Boerhaavia diffusa .
Among all, Amalaki is considered as best vayasthapana by Acharya Charaka6. These drugs may possess age-
sustaining and health promotive properties. Amalaki is also considered as the best rasayana drug by
vrundmahava-39-19. Acharya Charaka has also described Jeevaniya Mahakashaya which contains drugs like
Jeevak, Yashtimadhu, jeevanti etc along with Balya Mahakashaya which possess drugs like –Ashwagandha,
Shatavari, bala etc7. Both of these Mahakashayas have health promoting quality and can help in the prevention
and management of aging. Rasayana is a therapy which is to be used according to different decades. Likewise,
many herbs have been described to be used as per the age as follows-

Table- 1: Rasayana herbs used according to age8

Life Decade Desired effect Suitable Rasayana

01 – 10 Childhood (Balya) Vacha (Acorus calamus)
11 – 20 Growth (Vriddhi) Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera),
Bala (Sida cordifolia)
21 – 30 Complexion (Prabha) Amalaki (Emblica officinalis)
31 – 40 Intellect (Medha) Shankhapushpi (Convolulus pluricaulis),
Jyotishmati (Celastrus panniculatus)
41 – 50 Skin (Twak) Bhringaraja (Eclipta alba), Tuvaraka
(Hydnocarpus laurifolia)
51 – 60 Vision (Drishti) Chakshushya ( Cassia absus)
61 – 70 Reproduction (Shukra) Kapikachhu,(Mucuna prurita)
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
71 – 80 Vilour (Virya) Amalaki (Emblica officinalis), Bala
(Sida cordifolia)
81 – 90 Reasoning (Buddhi) Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri )
91 – 100 Motororgans (Karmendriya) Bala (Sida cordifolia)
  Curative rasayana are also described for management of diseases particularly in old age because they act
dually as rasayana and disease pacifier and helps to regain health easily in elderly patients.

62 IJGHC; Herbal Chem.; 2012, Vol.1, No.1, 61-74.

 
Anti ageing…. Charmi S. Mehta and Vimal R. Joshi.

Table-2: Rasayana herbs used for various diseases9

Disease Suitable Drugs

Eye Jyotishmati, Triphala, Shatavari, Yashtimadhu
Heart Shalaparni, Arjuna, Guggulu, Pushkaramula
Skin Tuvaraka, Bhallataka, Vidanga, Somaraji
Tuberculosis Rasona, Nagabala, Shilajit, Pippali
Anemia Makshika, amalaki
Asthma Agatsya Rasayana, Bhallataka, Shirisha, Haridra
Neuropathies Rasona, Guggulu, Bala, Nagabala
Diabetes Shilajatu, Amalaki, Haridra, Guduchi, Jambu, Methika
Lipid disorders Guggulu, Haritaki, Pushkaramula, Vacha
Hypertension Rasona, Bala, Rasna, Sarpagandha, Ashwagandha
Psychosis Shankhapushpi, Brahmi, Mandukaparni

Likewise, various formulations are also given which posses ant ageing property like-Chyavanprashaavleha-In the
present time, this is the most famous Rasayana formulation. This may be a product named after the patient (Rishi
Chwayan for whom Ashwini Kumar created this product.) It contains anti aging, strengthening, aphrodisiac and
vitalizer herbs10. Likewise, Amalaki rasayana, Bhallataka rasayana, Triphala Rasayana, Vardhman Pippali
Rasayana etc are various formulations which posses ant ageing property and can also be used in various diseases.
DISCUSSION
Out of the 8 branches of Ayurved- Rasayana/ jarachikitsa is devoted to cure aging and its ill effects. From the
rasayana treatment, one attains longevity, memory, intelligence, freedom from disorders, youthful age, excellence
of luster, complexion and voice, oratory, optimum strength of physique and sense organs, respectability and
brilliance. It means the attaining the excellent Rasa etc.11
Types of Rasayana:
(a).Kutipraveshika12 – Indoor: A special cottage is built on a auspicious ground, in the neighbourhood of holy
people and where all conveniences are available. It has three rooms one after another, all-weather worthy. It must
be sound proof.
(b).Vatatapika13 – Open air: This method is outdoor method.

(c).Kamya Rasayans14 (use oriented)

1. Medhya Rasayan: Promote intelligence – Specific formulation is prescribed.

2. Prana Rasayan: Promote age-stablization, longevity and vitality- Most formulations are in this
category.
3. Srikamya Rasayan: Promote complexion – Specific formulations are prescribed.
• Rasayanas based on drug, diet and life style:
1. Aushdha Rasayana - Drug Based Rasayana.
2. Ahara Rasayana - Dietary Rasayana.
3. Achara Rasayana - Lifestyle Rasayana.

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Anti ageing…. Charmi S. Mehta and Vimal R. Joshi.

(d).Naimittika Rasayans help to fight a specific disease.

Presently considerable research is being carried out on various Rasayana Products and the herbs to screen them
for various therapeutic benefits. But the research is focusing only one or couple of aspects of Rasayan’s
therapeutic benefits. The exhaustive research on all therapeutic benefits of single Rasayana product will be more
conclusive validation of claims of classical Ayurvedic texts15.
Various studies are done on different aspects of Rasayana drugs can some contemporary terminologies are found
which have actions similar to Rasayana like-
• Immunomodulator

• Adaptogenic

• Antioxidant

• Nootropic

• Antistress

These terms can be understood as follows-

Immunomodulator- a substance that alters the immune response by augmenting or reducing the ability of the
immune system to produce antibodies or sensitized cells that recognize and react with the antigen that initiated
their production16.
Several medicinal plants used in the Indian traditional system known as Rasayana (devoted to enhancement of the
body’s resistance) have attracted the attention of scientists world-wide. As discussed below, several medicinal
plants exhibit not only immunomodulatory activity but also a wide range of antioxidant, antiasthmatic,
antiarrhythmic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, antifungal, cardiotonic, diuretic, and
other medicinal activities17.

CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNOMODULATORS
Clinically, immunomodulators can be classified into the following three categories:
Immunoadjuvants: are used to enhance the efficacy of vaccines and therefore could be considered specific
immune stimulants. Immunoadjuvants hold the promise of being the true modulators of the immune response. It
has been proposed that they be exploited as selectors between cellular and humoral helper T1 (Th1) and helper T2
cells (Th2), immunoprotective, immunodestructive, and reagenic [immunoglobulin E (IgE)] versus IgG type
immune responses—posing a real challenge to vaccine designers18.
Immunostimulants: are inherently non-specific as they are envisaged as enhancements to a body’s resistance to
infection. They can act through innate as well as adaptive immune responses. In healthy individuals, the
immunostimulants are expected to serve as prophylactic and promoter agents, i.e., as immunopotentiators, by
enhancing the basic level of immune response. In the individual with impairment of immune response, they are
expected to act as immunotherapeutic agents19.
Immunosuppressants: are a structurally and functionally heterogeneous group of drugs, which are often
concomitantly administered in combination regimens to treat various types of organ transplant rejection and
autoimmune diseases20.

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Anti ageing…. Charmi S. Mehta and Vimal R. Joshi.

Table 3: A brief description of common plant-derived immune modulators

Botanical (Family) Ayurvedic/ Part Chemical Other biological

Common name used constituents activities

Ocimumsanctum Linn. (Labiateae) Tulasi Entire Essential oils such Carminative,

plant as eugenol, stomachic,
cavacrol, antispasmodic,
derivatives of antiasthmatic,
ursolic acid, hepatoprotective21-24
apigenin

Aloe vera Tourn.ex Linn. Kumaari Gel Anthraquinone Purgative,

(Liliaceae) from glycosides emmenagogue,
leaves emollient, anti
inflammatory 25,26.

Andrographis paniculata Nees Kaalmegha Leaves Diterpenes Hepatoprotective,

(Acanthaceae) antispasmodic, blood
purifier, febrifuge27

Asparagus racemosusWild. Shatavaari Roots Saponins, sitosterols Ulcer healing agent,

(Liliaceae) nervine tonic, anti-
gout28

Tinospora cordifoliaMiers. Amrita, Entire Alkaloidal Hypoglycaemic agent,

(Menispermiaceae) guduuchii herb constituents such as antipyretic29.
berberine,
tinosporic acid

Terminalia arjuna Roxb. Arjuna Leaves, Flavonoids, Cardiotonic, diuretic,

(Combretaceae ) bark oligomeric prescribed for
proanthocyanidins, hypertension30.
tannins

Bauhinia variegata Linn. Kaanchanar Roots, Flavonoids, beta- Antifungal, astringent

31
(Caesalpiniaceae) bark, sitosterol, lupeol .
buds

Urena lobata Linn. (Malvaceae) Naagabala Roots, Flavanoids Diuretic, emollient,

flowers antispasmodic32.

Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. Gambhari Leaves Sapogenins Antidiabetic, diuretic,

(Asclepiadaceae) antibilious33.

Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Benth. Kutki Roots Iridoid glycosides, Antioxidant34.

(Scrophulariaceae) amphicoside

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Anti ageing…. Charmi S. Mehta and Vimal R. Joshi.

Botanical (Family) Ayurvedic/ Part Chemical Other biological

Common name used constituents activities

Abutilonindicum linn. (Malvaceae) Atibalaa Whole Flavonoids, Diuretic,

plant triterpenoids antibacterial35.

Nyctanthesarbor-tristisL. Paarijaata Leaf, Iridoid glucosides Anti-inflammatory,

(Oleaceae) seeds antispasmodic36.

Acaciacatechu Willd. Khadira Leaf Flavonoids, Hypoglycaemic,

(Leguminosae) quercetin astringent37.

Boswellia spp. (Burseraceae) Shallaki Gum Triterpenes, ursanes Hypoglycaemic38.

resin

Boerhaavia diffusa(Nyctaginaceae) Punarnava Herb Alkaloid Immunostimulatory39.

Centella asiatica Linn. Brahmi Herb Triterpenoid Immunomodulator40.

(Umbelliferae), saponins

Eclipta alba L. (Compositae) Bringraja Leaves Triterpenoid Anticancer,

glucoside antileprotic, analgesic,
antioxidant,
antimyotoxic41.

Convolvulus pluricalis Linn. Shankhpushpi Herb Alkaloids Brain tonic42.

(Convolvulaceae)

Moringa oleifera L. (Moringaceae) Sahijan Leaves Vitamin A, B, C, Antioxidant43.

carotenoids,
saponins

Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) Pipali Fruits Alkaloids Antioxidant44.

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE RASAYANAS/IMMUNE MODULATORS45

It has been reported that the “Rasayanas” are rejuvenators, nutritional supplements and possess strong antioxidant
activities. They also exert antagonistic action on oxidative stressors, giving rise to the formation of different free
radicals. They are used mainly to combat the effects of ageing, atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, rheumatoid
arthritis, autoimmune disease and Parkinson’s disease. The Rasayana herbs seem to operate through
immunostimulant, immunoadjuvant, and immunosuppressant activities or by affecting the effector arm of the
immune response.11 Mechanisms of immunomodulation activity occur mainly via phagocytosis stimulation,
macrophages activation, immunostimulatory effect on peritoneal macrophages, lymphoid cells stimulation,
cellular immune function enhancement and nonspecific cellular immune system effect, antigen-specific
immunoglobulin production increase, increased nonspecific immunity mediators and natural killer cell numbers,
reducing chemotherapy-induced leukopenia, and increasing circulating total white cell counts and interleukin-2
levels

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Anti ageing…. Charmi S. Mehta and Vimal R. Joshi.

Table-4: Pharmacology of immunomodulatory activities from putative medicinal plants

Plant/Family name Dose Type of solvent In vitro/in vivomode Mechanism involved and
administere extract l observation
d

Ocimum 200 mg/kg Aqueous/alcoholi HA titer Extract shows increased DTH

sanctumLinn. p.o. c to sheep red blood cells
(Labiateae) SRBCs. Alcoholic extract was
more potent than aqueous in
producing delayed type
hypersensitivity response.
Both extracts have marginal
stimulatory effect on humoral
immunity46.

Aloe vera Tourn.ex 100 g/mL Hydrogel Mouse macrophage Acemannan (primary
Linn. (Liliaceae) cell line, RAW polysaccharide from Aloe
264.7 vera gel) incubated on special
type of mouse macrophage
cell line, RAW 264.7 for 24 h
causes immunostimulation
due to activation of
macrophages47-49.

Andrographis Dose Alcoholic Mitogen induced Andrographolide acts as

paniculata Nees dependent lymphocyte inhibitor of TNF-α and
(Acanthaceae) proliferation induces significant stimulation
of both “antigen specific” and
“antigen nonspecific” types of
immune responses in mice,
showing effectiveness against
a variety of infectious and
oncogenic (cancer causing)
agents50.

Asparagus 100 mg/kg Aqueous HA titer Aqueous extract showed

racemosus Wild. body weight immunoadjuvant effect on
(Liliaceae) experimental animals when
immunized with diphtheria,
tetanus, and pertussis vaccine.
Reduced mortality coupled
with overall improved health
status was observed in treated
animals, indicating the
development of a protective
immune response51.

Tinospora p.o. Aqueous, In vitro phagocytic Improves the phagocyte

cordifolia Miers. methanolic activity, HA titer, function without affecting
(Menispermiaceae) hypersensitivity cell-mediated and humoral
response, inhibition immune systems and also
of allogenic causes inhibition of

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Anti ageing…. Charmi S. Mehta and Vimal R. Joshi.

Plant/Family name Dose Type of solvent In vitro/in vivomode Mechanism involved and
administere extract l observation
d

transplant rejection C3 canvertase of the classical

complement pathway, hence
acts as immunomodulator52.

Terminalia 400 mg/kg, Aqueous, HA titer Plant showed

arjunaRoxb. p.o. alcoholic immunomodulation by
(Combretaceae) increasing the secondary
immune response as
evidenced by an increase in
Anti- SRBC antibody titre
(ASRBs) antibody titer but
failed to modulate primary
immune response53.

Bauhinia 250– Ethanolic Carbon clearance Increase in macrophage

variegataLinn. 500 mg/kg, test and neutrophil stimulatory activity,
(Caesalpiniaceae) p.o. adhesion test, HA neutrophil adhesion and
titer hemagglutination antibody
titer confirms its
immunomodulatory
potential54.

Urena lobata Linn. 5100 μg/mL Methanolic Phagocytic activity, Extract showed
(Malvaceae) immunostimulation in vitro an
d increased phagocytic
activity thus increases in
phagocytic index55.

Gymnema 25 μg/mL, Aqueous Neutrophil Extract showed significant

sylvestre R.Br. 50 μg/mL locomotion and immunomodulation at all
(Asclepiadaceae) and chemotaxis test, concentrations in
100 μg/mL phagocytosis of various in vitro models by
killed Candida exerting a stimulating effect
albicans and on phagocytic activity,
nitroblue terazolium neutrophil locomotion and
tests chemotaxis56.

Cissampelos 75 mg/kg, Aqueous, HA titer, DTH Stimulates immune system,

pareira Linn. p.o. ethanolic affects humoral immunity as
(Menispermiaceae) shown by its effect in the
indirect hemagglutination test,
serum immunoglobulin levels.
It also affects cell-mediated
immunity57.

Abutilon indicumlinn. 200, Aqueous, HA titer, DTH, Stimulates immune system,

(Malvaceae) 400 mg/kg ethanolic neutrophil adhesion affects humoral immunity as
test and carbon shown by its effect in the
clearance test indirect hemagglutination test,
serum immunoglobulin levels.

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Anti ageing…. Charmi S. Mehta and Vimal R. Joshi.

Plant/Family name Dose Type of solvent In vitro/in vivomode Mechanism involved and
administere extract l observation
d

Also affects cell-mediated

immunity, showing significant
increase in neutrophil
adhesion and carbon
clearance58.

Acacia 5 mg/kg and Aqueous Neutrophil adhesion Aqueous extract affects

catechu(Leguminosae 50 mg/kg, test, mice lethality humoral immunity as shown
) p.o. test, carbon by its effect in the indirect
clearance assay, hemagglutination test, serum
cyclophosphamide immunoglobulin levels and
induced mice lethality test. It also has
neutropenia, serum effect on the cell-mediated
immunoglobulin immunity, showing significant
levels and the increase in the neutrophil
hamagglutination adhesion, carbon clearance
test and a reduction in
cyclophosphamide induced
neutropenia59.

Boswellia spp. 100 μL/mL Oil Lymphocyte Stimulatory effect on

(Burseraceae) proliferation assay lymphocyte proliferation60.

DTH = delayed type hypersensitivity response; HA = hemagglutination; IFN- γ = interferon-γ; i.p. = intraperitoneal
injection; NK = natural killer; NO = nitric oxide; PMN = polymorphonuclear; p.o. = per ossa; SRBC = sheep red
blood cells; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α.

Adaptogen – An adaptogen is a metabolic regulator which increases the ability of an organism to adapt to
environmental factors, and to avoid damage from such factors. Environmental factors can be
either physiological (external), such as injury or aging, or psychological(internal), such as anxiety61.Some
adaptogenic herbs- are Ashwagandha, Tulsi, haridra, Pippali,Amalaki, Guduchi, shatavari etc

Research studies on various drugs: Ashwaganda (Withania somnifera) is often called Indian ginseng, seemingly
to group it with the ginsengs because of its similar actions. Though unrelated to other ginsengs, it appears to share
their many properties and actions. Considered a tonic, an alternative, an astringent, a nervine and a sedative,
62
ashwaganda has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for more than 2,500 years. Recent studies show ashwaganda
to be immuno-modulating and to aid in cases of anxiety and other psychological complaints63-65.

The whole, aqueous, standardized extracts of selected plants (Tinospora cordifolia, Asparagus racemosus,
Emblica officinalis, Withania somnifera, Piper longum and Terminalia chebula) were administered orally to
experimental animals, in a dose extrapolated from the human dose, following which they were exposed to a
variety of biological, physical and chemical stressors. These plants were found to offer protection against these
stressors, as judged by using markers of stress responses and objective parameters for stress manifestations. Using
a model of cisplatin induced alterations in gastrointestinal motility, the ability of these plants to exert a
normalizing effect, irrespective of direction of pathological change was tested. All the plants reversed the effects
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Anti ageing…. Charmi S. Mehta and Vimal R. Joshi.

of cisplatin on gastric emptying, while Tinospora cordifolia and Asparagus racemosus also normalized cisplatin
induced intestinal hypermotility. Tinospora cordifolia was also tested for its ability to modulate the changes
occurring in the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages after exposure of rats to either carbon tetrachloride
or horse serum. It was found to normalize the phagocytic function irrespective to the direction of change,
complying to the definition of an adaptogen. All the plant drugs were found to be safe in both acute and subacute
toxicity studies. Studies on the mechanisms of action of the plants revealed that they all produced
immunostimulation. The protection offered by Tinospora cordifolia against stress induced gastric mucosal
damage was lost if macrophage activity was blocked. Emblica officinalis strengthened the defense mechanisms
against free radical damage induced during stress. The effect of Emblica officinalis appeared to depend on the
ability of target tissues to synthesize prostaglandins. Recent data obtained with Tinospora cordifolia suggest that it
may induce genotypic adaptation, further opening the arena for more research and experimentation66.

Antioxidant- Antioxidants are defined as 'substances whose presence in relatively low concentrations
significantly inhibits the rate of oxidation of targets'. Being present in serum, these antioxidants circumvent the
damage caused by oxygen free radical67.

Nootropic- they are substances which promote intelligence and functions of brain. These drugs can be
categorized as Medhya Rasayana drugs . Acharya Charaka has described four important medhya Rasayana drugs
namely- Mandookparni, Guduchi, Yashtimadhu and Shankhpushpi68.

CONCLUSION
A separate branch of Ayurved called Rasayana Chikitsa/ jara Chikitsa have been described in Ayurved for their
ant ageing effects. Under this section various herbs are described like Amalaki, guduchi, Shankhpushpi,
Ashwagandha , etc. Various research studies on these plants prove their immunomodulatory, adaptogenic,
nootropic etc effects which justify that various drugs used in Ayurved posses ant ageing effects
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70 IJGHC; Herbal Chem.; 2012, Vol.1, No.1, 61-74.

 
Anti ageing…. Charmi S. Mehta and Vimal R. Joshi.

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*Correspondence Author: Charmi S. Mehta,Vimal R. Joshi; Department of RS &BK, J.S Ayurved College,
Nadiad (Gujarat) INDIA; Department. of Rasashastra and Bhaishjya Kalpana, J.S Ayurved College, Nadiad
(Gujarat) INDIA

74 IJGHC; Herbal Chem.; 2012, Vol.1, No.1, 61-74.