Introduction to Aerospace Engg

(AAE-2157)
Syllabus:
 Classification and Anatomy of an aircraft & Basic principles of
mechanics of fluids
 The standard atmosphere

 Basics of Aerodynamics

 Airfoil nomenclature & Elements of airplane performance.

 Fundamentals of Aircraft Propulsion.

Aerospace Engg:

A branch of engineering that involves the design, manufacturing, and

science of aircraft and spacecraft.

There are two main branches

1. Aeronautical Engg

2. Astronautical Engg
 Aircraft
An aircraft is a vehicle which is able to fly through the air (or the
atmosphere of a planet).

Objects which are not supported by the air, such as most rockets and

missiles, are not aircraft.

All the human activity which surrounds aircraft is called aviation.

 Lighter than Air

These are also known as Aerostats.

They consist of an envelop or bag which is filled with relatively low

density gas such as Helium, Hydrogen or hot air.

They work on Buoyancy principle.

Sea Plane (Boat Plane)
 Anatomy of an Aircraft

Five main components of an aircraft are

1. Fuselage

2. Wings

3. Empennage

4. Power plant

5. Landing Gear
Anatomy of an Aircraft
Airships
Free balloons
Captive balloons
Archimedes' principle :

• When a body is wholly or partially immersed in a fluid there is an

upthrust which is equal to the weight of fluid displaced.
The magnitude of this upward force, or upthrust, depends on
(a) the volume of the body - the more fluid that is displaced the greater
the upthrust;
(b) the density of the fluid - the greater the density the greater the
upthrust.
Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle
Objects that sink (Totally submerged)
Q1. An object weighs 36 g in air and has a volume of 8.0 cm3. What will be
its apparent weight when immersed in water?
Q2. A balloon having a volume of 5.000 L is placed on a sensitive balance
which registers a weight of 2.833 g. What is the "true weight" of the
balloon if the density of the air is 1.294 g/L?
Q3. A piece of metal weighs 9.25 g in air, 8.20 g in water, and 8.36 g when
immersed in gasoline.
a) What is the density of the metal?
b) What is the density of the gasoline?
Q4. A large balloon of mass 226 kg is filled with helium gas until its

volume is 325 m3. Assume the density of air is 1.29 kg/m3 and the
density of helium is 0.179 kg/m3. (a) Draw a force diagram for the
balloon. (b) Calculate the buoyant force acting on the balloon. (c) Find
the net force on the balloon and determine whether the balloon will
rise or fall after it is released. (d) What maximum additional mass can
the balloon support in equilibrium?
Q5.

Spherical balloon with a radius of 15m is filled with helium gas (ρ =

0.179kg/m3). The balloon is attached to a block of iron (ρ=7800kg/m3).
The mass of the skin of the balloon is 45 kg. What is the buoyant force
acting on the balloon? What is the maximum mass of the iron the
balloon can support? What is the buoyant force acting on the block of
iron? Should we neglect it?
Q6.

A Hot air balloon has a mass of 725kg uninflated and it is designed to

have a neutral buoyancy at an air temperature of 100oC. The ambient
temperature and pressure are 36oC and 1 atm. Take 29gm/mol as the
molecular weight of air. Determine the volume of the balloon when it is
inflated.
Fundamental Physical Quantities of a Flowing gas

Four fundamental quantities of aerodynamics are

1. Pressure
2. Density
3. Temperature
4. Velocity
Equation of state for a perfect gas :
Discussion of units
1. SI (International system of units)

(meter-kilogram-second-ampere-kelvin-mole-candela)

2. FPS (foot-pound-second)

3. MKS (meter-kilogram-second)

4. CGS (centimeter-gram-second) (left=port, right =star board)

Q7. The mass of a hot-air balloon and its cargo (not including the air
inside) is 200 kg. The air outside is at 10.0 °C and 101 kPa. The volume of
the balloon is 400 m3. To what temperature must the air in the balloon be
warmed before the balloon will lift off? (Air density at 10.0 °C is 1.244
kg/m3.)