General

Chemistry 2 11
General Chemistry 2 – Grade 11
Quarter 4 – Module 5: Gibb’s Free Energy
First Edition, 2020

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General
Chemistry 2
11
Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module 5
Gibb’s Free Energy
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 2 Self-Learning Module (No. 5) on Gibb’s

Free Energy.

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 2 Self-Learning Module (No.5) on Gibb’s

Free Energy.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

This module is designed for Senior High School STEM students. Specifically,
after going through this self-learning module, you are expected to:
1. differentiate spontaneous and non-spontaneous reaction;
2. Calculate Gibb’s free energy values; and
3. predict whether a reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous based on
Gibb’s Free Energy.

PRETEST

Choose the letter of the best answer:

1. Which of the following is NOT a spontaneous process?
A. burning of alcohol
B. waterfall run downhill
C. a lump of sugar spontaneously dissolve in a cup of hot coffee
D. decomposition of mercury II oxide at room temperature

2. A reaction that occur on its own is called _________________.

A. spontaneous reaction C. endothermic reaction
B. non-spontaneous reaction D. exothermic reaction

3. What factors are involved in calculating the Gibb’s free energy?

A. temperature, entropy and enthalpy.
B. pressure, entropy and enthalpy.
C. volume, entropy and enthalpy.
D. temperature, pressure and entropy.

4. Calculate the ∆G of the dissolution of NH4NO3(s) in water at room temperature,

25 ºC. Given: ∆H = 28.05 kJ and ∆S = 0.1087 kJ/K
A. – 4.4 kJ B. – 40.4 kJ c. 25.08 kJ d. 87.1 kJ

5. Low enthalpy and high entropy will lead to

A. a nonspontaneous reaction C. an endothermic reaction
B. a spontaneous reaction D. an exothermic reaction
 RECAP

Before reading this lesson, recall first your concepts about entropy.
What happens to entropy when ______. Will it increase or decrease?
1. a molecule is broken into two or more smaller molecules.
2. a reaction occurs that results in an increase in the number of moles of gas.
3. a solid change to a liquid.
4. a liquid change to a gas.
5. liquids or solutions are formed from solids.
6. gases are formed from liquids only.
7. gases are formed from solids.
8. the temperature of a substance is increased.
9. molecules combine.
10. water turns into ice.

Most of us place our leftovers in a refrigerator since we know very well that
we can preserve the foods in it. The low temperature inside slows down chemical
change. However, we know also that such condition is conducive for the growth of
other groups of organisms like molds, bacteria which later would cause the decay
of food.

What happens during chemical reactions? How can we best express the changes
undergone by various materials? Is there a way by which we can predict the product
of chemical change? Let us find out as you go along in this module.
Spontaneous Processes
One of the major role of a chemist is to be able to determine whether or not a
reaction will occur given the conditions like temperature and concentration. This fact
is very important specially when a laboratory technician or a chemist is synthesizing
compounds inside the laboratory or manufacturing chemicals on an industrial scale.
A reaction that does occur under a given set of conditions is called spontaneous
reaction. Burning is an example of spontaneous reaction. On the other hand, the
reaction is said to be nonspontaneous if a reaction does not occur under specified
conditions. An example for this is photosynthesis. What determines whether a
reaction will proceed not? Three factors are involved : enthalpy , entropy and
temperature.
In order to determine the spontaneity of a certain process, we should know
two things about the system. One is change in enthalpy and the other one is
change in entropy.
All substances have their stored heat energy or chemical potential energy that
is released when a reaction takes place. This energy is called enthalpy or heat energy.
A change in the heat content of a chemical system after a reaction is called enthalpy
change , and given the symbol ∆H, read as “ delta H”.
Entropy (represented by S) is described as the measure of the randomness or
disorder of a system. The greater the disorder of a system, the greater its entropy.
And the more ordered the system, the smaller its entropy. A positive entropy means
increasing disorder just like during evaporation (liquid to gas) or melting (solid to
liquid). A negative entropy is the one with greater order as in condensation of water
vapor (gas to liquid) or in the case of formation of a solid precipitate in a chemical
reaction where the reactants are in liquid form.
The greater the disorder of the particles the more positive the change in
entropy (∆S) will be. The reverse is also true; the less disorder results in more negative
entropy.
A balance between ∆H and ∆S determines whether the system or reaction
will proceed spontaneously or not. Gibbs free energy, denoted G , combines enthalpy
and entropy into a single value.
The change in free energy, ΔG , is equal to the sum of the enthalpy plus the
product of the temperature and entropy of the system as shown in this equation:
∆G = ∆H - T∆S
If ΔG is positive, then the reaction is nonspontaneous ( meaning, an the input
of external energy is necessary for the reaction to occur) and if it is negative, then it
is spontaneous (meaning, occurs without external energy input). If ΔG= 0, the system
is at equilibrium and there is no net change either in forward or reverse direction.
Sample Problem: Calculate ∆G at 290 K for this reaction:
2NO(g)+O2(g)→2NO2(g)
Given: ∆H = -120 kJ ∆S = - 0.150 kJ/K
Solution: Substitute the values to the equation:
∆G = ∆H - T∆S
ΔG=−120kJ−(290K)(−0.150kJ/K) =−120kJ + 43kJ = −77kJ
 Did you get it? If not, the following table shows the Effect of Enthalpy and Entropy
on Reaction Tendency

∆H ∆S FREE ENERGY
Enthalpy Entropy
∆G = ∆H - T∆S Reaction Tendency
Reaction is spontaneous at all temperatures
- + Always negative
Reverse reaction is always spontaneous
+ - Always positive Reaction is nonspontaneous at all
temperatures
Reverse reaction is always spontaneous
Negative at low T;
- - Reaction is spontaneous at low temperatures
Positive at high T
but becomes spontaneous at high
temperatures
+ + Positive at low T; Reaction is spontaneous at low temperatures
but becomes spontaneous at high
Negative at high T
temperatures

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1. Which of the following processes are spontaneous ( S) and which are
non-spontaneous (NS) ?
___________________1. Spreading of fragrance of perfume through a room.
___________________ 2. The alignment of iron filings in a magnetic field
___________________ 3. The dissolution of sugar in a cup of hot coffee.
___________________ 4. The melting of ice cubes at -5o C and 1 atm.
____________________5. Naphthalene sublimes at room temperature.

Activity 2. Predict the sign of entropy, enthalpy, and Gibb’s free energy in
each of the following processes. Is the process spontaneous or non-spontaneous?

Physical and Chemical process ∆H ∆S ∆G Spontaneous/

Nonspontaneous
1. Burning of alcohol
C2H5 OH(l) + 3 O2 (g) →3 H2 O + 2 CO2
2. Electrolysis of Water ( low Temp)
2 H2O → 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g)
3. Condensation of water vapour
(low Temp)
H2O (g) → H2 O (l)
 WRAP-UP
Complete the concept map below by filling up the boxes with the appropriate
concepts using the linking words/ phrases as guide on how these concepts are
related to one another. You may add if the concept if not given.

Source: Chemistry Skills Builder and Exercises

 VALUING

During this time of pandemic, most of the blood banks run out of bloods. Have
experience to get pack of blood in a blood bank. Why is it necessary to bring with
you a storage box with ice on it?

POSTTEST
Choose the letter of the best answer:

1. For a spontaneous reaction

A. ∆S must be negative C. ∆H -T∆S must be negative
B. ∆ H must be negative D. ∆H + T∆S must be negative

2. For spontaneous adsorption of gas

A. ∆S is negative so ∆H should be highly positive
B. ∆S is negative so ∆H should be highly negative
C. ∆S is positive so ∆H should be highly positive
C. ∆S is positive so ∆H should be highly negative

3. Calculate ΔG for this reaction at 25ºC : NH3(g)+HCl(g)→NH4Cl(s)

Given: ΔH=−176.0kJ and ΔS=−0.2848 kJ/K
A. 11.9 kJ B. 91.1 kJ C. 75.4 kJ d. 34.25 kJ

4. Will the reaction in number 3 occur spontaneously?

A. Yes B. No

5. Which of the following will determine the spontaneity of a reaction?

A. entropy and free energy C. enthalpy and free energy
B. entropy and enthalpy D. endothermic and exothermic
References
n.d. Chang, Raymond. 2005. "Chemistry 8th Edition." NewYork: mc Graw Hill.

https://sites.google.com/a/lowellcardinals.org/enthalpy-entropy-and-
spontaneity/Home/enthalpy/entropy, February,2021.

https://byjus.com/neet/mcq-on-entropy/ march 2021.

https://www.sanfoundry.com/thermodynamics-questions-answers-entropy-principle-
applications-1/ march, 2021

https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/3-4-other-units-for-solution-concentrations/. n.d.
Accessed August 2020.

https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/wp-
content/uploads/sites/150/2016/05/CNX_Chem_03_05_faucet.jpg. n.d. Accessed August
2020.

Maderal, Chona, Domingo , Ma. Cristina C., Anir , Roberto. 2005. "Skill-Builder and Exercises in
Chemistry." Quezon City: Great Minds Book Sales, Inc..

Gibbs (Free) Energy - Chemistry LibreTexts