TUGAS MAKALAH

ENGLISH FOR BIOLOGY

DOSEN PENGAMPU :

Mita Lianah, S.Pd., M.Hum

OLEH KELOMPOK 2 :

Yuni Purnawati (20020611017)

Wahyu Soleha (20020611016)

Hendrianto (20020611006)

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI

JURUSAN MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

SEKOLAH TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN (STKIP)

YPM BANGKO 2021

I. TIPS TO READ BIOLOGY TEXT OR BOOK IN ENGLISH

HOW TO READ A CHAPTER OF BIOLOGY

Biology is the study of life and the processes that govern it. While this can get quite
complex, gaining a working knowledge of basic concepts will help you to understand the more
complicated ideas. The first steps to gaining this understanding are reading the chapter, making
notes, and finding ways to apply biology to your life.

1. Reading the Information Effectively

a. Find a quiet reading space. To successfully read from your biology book, you should
look for a quiet place. Try to leave any distractions, such as TV or cell phones, turned
off. This will help you focus on the biology concepts that you are reading about.
 Going to the library or an open classroom is always a good option when seeking a
reading space.
b. Skim the section titles. Jumping straight into the first paragraph might be overwhelming
for some. Instead, read through the section titles for that chapter to gain a rough idea of
what concepts you will be reading about. This will mentally prepare you to read the
material and understand how the concepts fit together.
 For example, a chapter on mitosis might have sections for interphase, prophase,
prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
c. Utilize any summary information that the book provides. Many biology books will have
a chapter summary or a page listing key terms at the end of the chapter. These pages
summaryrize biological conceps discussed in the chapter. Read over this material to
have an idea of what the main points of the chapter will be.
d. Read the material. Once you have read your section titles and settled into your quiet
space, it’s time to get to work. Start reading the first section of the chapter. Read at your
own pace and make sure that you are understanding each section before moving forward.
 Sometimes, it is a good idea to commit to reading one section at a time instead of
reading the whole chapter at once.
 Re-read sections as needed.
e. Examine graphs, charts, and images. Much of biology is better explained with visuals.
Instead of skipping over charts and images, take the time to look at them. They say a
picture is worth a thousand words, and in biology, this is often true.
 One of the most popular images in biology is the diagram of a cell. This shows the
major structures and functions of the cell.
 You might also encounter a chart depicting the Krebs Cycle.
2. Taking Notes on the Chapter
a. Make reading notes. As you read, jot down important biological concepts and details.
Your reading notes do not have to be organized at first, as long as you can go back and
understand what you wrote. Also, write down any questions you have or things that you
do not understand in your biology chapter.
 For example, if you come across a word you don’t know (e.g.lipid), write it down
 If taking notes as you read interrupts your flow and makes it more difficult for your to
understand how the material or themes are connected, read the chapter through the
 first time with out stopping. Then, go back and read it a second time while takin
notes.
b. Summarize graphs or images. Writing out the concepts covered in a graph or
unnderstanding. Make notes of the graphs and images that are covered in your text. You
can also draw any images that you would like to have in your notes.
 Diagrams of particular structures, like the golgi apparatus, would be good images to
redraw in your notes
c. Organize your notes. After you read the entire chapter, you should revise your notes.
Rewrite all of your reading notes in complete sentences and organized bullet points. Add
your diagrams and/or image summaries in with the conceps that they explain. Be sure to
put everything in your own words.
d. Utilize common biology study aids. Put your notes into folders based on subject matter.
It may help to even color code the folders. Break the notes down into flashcards with a
question on one side and an answer on the other. You can also make flashcards with a
term or image on one side and the definition or explanation on the other. These tools will
help you understand the chapter you read more completely.
 A colored folder system might use a green folder for things related to genetics, a red
folder for cell structures, and a yellow folder for metabolism.
 A note card might have the word “anaphase” on one side and a description of what
happens during anaphase on the other side.
3. Digging Deeper into Biology
a. Define unknown words. Context clues can give you a good idea of what a word might
mean. However, biology is a science with very specific terms. Look up each word that
you do not know and write out its proper definition. This will keep you from being
tripped up when you see the word in a new context.
 You can often find the definition of these words in the textbook glossary. If you come
across a word that isn’t in the glossary, look it up in a dictionary or online.
 You might need to look up words like “glycosylation” or “respiration” to fully
understand the chapter of biology that you are reading.
b. Look for background information. Many biological processes can only be understood
with the right background information. Sometimes, that background will come from
other biology concepts, but you may need to study other subjects as well. To gain the
needed background information, go to the library or look online. Look through
textbooks in other subjects such as chemistry or utilize resources such as Khan Academy
online.
 For example, if you are studying metabolism, a background in chemical processes will
be useful. Some of this information may be given in the chapter, but you may be
assumed to know some of it.
c. Imagine how you could apply this information. Many people find biology difficult to
connect with. In order to understand the concepts and enjoy what you are reading, you
will need to find an application for biology. The application should match something
you enjoy and do well in. Common topics are things like health sciences and
biochemistry.
  If you enjoy math, you could look at biological concepts as they apply to mathematical
concepts. A good application for this would be to determine the rate at which cells
grow given different conditions.
 You could also consider how these biological concepts affect everyday life. For
example, when you are studying genetics, you could think about your own features and
the genes that create them.
4. Getting Help
a. Utilize tutoring centers. Most schools will have a tutoring center to help students in
different subject areas. Schedule an appointment or come in during the time that the
biology tutor is available. Tutors are sometimes biology instructors, lab assistants, or
students who do exceptionally well in their biology class.
b. Ask classmates. Be selective when asking classmates to help you out. Ask the students
who are doing well in biology as opposed to someone you’re friends with who is also
struggling. You can ask for one on one help, or form a study group with several students.
c. Participate in study groups. There is usually a student in every class who is eager to start
a study group. If your biology class doesn’t already have a study group, be the eager
learner and start one. You can even create social media pages that keep the group
connected and let everyone know when and where meetings will be.
 Come to each study session with your notes, your book, and any homework
problems. Ask questions and try to answer others’ questions.
d. Talk to your instructor. Your biology instructor can be your most valuable resource
when you need help. Go to office hours or set up a meeting with your biology instructor.
Use this time to ask them about the concepts or applications that you are struggling with
in your biology class.
 It always helps if the instructor sees that you are putting in effort. Attend class every
day, take advantage of optional study times, and participate in class discussions.
 It might be helpful to record class lectures so you can listen to them again later. Be
sure to get your professor’s permission before doing this.
II. USE CONTEXT CLUE TO GUEST THE UNFAMILIAR WORD

1. Context clue
Merupakan petunjuk (clue) yang diberikan penulis untuk membantu pembaca
mendefinisikan kata sulit atau kata yang tidak familiar. Context clue dapat dikatakan sebagai
cara menebak makna kata berdasarkan konteks bacaan.
Context clue dapat ditemukan di kalimat paragraf, wacana yang dapat digunakan pembaca
dalam memahami makna kata baru atau yang tidak familiar.
a. Manfaat :
 Dapat mempelajari makna kata yang ada di dalam kalimat atau paragraf dengan cara yang
praktis.
 Dapat memperkaya kosa kata.
 Dapat mengetahui bahwa satu kata memiliki makna kata lebih dari satu sesuai dengan
konteks.
b. Tipe-tipe context clue
a) Defenition/Description Clues
Istilah yang dapat didefenisikan secara formal. Cara untuk menjelaskannya dapat di berikan
pada kalimat/dalam kalimat berikutnya di dalam bacaan atau ketika anda menulis.

 Petunjuk :
 “That is”
 “Is/are”
 “Was/were”
 “Is/are called”
 “Is defined as”
 “Means”
 “Refers to”
 Tanda koma (,)
 Dashes (-)
 Tanda kurung {()}

 Example :

Fluoroscopy, Examination with a fluoroscope,

Has become a common practice.

Answer :
Tanda koma sebelum dan setelah “examination with a fluoroscope” menunjukkan
definisi kata “fluoroscopy”

b) Example Clues
 Petunjuk :
 Including
 Such as
 For example
 For instance
  Example :

Piscatorial creatures, such as flounder, salmon,

and trout, live in the coldest parts of ocean

Answere :
Kata yang di garis bawahi adalah Piscatorial sehingga makna kata ini harus kita cari,
penanda dari example clues, di sini terlihat ada kata such as di belakang kata such as
sudah di jelaskan tentang flounder, salmon, and trout, kata –kata ini termasuk ke dalam
jenis ikan. Jawaban yang tepat adalah Fish.

c) Synonym/Restate Clues

 Petunjuk :
 Koma (,)
 Dashes (-)s
 Kurung {()}
 Or
 In other words

 Example :

Flooded with spotlight - the focus of all attention - the new miss America began her year
- long reign. She was the cynosure of all eyes for the rest of the evening.

Answere :
Kata yang digaris bawahi adalah cynosure maka kita bisa menemukan simbol
sinonimnya, caranya perhatikan penanda dari sinonim pada kalimat ini penandanya
adalah tanda strip atau Dashes (-) , ada kata atau flasa di antara tanda tersebut yakni
”The focus of all attention”.

d) Contrast/Antonim Clues
Merupakan kata-kata dengan makna berlawanan

 Petunjuk :
 Although
 However
 But
 Unless
 Instead of
 On the contrary
 On the other hand
 While
 Unlike
  Example :

When the brightens, the pupil of the eyes contract; however,

when it grows darker, they dilate.

Answer :
Kata dilate memiliki kata berlawanan dengan contract hal itu dapat di lihat dengan
adanya penanda however, dengan itu kita mudah menentukan lawan kata dilate.

e) Cause and Effect Clues

Menjelaskan alasan atau efek dari kata sulit

 Petunjuk :
 Because
 Since
 Therefore
 Thus
 So

 Example : S

She wanted to impress all her dinner guests with the food she served,
so she carefully studied the necessary culinary arts.

Answer :
Petunjuknya adalah kata So maka letak culinary memiliki makna yang sama dari kata
sebelumnya yaitu kata food.

f) Comparison Clues
Dalam comparison clue, penulis menggunakan kata-kata / frasa yang memiliki makna yang
sama atau makna yang mendekati kata sulit.

 Petunjuk :
 Like
 As
 Similar to
 In the same way
 Likewise
 Resembling
 Too
 Also
 Example :

My brother is enthralled by birds similar to the

way that i am facinated by insect.

Answere :
Kata enthralled memiliki makna atau petunjuk yang sama dengan kata masuk ke dalam
kata adjektive maka kata yang sama adalah setelah kata similar yakni facinated.