Vectors in Three-Dimesional Space

3.
2 Vectors in Space
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Calculus 3: Vectors in Space
HEARTY M. NUENAY,Ph.D.
m Department of Mathematical Sciences

College of Science and Mathematics
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines, 9000
hearty15200@yahoo.com.ph
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AY 2020-2021
HEARTY M. NUENAY,Ph.D. Calculus 3

3.2 Vectors in Space
Objectives:
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1 Understand the three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system .
2 Analyze vectors in space.
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Use three-dimensional vectors to solve real-life problems.
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Three-dimensional Coordinate System
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m Figure: The three-dimesional coordinate system
This system can be constructed by passing a z-axis perpendicular

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to both x- and y-axes at the origin.
coordinate planes: the xy-plane, the xz-plane, and the
yz-plane
These three coordinate planes separate the three-space into eight
octants
In this three-dimensional system, a point P in space is determined by
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an ordered triple (a, b, z) where
x= directed distance from yz-plane to P
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y= directed distance from xz-plane to P
z= directed distance from xy-plane to P
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A three-dimensional coordinate system can have either a left-handed
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or right-handed orientation.
To determine the orientation of a system , imagine you are standing at
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the origin, with your arms pointing in the direction of the positive x and
y-axes with the Z-axis pointing up, as shown below.
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Note: In this lecture, we will work exclusively with the right-handed
system.
Distance Formula
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The distance d between two points (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and (x2 , y2 , z2 ) in the
space is given by
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Distance Formula
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The distance d between two points (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and (x2 , y2 , z2 ) in the
space is given by
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Example
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Find the distance between (2, −1, 3) and (1, 0, −2).
Solution:
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Sphere
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A sphere with center at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) and radius r is defined to be the set
of all points (x, y, z) such that the distance between (x0 , y0 , z0 ) and
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(x, y, z) is r.
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If (x, y, z) is an arbitrary point on the sphere, the standard equation
of a sphere of radius r is given by
(x − x0 )2 + (y − y0 )2 + (z − z0 )2 = r2 Equation of sphere
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Midpoint Formula
The midpoint of the line segment joining the points (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
(x2 , y2 , z2 ) has coordinates
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Example
Find the standard equation of the sphere that has the points (5, −2, 3)
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and (0, 4, −3) as endpoints of a diameter.
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Notation for vectors in space: v = hv1 , v2 , v3 i
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zero vector is denoted by 0 = h0, 0, 0i
Using the unit vectors i = h1, 0, 0i, j = h0, 1, 0i k = h0, 0, 1i in
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the direction of positive z-axis, the standard notation of v is
v = v1 i + v2 j + v3 k
as shown below:
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Figure: The standard unit vectors in space

If v is represented by the directed line segment P (p1 , p2 , p3 ) to
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Q(q1 , q2 , q3 ) as shown below:
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Figure: The standard unit vectors in space
the component form of v is given by

v = hv1 , v2 , v3 i = hq1 − p1 , q2 − p2 , q3 − p3 i
Vectors in Space
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Example
Find the component form and magnitude of the vector v having initial
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point at (−2, 3, 1) and terminal point (0, −4, 4). Then find a unit vector
in the direction of v.
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Example
Find the component form and magnitude of the vector v having initial
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point at (−2, 3, 1) and terminal point (0, −4, 4). Then find a unit vector
in the direction of v.
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Definition
Two nonzero vectors u and v are parallel if there is some scalar c such
that u = cv,
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Example
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Vector w has initial point (2, −1, 3) and terminal point (−4, 7, 5).
Which of the following vectors is parallel to w?
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a. u = h3, −4, −1i
b. v = h12, −16, 4i
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Example
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Vector w has initial point (2, −1, 3) and terminal point (−4, 7, 5).
Which of the following vectors is parallel to w?
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a. u = h3, −4, −1i
b. v = h12, −16, 4i
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Example
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Determine whether the points P (1, −2, 3), Q(2, 1, 0) and R(4, 7, −6) are
collinear.
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Example
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Determine whether the points P (1, −2, 3), Q(2, 1, 0) and R(4, 7, −6) are
collinear.
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−−→ −→
Solution: The component forms of P Q and P R are
−−→
P Q = h2 − 1, 1 − (−2), 0 − 3i
−→
P R = h4 − 1, 7 − (−2), −6 − 3i
These two vectors have a common initial point. So, P, Q and R lie on the same
−−→ −→ −→ −−→
line if and only if P Q and P R are parallel- which thet are because P R = 3P Q
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as shown below.
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Example
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a. Write the vector v = 4i − 5k in component form.
b. Find the terminal point of the vector v = 7i − j + 3k, given that the initial
point is P (−2, 3, 5)
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Example
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a. Write the vector v = 4i − 5k in component form.
b. Find the terminal point of the vector v = 7i − j + 3k, given that the initial
point is P (−2, 3, 5)
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Measuring Force
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A camera weighing 120 pounds is supported by a tripod. Represent the firce
exerted on each leg of the tripod as a vector
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Measuring Force
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A camera weighing 120 pounds is supported by a tripod. Represent the firce
exerted on each leg of the tripod as a vector
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Le t the vectors F1 , F2 , F3 represents the forces exerted on the three legs. The
directions of F1 , F2 , F3 is given by
−−→
P Q1 = h0 − 0, −1 − 0, 0 − 4i = h0, −1, −4i
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√ √
−−→ 3 1 3 1
P Q2 = − 0, − 0, 0 − 4 = , .−4
2 2 2 2
√ √
−−→ 3 1 3 1
P Q3 = − − 0, − 0, 0 − 4 = − , , −4
2 2 2 2
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Each leg has the same length , and the total force is equally distributed
among three legs, that is kF1 k = kF2 k = kF3 k. That is, there exists a
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constant c such that
√ √

3 1 3 1
F1 = ch0, −1, −4i, F2 = c 2 , 2. − 4 , F3 = c − 2 , 2 , −4
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Each leg has the same length , and the total force is equally distributed
among three legs, that is kF1 k = kF2 k = kF3 k. That is, there exists a
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constant c such that
√ √

3 1 3 1
F1 = ch0, −1, −4i, F2 = c 2 , 2. − 4 , F3 = c − 2 , 2 , −4
Let the total force exerted by the object given by F = h0, 0, −120i.
Since F = F1 + F2 + F3 , F1 , F2 and F3 all have ta vertical component of
−40. This means, that c(−4) = −40 and so, c = 10. Therefore, the
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forces exerted on the legs can be represented by
F1 = h0, −10, −40i

√
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F2 = h5 3, 5, −40i
√
F3 = h−5 3, 5, −40i

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3.

m Department of Mathematical Sciences

HEARTY M. NUENAY,Ph.D. Calculus 3

Three-dimensional Coordinate System

This system can be constructed by passing a z-axis perpendicular

In this three-dimensional system, a point P in space is determined by

A three-dimensional coordinate system can have either a left-handed

To determine the orientation of a system , imagine you are standing at

Notation for vectors in space: v = hv1 , v2 , v3 i

HEARTY M. NUENAY,Ph.D. Calculus 3

If v is represented by the directed line segment P (p1 , p2 , p3 ) to

the component form of v is given by

F1 = h0, −10, −40i

HEARTY M. NUENAY,Ph.D. Calculus 3

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