HISTORICAL

DEVELOPMENT
◤
OF
NURSING THEORIES
and Significance of Nursing Theories to the discipline and to
the profession Presented by:
• Ruben, Adrianne Gabriel
• Soriano, Ma. Michaela Louise
• Tabudlong, Juliana Bernadette
• Tercinio, Christian
• Telebrico, Andrea
• Udjan, Almira
• Verder, Camila Reine
• Vicente, John Manuel
• Zapanta, Carl Brian
 THE WRITINGS
OF NIGHTINGALE
WHO IS FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE?
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910), known as “The Lady With
the Lamp,” was a British nurse, social reformer and
statistician best known as the founder of modern nursing.
Her experiences as a nurse during the Crimean War were
foundational n her views about sanitation.

She was a legend in her own lifetime and one of the most
famous women in British history. Her work in the Crimea
set the standards for modern nursing and helped transform
its public image.

She is also known as “The Angel of the Crimea.”

Biography of
Florence Nightingale
● Nightingale was born 12th May, 1820 at Florence, Italy
● She was named after her hometown.
● She was the second daughter of wealthy English parents.
● Driven by attraction to nursing - A “calling” to fulfill a
“mission of mercy.”
● Visited several convents, hospitals, schools and
orphanages.
● Went to Kaiserwerth for 3 months of training in Nursing.
● She formed ideas about organized training for Nurses.
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory
defined Nursing as “the act of utilizing the patient’s
environment to assist him in his recovery.”

“Nightingale providing care to wounded and ill

soldiers during the Crimean War”
NIGHTINGALE’S ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY

● Theory Basis: the inter-relationship of a healthful environment in

nursing.
- External influences and condition can prevent, suppress, or contribute to
disease or health.

● Theory Goal: Nurses help patients retain their own vitality by meeting
their basic needs through control of the environment.

● Nursing’s Focus: control of the environment for individuals, families,

and communities.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH

● Ventilation and Warmth

● Light
● Cleanliness
● Health of Houses
● Noise
● Bed and Bedding
● Personal Cleanliness
● Variety
● Chattering hopes and advices
● Taking Food
● Petty Management
● Observation of the Sick
 Major Concepts of
Florence Nightingale’s Theory

The major concepts of Florence Nightingale’s Theory are:

∙ NURSING
∙ HUMAN BEINGS
∙ ENVIRONMENT
∙ HEALTH
NIGHTINGALE’s
IMPACT ON NURSING
Nightingale decided to use the money to further her
cause. In 1860, she funded the establishment of St.
Thomas’ Hospital, and within it, the Nightingale
Training School for Nurses.
HER WRITINGS
Nightingale has enormous outputs/works. Based on her observations in the Crimea,
Florence Nightingale wrote Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency, and
Hospital Administration of the British Army, an 830-page report analyzing her
experience and proposing reforms for other military hospitals operating under poor
conditions. The book would spark a total restructuring of the War Office’s
administrative department, including establishing a Royal Commission for the
Health of the Army in 1857.

In 1860, her best-authored works were published, “Notes on Nursing,” outlining

nursing principles. It is still in print today with translation in many foreign languages.
In all, she had published some 200 books, reports, and pamphlets. Using the money
she got from the British government, she funded St. Thomas’ Hospital’s
establishment, and within it, the Nightingale Training School for Nurses.

Her writings along with her actions gave us clean, predictable health care and also
her subsequent writings became a guide for establishing nursing schools and
hospitals in the United States at the beginning of the 20th Century.
 Here are some of Nightingale’s subsequent writings.

Life or Death in India Notes on Hospitals Notes on Nursing Notes on Matters

What It Is, And What It Is Not Affecting Health
1873,74 1859 1860 1858
 1952
Peplau developed her “Interpersonal Relations Theory” in
1952, mainly influenced by Henry Stack Sullivan, Percival
Symonds, Abraham Maslow, and Neal Elgar Miller. According
to Peplau (1952/1988), nursing is therapeutic because it is a
healing art, assisting an individual who is sick or in need of
health care.
Scientific era 1960s
In the 1960s, nursing theory was used to guide teaching rather than research or practice.
Additionally, the National League for Nursing (the professional accrediting body) stipulated a
conceptual framework for curriculum.

At this point in time, nurse educators began to urge students to “care for the whole person” and
textbooks underscored the importance of “holism” in nursing, with subtitles such as “The
Biopsychosocial Approach.”

The nursing theory era, coupled with an awareness of nursing as a profession and as an
academic discipline in its own right, emerged from debates and discussions in the 1960s regarding the
proper direction and appropriate discipline for nursing knowledge development.

The process of theory development was also discussed and was the subject of writings of a
number of nurse scholars

Symposia were also held dealing with subjects such as Theory Development in Nursing, Nature of
Science and Nursing.

The first doctoral programs in nursing were established during the 1960’s (Chinn & Kramer, 1999).
Scientific era 1960s

Developments
Emphasis on nursing’s rightful place in the university setting

Nursing theory to guide practice: person, environment, health, and

nursing

Beginning of “Grand” Theory development

Nursing educators aware of need to develop new knowledge

Scientific era 1960s

Abdellah's 21 Nursing Problems Theory

According to Faye Glenn Abdellah's theory, “Nursing is based on an art and science that molds
the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire
and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs.”

Deliberative Nursing Process Theory

Orlando proposed that “patients have their own meanings and interpretations of situations and
therefore nurses must validate their inferences and analyses with patients before concluding.”

The theory was published in The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship: Function, Process, and
Principles (NLN Classics in Nursing Theory) in 1961. Her book proposed a contribution to concern
about the nurse-patient relationship, the nurse’s professional role and identity, and the
knowledge development distinct to nursing.
Scientific era 1960s

VIRGINIA HENDERSON THEORY

• One of her main topics is the unique
functions of nurses

• All of her materials provide a focus for

client care via 14 basic needs

• She defined the patient as someone who

needs nursing care but did not limit nursing
to illness care

• She did not define the environment, but

maintaining a supportive environment is one
of the elements of her 14 activities.
T 1960s
H
E

T
H
E
O Faye Glenn Abdellah
(March 13, 1919 –
R February 24, 2017)
was an American
Ida Jean Orlando -
Pelletier (August 12, 1926
– November 28, 2007)
was an internationally
Virginia Avenel Dorothy E. Johnson was an
Henderson (November American nurse,
30, 1897 – March 19,
1996) was an influential
researcher, author, and
theorist. She is known for

I pioneer in nursing
research. Abdellah
known psychiatric health
nurse, theorist, and
nurse, researcher,
theorist, and author.
creating the Behavioral
System Model and for
was the first nurse and researcher who being one of the founders
S woman to serve as
the Deputy Surgeon
developed
“Deliberative
the
Nursing
of modern system-based
nursing theory.

T General of the United

States.
Process Theory.”

S
 Johnson’s Theory
Abdellah Dorothy Johnson’s theory of
nursing 1968 focuses on how the
The nursing theory developed client adapts to illness and how
by Faye Abdellah et al (1960) actual or potential stress can
emphasizes delivering nursing affect the ability to adapt.
care for the whole person to
meet the physical, emotional,
intellectual, social, and spiritual Writings of Dickoff, James and
needs of the client and family. Wiedebach on “Theory in a
Practice Discipline”

1962 1969
1960 Orlando
1968 First conference on nursing
theory was first held
To Ida Orlando (1960), the client
is an individual; with a need;
that, when met, diminishes
distress, increases adequacy, or
enhances well-being.
 1968
Development of Nursing theories(1968) Dorothy E. Johnson

Behavioral System Model is a model of nursing care proposed by Dorothy E. Johnson in 1968, Johnson states that "each individual
has patterned, purposeful, repetitive ways of acting that comprises a behavioral system specific to that individual.” Johnson's
Behavioral System Model was influenced by Florence Nightingale's book.

Behavioral System Model of Nursing

• Advocates efficient and effective foster care.
• the role of the nurse is to maintain or balance the equilibrium.
• Once a diagnosis has been made, the health professionals and nurses will develop nursing care plan

Assumptions
•There several assumptions that Johnson created

•Four assumptions about the system

•Four assumptions about the structure and function

 1968
Johnson's model

Affiliation
Dependency
Sexuality
Aggression
Elimination
Ingestion
Achievement
Johnson’s behavioral system model advocates the efficient, foster care and effective behavioral functioning in
the patient to prevent illness. Behavioral system is defined as the patient, the behavioral system consists of 7
behavioral subsystem. There are 3 functional requirements:

1. Protection from toxic influences.

2. Provision for nurturing environment.
3. Stimulate for growth.

Any imbalance in each system will result to consequences.

 1969
The First nursing Theory Conference

With the purpose of answering the questions focused on “What is the theory development in
nursing?” “What theories are useful in nursing?”, and “Does nursing need a theoretical base?”

● “Presenting the latest works and research results in the development of the nursing
theories”
● “Provide opportunities for selected nursing leaders and theoreticians from other
disciplines to discuss and debate nursing theory and the research methodology for
discovering nursing theory.”
● “Provide dissemination of information about the current and future status of nursing
theory,”
● “To motivate graduate students and faculty members to conduct and participate in
studies related to the development of nursing theory.”
● “To provide a group work situation for carefully selected nurses to study nursing theory, to
identify clinical applications, to formulate questions to be answered through their
research, to receive assistance in developing research methodology, and to receive help
in formulating reports of research.”
Some insights from the summary of Dr. Hans Mauksch in the Proceedings of the First
Nursing Theory Conference 1969

- Certain problems of conceptualization are common to all the professions, thus

seeking for the analytical sciences responding to phenomenal growth.

- Practice professions have a key concept, which is synthesis, although synthesis

itself requires analytic science, therefore researches and studies are conducted.

- “It is in the nature of a practicing professional that it must select and use
theories, concepts, and knowledge from any discipline which can contribute to
the solution of problems within the profession’s mandate.” (Mauksch, 1969)

-” If nursing is concerned with the reduction of the restorative, compensatory,

and growth needs of the patient, then it must seek and utilize whatever
knowledge is appropriate. Whose knowledge it is, is, in a sense, irrelevant.”
(Mauksch, 1969)
 1970s
In the mid-1970s, an evaluation of the first 25 years of the journal Nursing Research
revealed that nursing studies lacked conceptual connections and theoretical
frameworks. An awareness of the need for concept and theory development coincided
with two other significant milestones in the evolution of nursing theory. One was the
standardization of curricula for nursing master’s education provided by the National
League for Nursing accreditation criteria for baccalaureate and higher degree
programs, and the second was the decision that doctoral education for nurses should
be in nursing.

The nursing theory era, coupled with an awareness of nursing as a profession and as an
academic discipline in its own right, emerged from debates and discussions in the 1960s
regarding the proper direction and appropriate discipline for nursing knowledge
development. The explosive proliferation of nursing doctoral programs and nursing
theory literature substantiated that nursing doctorates should be in nursing
In the 1970s, nursing continued to make the transition from vocation to profession as
more and more nurses asked, “Will nursing be other-discipline based or be nursing
based?” The history records the answer, “Nursing practice needs to be based on
nursing science.” It is as Meleis (2007) noted, “theory is not a luxury in the discipline of
nursing … but an integral part of the nursing lexicon in education, administration, and
practice.”

In 1971, the first community college programs for nursing education opened, providing
graduates with an associate degree in nursing. Today, entry into nursing practice
takes place primarily in associate degree programs, with baccalaureate programs
second. Gradually, diploma programs have decreased in number, and few exist
today. Associate degree programs may introduce nursing students to research, but
baccalaureate programs included nursing research in the upper division curriculum.
 1980s
provided perspectives for education, nursing
practice, research, administration and further theory
development.

1990s
This is the year of classifying the nursing models as
paradigms within a
metaparadigm of the person, environment, health,
and nursing concepts systematically united the nursing
theoretical works for the discipline.
 significance of
nursing theories to
the discipline and to
the profession
The importance of nursing theory in their profession and
profession is to provide knowledge of their profession.
To help nurses understand their role in medicine. To
carefully serve their patients to help them improve their
nursing practices.
Disciplines and Profession is part of being a nurse. They
are more disciplined and taught because they serve
and care for their patients. It is necessary that they
practice their actions and discipline, and will reflect
them as they are.
● Disciplines - Discipline is very important because it shows that you have
knowledge of caring for people, love for humanity, and health.
● Profession - Nursing is considered as an art in healthcare sector because nurse
focused their care to individual, families, and communities. Since they have been
practicing and learning about the theoretical structure of science.

The characteristics of Nursing Theories

They are the four general concepts of nursing theory, and can analyze the patient,
environment, health, and nursing (goals, roles, functions). Each of those concepts is
described for a nursing theorist.

Given that nursing is a profession, nursing theory is a framework that aims to

systematize the knowledge provided in nursing and explain the phenomenon in a
more specific and specific way. Nursing theory is a term used to support the
knowledge system of nursing practice. Each discipline has a unique focus on
knowledge development to guide exploration and distinguish it from other disciplines.
Thank You!
Group 5