Pre-Calculus 12 Formula Sheet

Trigonometric Identities
Reciprocal: Pythagorean:
1 sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 = 1
sec 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥 1 + tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
1
csc 𝑥 = 1 + cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥
sin 𝑥
1 Quotient:
cot 𝑥 =
tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
tan 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Sum and Difference: Double Angle:
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin(2𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 cos(2𝑥) = cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = 2 cos2 𝑥 − 1
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 2 tan 𝑥
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = tan(2𝑥) =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 1 − tan2 𝑥
tan 𝐴 − tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
1 + tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
Sequences and Series
𝑟 𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑑(𝑛 − 1) 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )
𝑛 𝑛 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑡𝑛 ) 𝑆𝑛 = =
2 𝑟−1 1−𝑟
𝑛 𝑎
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + 𝑑(𝑛 − 1)) 𝑆=
2 1−𝑟
Conics
Parabola: Circle:
2
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟2

Hyperbola: Ellipse:
)2
(𝑥 − ℎ (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 (𝑥 − ℎ )2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
2
− =1 + =1
𝑎 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ )2 (𝑥 − ℎ )2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1 + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑎2