​Nationality in History
​At a certain point in the play Henry, a warrior
​The civil war influenced both England and
​Scotland, because the seventeenth century
​was the period of great instability in
​Scotland, for reasons of religion, and it could
​have left the entire island very weak, if in
​1688 and 1689 we hadn’t had the so called
​Glorious revolution, also called the bloodless
​revolution. The Stuart dynasty, begun by
​James the first, was sent away by parliament
​and the crown was offered to the protestant
​branch of the Stuart family. There was a
​bloodless process to substitution. From this
​point Great Britain as an island was under
​the same monarch and both confirmed to be
-
​protestant nations.
​The period of Oliver Cromwell was very
​important because this was the moment
​when there is a great expansion of the navy.
​Cromwell extremely expanded both the
​military navy and the commercial navy. It was
​during the Cromwell period that England
​reinforced its international power as a
​maritime power.
​All this events, related to the treaty of
​Utrecht and the territories England obtained
​in the negotiation inspired Alexander Pope to
​rewrite the poem and to give it the final
​shape -> it is a poem born of war, but about
​peace.
​the ships built from the oaks are the
​technology that enables Britain to control
​other lands. So, maritime power and military
​ships to command places where these
​products are produced, and there is also a
​reference to commercial imperialism and
​colonialism, because it’s not just an
​this combination of tragic events contributed
​to an extremely complex situation in England,
​and increased social disparities
​There could also be geographical territorial
​facts, we are a nation because we occupy a
​geographically delimited area
​There was a long and bloody civil war in
​England after the beheading of King Charles
​the first (son of James the first), which
​meant the division of the English people into
​two separate armies. This finished with the
​beginning of the republic, the
​Commonwealth, under Cromwell, which
​lasted around ten years.
​in Spain, the last king of the Habsburg
​dynasty had died without descendants.
​France had a candidate from the bourbon
​dynasty. Austria had a Habsburg candidate.
​Diplomacy could not resolve this, and war
​broke out, and all the European powers sided
​either with France of Austria. England sided
;
​with Austria against France. The war was
​long, it ended between 1713 and 1714, with
​the treaty of Utrecht. The war was won by
​France. Austria and England lost, but
​England during the negotiations received
​many advantages and new territories. It also
​received “the Asiento”, a license given
​granted by the king of Spain to carry out the
​trade in human beings to the Spanish
​colonies of south America.
​This landscape is symbolic of the fertility of
​England, and the fertility of its lands means
​wealth, riches, plenty. He also tells us that it
​has the technology to obtain the wealth and
​the product of other lands
​imperialism based on trade and commerce,
​but it also predicts colonial occupation of
​other lands
​With the Bill of Rights, the entire English
​constitution where an object of admiration
​for the philosophers of the Enlightenment,
​also the French enlightenment, like “Le baron
​de Montesquieu” who in the spirit of the
​laws “l'Esprit de Lois”, published in 1748,
​based his theory on the separation of
​powers, the legislative power, the juridical
​power and the executive power.
​
​In this chapter, the narrator describes for the
​readers the situation of crisis, confusion,
​division, chaos, bad administration of
​England now
​This was made even worse by the fact that
​at the same time potatoes started to be
​attacked by an illness
​there was continuity between romanticism
​and Victorianism, there is not a clear break
​between the two periods
​The chartist movement was born in the year
​1838 and it equals a working-class
​movement. It organised protests and
​marches and pressure on parliament in
-
​London in order to obtain reforms.
​Interestingly the activities of the chartist
​movement climaxed in 1848, a year of
​revolutions in Italy and an important year for
​the Risorgimento in Europe, there was also a
​revolution in France in 1848. In England the
​climate became more and more heated but
​nothing happened in the end
​through this movement he wanted to gather
​likeminded young conservative politicians to
​start a process of renovation inside the
​Conservative party
​as a politician he was associated with the
​new imperialism of England and Britain in the
​1870s. The accelerated expansion of the
​British Empire in the 1870s and he is
​particularly associated with the fact that it
​was Disraeli who offered the Crown of India
​to Queen Victoria and in 1877
​By this point in time Great Britain
​had unified all of India under its
​control,
​there are some foundations out of which this
-
​psychological process develops: one is the
​cultural idea of KINSHIP, the idea of being
​interconnected, the idea of common origin.
​another form of kinship is that of
​LANGUAGE: we all speak the same language,
​the national language, and that is another
​basis for the identification. Moreover, we
​have CULTURAL TIES: we all share the same
​literary heritage
​However, when nationalism becomes
​extreme and it becomes aggressive (like
​jingoism), it can be used as a justification for
​aggressive actions
​This extreme nationalism is present in
​various phases of English history, made
​worse by the question of INSULARITY (when
​a community, such as a nation, thinks of
​itself as self-reliant, independent, and it
​doesn't need any kind of meaningful rajaat
rapport
​with what's outside)
​There are some previous steps: one is the
​union of the two crowns of England and
​Scotland at the end of queen Elizabeth the
​first, who died in 1603. She died with no
​descendants and the crown went to the
​nearest relative, who was king James the
​sixth of Scotland, who became the king of
​England with the name of James the first of
​England, who became the king of Scotland
​and England.
​The economic expansion can begin, such as
​agricultural development and commercial
​expansion. The eighteenth century is the
​period in which Great Britain, intended as
​England and Scotland, begin a process of
​external projection, of development of global
​expansion and influence. It starts under
​Elizabeth I, with which the very first American
​colony was created, the colony of Virginia,
​dedicated to her as the virgin queen. Also, it
​was Elizabeth the first who created a series
​of commercial companies to create
​commercial exchanges with other parts of
​the world.
​another important element is the union of the
​two parliaments in 1707. Also, the union of
​the crowns with the death of queen Elizabeth
​I and the ascension to the throne of James I.
​Also, the economy, the commercial
​expansion around the world, and then the
​development of the British empire. The
​colonies in America were the English
​colonies, but when the empire began,
​especially at the end of the century and after
​the loss of the English American colonies, it
​began the British empire. What we know as
​the great nineteenth century British empire
​was always British, never English. However,
​the American colonies, started with
​Elizabeth, were known as the English
​colonies.
​Linda Colley also says that this British
​Pope wrote the first version of this poem in
​1707, the year of the act of union, but the
​final version is of 1713, which is the year of
-
​the end of the war of the Hispanic
​succession (ended with the signature of the
​final peace treaty, the treaty of Utrecht)
​Political poem, but also ideological: good
​example of how in eighteenth century poetry
​was used as an instrument to express
​political ideas, social observations, cultural
​principles; poetry seen as an instrument for
​augmenting and arguing, not as an
​instrument to express emotions or feelings (
​this aspect gains importance at the end of
​the century, with romanticism).
​Useful to explore and investigate ideas of
​Englishness, but also of Britishness, based
​on monarchy, religion, war against France,
​commercial expansion and the creation of
​the empire
​loco descriptive poetry, which describes a
​place (the Windsor Forest, established as a
​royal hunting wood which was exclusively for
​the use of the king and his fellows' hunters)
​panegyric: celebration of Windsor Forest, of
​England and of the crown, in particular of the
​reining Stuart dynasty
​sub-type of the progress poem, which is a
​kind of historical poem, because it a type of
​composition that traces and tracks the
​d= evelopment and evolution of an idea or an
​institution or of the human manifestation
​celebratory poem, traces a history that starts
​in antiquity, reaches the present, and
​reaches its apex in England or Britain
​By dedicating the poem to Grenville, Pope
​was trying to win the favour of tory
​politicians and monarch raining at this point (
-
​queen Anne). Anne died in 1714, when the
​book was published, therefore pope’s
​attempt to gain favour of the monarch didn’t
​completely work.
​
​This poem transmits a message of optimistic
OPTIMIST
​patriotism, and a buoyant vision for the future
​The first piece of legislation was Magna
​Carta. This was approved by parliament in
​1215. It is the base of English law and clause
​39, for instance, decrees that all free men
​have a right to a fair trial, so the individual
​liberties of the single free men are protected
​by law for the first time.
​The second piece of legislation was passed
Habeas
corpus ​by parliament in 1679 and it's still valid, and
​it says that no one can be imprisoned
​without just cause. That is to say there can
​be no arbitrary detention, until someone has
​been proved guilty (1679).
​The third piece of legislation was the Bill of
​Rights in 1689, ten years after habeas
​corpus. It sanctioned the basic civil rights of
​all English and British people as well as
​reaffirming the balance powers, so that the
​power of the King should be in balance with
​the power of parliament.
​The mask as a genre was created in the
​Renaissance and it became especially
​popular in the English court at the end of the
​16th century and into the 17th century
​This mask was meant to commemorate the
​arrival on the English throne of the King of
at
​King George the first who was the first King
​who came to the English throne after the
​death of Queen Anne, the last Stuart Queen.
​After Queen Anne died because she had no
​children and the parliament called to the
​throne her nearest relative, the Duke George
​of Hanover (Hanoverian dynasty, German
​aristocracy)
​focuses on the unhappy state of things in
​Victorian England
​In chapter seven Scott coins the phrase “the ​novel published in the 1840s are known as
​condition of England” ​“condition of England novels”
​1839 in particular was a very difficult year,
​In the same year there was a bad harvest of
​because there was a slump in trade:
​wheat that led to people being hungrier and
​commercial exchanges collapsed. This led to
​hungrier
​widespread unemployment.
​there are great divisions, the rich became
​richer and the poor became poorer, and we
​jump into the middle of the Victorian period
​and novel
​his point of view on the perfect Society and
​community is a paternalistic point of view.
​The lower classes had to be defended and
​led. Sybil mirrors all these issues, and it does
​so in a plot pervaded by crisis, division,
​discord. One element which completes this
​picture is that of the trade unions and more
​specifically the element of the chartist
​movement (movimento cartista). This was
​fundamental in the development of a class
​consciousness among the middle classes
​and in impelling the development of
​organised trade union (Victorian
​Phenomenon).
​these ideas converged into the conservative
​political movement that he created in the
​1830s called “young England”.
​he believed that these institutions could have
​a beneficial restoratives effect on Society
​At this point in time his focus is no longer
​simply on the nation England, Britain but on
​the nation and its empire.
9-
​Congress of Berlin of 1878, where it was
​Disraeli, representative of the United
​Kingdom, and the Chancellor of Russia, Otto
​Von Bismark, who remade the geopolitical
​map of Europe. Britain was not only a major
​mover and shaker on a global scale, but also
​on the continent.
​King, is inciting his soldiers to fight against
​the enemies of the king and of the nation,
​the French and he finishes his speech with a
​war cry
​Churchill, who was leaving England (he’s
​going to travel in France and Italy, the typical
​lands of the Grand Tour), writes a poem
​about saying goodbye to his own country
​and in this poem he expresses patriotic
​feeling, an expression of unconditional love
​for one's own country, even with all its faults.
​
​Set entirely in the countryside in the little
​village of Highbury. At a certain point Jane
​describes the English landscape. The
​landscape, the countryside becomes a
​specific location of Englishness, this
​countryside is different from the countryside
​of other nations: it is English and it is sweet
​and balanced, the sun is bright and warm but
​not oppressive.
​The main topic is connection between past
​and future: we are our past, which is the
​foundation of our future; moreover, the
​history of the nation is the basis of its future.
​We have Lord Nelson and therefore the
​maritime military heroism tradition of
​England, but the other three literary names:
​Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth. So, he
​speaks on the importance of literature as a
​central pillar of the greatness of the nation
​and the national identity
​There’s a sense of antagonism: England has
​enemies, England will defend itself from its
​enemies. This is important cause we define
​our identity by having someone against us.
​“England yet shall stand” – assertion of the
​invincibility of England -> jingoistic mood
​Love: unconditional love for one's country
​Duty: being a patriot also means to do one’s
​duty towards
​one's country, serving it
​Military theme, the theme of antagonism:
​England is an
​armed country projected against its enemies
​Ships: the naval power of England and
​Britain and the empire
​God: “chosen daughter of the Lord” it's like
​God himself has invested England with this
​mission
​
​Sword: England is married to the sword, to a
​weapon
​Plus an element of humour and self-mockery
​Song in which they make fun of the sense of
​superiority of the English and their prejudice
​against everybody else
​He illuminated a very relevant point: how
​does England see itself in relation to
​continental Europe, the question of its
​insularity, and the question of its natural
​superiority to other countries.
​State is the major political subdivision of the
​globe, so it has boundaries, it has a
​perimeter, it has frontiers.
​Defining and conceptualizing the nation on
​the other hand is much more difficult
​because the essence of the nation is
​intangible. This essence is a
​PSYCHOLOGICAL bond (not spiritual as
​Renan said) that joins a people and
​differentiates it
JINGOISM
​He draws our attention to the problem of
​extreme nationalism, that is to say when
​nationalism becomes aggressive. Connor
​tells us that patriotism can have positive
​connotations
​1707 is the year of the act of union, in which
​the Scottish and the English parliaments
​were fused together. In 1707, what until that
​moment had been the English parliament,
​became the British parliament.
​1837 is the year in which queen Victoria
​ascended the throne, and Colley says that by
​this date and after a very intense century,
​Britishness becomes consolidated, even if
​not completely.
​It was too early to talk about nationalism, so
​she says she will use the term in the way
​that Benedict Anderson has, who defines the
-
​nation as an imagined political community,
​not as a fact but as something that comes
​out of a shared communal act of imagination.
​Another element that helped create
​Britishness is religion: British define
​themselves as protestants against the
​greatest and strongest catholic power in the
​world, France. So, there is a religious
​difference, which goes back to
​King Henry VIII and the protestant reformation
​identity was relatively strong by the time that
​queen Victoria became queen, and it lasted
​until every nation could share in the same
​objectives, but she also explains that as soon
​as this general ideals begin to disappear,
​Britishness begins to fall apart. Which is
​what is happening nowadays with Scotland
​that wants independence, the English that
​want to reinforce their identity more and
​more, the northern Irish people that want to
​link to the Irish people, the Welsh that
​recently has to reinforce of their own
​identity, and this is because, if we believe in
​Colley, the empire has disappeared, religion
​is no longer a strong force in contemporary
​society, the crown is important for some
​parts of the population, but for other parts it
​isn’t.
​Useful for various reasons
-
​types of poetry
​political poem
​Dedicated to a man called George Grenville,
​the secretary of war, and who had taken part
​to the peace of negotiations at Utrecht.
​George was a conservatory minister,
​belonged to the tory party like Pope.
​Apart from politics, this is a royalist poem,
​that promotes the idea of royalty. Windsor in
​the title, is an epicentre of the English
​monarchy and the ideal of monarchy itself in
​the English and British tradition because it is
​the traditional site of monarchy in England
-
​and Britain, and Pope uses it as the pivot (
​perno) of a narrative of an historical
​progress, from William the conqueror to
​queen Anne, who brings peace and puts an
​end to discord.
​
​We have what Linda Colley calls the dialectic
​between us and them (the other) and this
​Interrelationship is constructed specifically
​on the subservience of the other to our
​country (us) for which the end is our glory
​which means our greatness, expansion, and
​development.
​The basic idea of the paper is that in
​England, politics and commerce are
​inseparable and one has to support the
​other. This combination was typical of the
​political party of Addison, the Whig party
​which was the more Liberal Party as
​opposed to the Tory party, the conservative
​and more traditional one. According to
​Addison and the Whig Party, the identity of
​England and the English people are
​inseparable from its political institutions (the
​two houses, the House of Commons and the
​House of Lords and its parliamentary
​monarchy).
​Freedom was typical of England because
-
​history had given it a series of forms of
​legislation which protected the freedoms of
​the English and British people.
​A mask is a type of theatrical entertainment
​mixing music with acting, but also combining
​acting with music, singing and the mask is
​characterised by the presence of allegorical
​figures
​The first example is Mary Barton by
​Elisabeth Gaskell, published in 1848
​middle year of the decade of the 1840s, that
​become known in history as the hungry 40s
​period of great social and economic
​difficulties
​touches on people sense of alienation and
​the fact that England is now divided into two
​nations, the rich and the poor
​his idea of what the national community had
​to be to be the perfect national community
​was power in the hands of the establishment
​to describe his own ideological perspective
​we could use “romantic” and “feudal”. He
​had a romanticised vision of what politics
​could be, in the sense that he believed in the
​values of the past, values in which the feudal
​Lords, the upper classes took it upon
​themselves to protect the weaker
​his most famous idea is that of the two
​nations which, is present in Sybil, and the
​aim of the “young England” movement was
-
​that of bridging the gap between these two
​nation
​Disraeli was a commoner to begin with, but
​later in life Queen Victoria made him Earl of
​Beaconsfield and therefore Bacon fieldism
​was the term that has been coined in order
​to refer to this system of thought, political
​system associated with the later Disraeli.
​Finally, Disraeli played a role in European
​geopolitics
​In Henry V (first performed near the end of
​the 16th century, around the year 1599)
​In “The Farewell”, a poem published in 1764
​Emm, publishes in 1816 (romantic period)
​England: an Ode, published in 1894 (vict. age)
​England, my England, patriotic poem
​themes of
​published in 1888
​Song of patriotic prejudice, broadcasted in
​1963
​Interviewed by the Guardian in 2007
​He begins by saying that we should not to
​inter-utilise state and nation -> they mean
​two different things
​The title is an adjective of nationality which
​refers to English, Scottish, Welsh people, and
​also to people from northern island, because
​they live in Great Britain or because they
​belong to the United Kingdom of Great
​Britain and Ireland.
​In the subtitle “to forge” means two things,
​on the one hand it means to create, to
​shape, but it can also have this negative
​sense of to falsify. Moreover, we have two
​dates, 1707, the starting point, and 1837, the
​final point of this process of forging a nation
​and the image of the British identity
​Moreover, in her document she says that the
​feeling of patriotism, this sense of belonging
​to the same community is fundamental to
​understand what she calls British nationalism
-
​In addition, Colley begin to list the factors
​that converge together and contribute to the
​invention of Great Britain as a nation, and
​first factor of all is war (e.g. with France).
-
​She says that this principle describes the
​formation of Great Britain as a nation: war
​with a common enemy, and therefore all the
​various people united in the confrontation
​with the hostile other-> the definition
​happens by contrast.
​According to Linda Colley, the British
​national identity is developing, so the
​English, the Scottish and the Welsh find
​some points of contacts, such as the war
-
​against the French, the protestant religion,
​the same monarch, the participation to the
​same commercial imperial development, but,
​at the same time there’s the beginning of a
​double identity. On the one hand a basic one,
​Englishness, Scottishness etc, and the
​Britishness on the other hand.
​slightly long poem, we would call it a
​poemetto, it is one of pope’s most famous
​productions and also one of the most
​political ones
​In Windsor Forest there’s the topic of
​Interrelation between England and Britain
​and other lands -> this Interrelation is
​highlighted here as one of dominance and
-
​subservience. England and Britain are
​represented as dominant, as the strong
​element in the Interrelationship, while the
​other lands are presented as subservient to
​England and Britain. They are there to be
​contacted but also exploited and dominated.
​a political newspaper, which Addison
​directed for two years 1715-1716, based on
​two principles: England, the nation and its
​freedoms (political but also commercial
​freedom)
​the title comes from the refrain, the chorus
​of a song of six versus, found at the end of a
​play, entitled “Alfred a mask”, that was first
​performed in 1740
​one of the major novels of the middle of the
​nineteenth century (early Victorian age)
​published in 1845
​In the 1830s and 40s, Disraeli became
​politically involved with the Tory party, the
​he was a very traditionalist reformist
​According to Disraeli, The aristocracy, the
​Crown and the church were the pillars
​He had an amazing career and is
​considered one of the Great
​Victorian.
​Bacon fieldism
​William Shakespeare
​Charles Churchill
​Jane Austen
​Algernon Charles Swinburne
​Many spoke on nationality
​through the years
​William Ernest Henley
​Flanders and Swann, two satirists
​Julian Baggini
​The past is basically our heritage, our legacy,
​the inheritance of our ancestors: tradition,
​memory, history, the worship of ancestors.
​Renan has given us one of the best ​Moreover, the past is foundational and
​formulations of the spiritual explanation of ​common glories in the past are the basis of
​what a nation is: the nation for Renan is not ​another element: the desire to live together,
​The 2 dimensions are past and present.
​something tangible, it's an idea, a spiritual
​principle, and it's constituted by two ​The past relates to the present and the
​dimensions ​future, so based on the past we renew the
​desire to live together and form a community.
​the nation must have lost, it must have been
​Another important aspect on the essay: ​defeated and invaded, the people must have
​“What is a nation?” - short essay published ​suffering and having suffered together ​suffered. Wars especially lost wars, are
​Ernest Renan ​first in 1882 ​important: element of national sorrows
​Another important aspect on the essay: topic
​of sacrifice
​“Nation” is pact among people who decide
​to live together, held together by the memory
​of their past as a dimension, what our
​ancestors have done together, and by our
​projection into the future, whether or not we
​want to continue this tradition
​A nation is a nation, is a state, is an ethnic
​group is a…, published in 1978
​Walker Connor
​Shakespeare - Historical drama
​and Renaissance theatre
​Linda Colley’s document: “Britons” -
​subtitle: “forging the nation (1707-1837)”
​The eighteenth century and the
​emergence of Britishness
​Alexander Pope: Windsor Forest
​Joseph Addison, “The Freeholder”
​James Thompson, “Rule Britannia”
​contained in that period (1707 – 1837) that
​Linda Colley calls the period of the
​emergence of Britishness
​Is a turning point in culture, and for what
​concerns the ideas of nation.
​The most visible of these factors is the
​This idea of the people as the centre of a
​French Revolution -> With it, the idea of the
​national community had been already
​nation becomes central and one of the
​invoked by the American revolutionaries (
​The romantic period embraces the decades ​phrases emerging is “La nation francaise”
​American Revolution 1765-1783) and the
​between 1780s and 1830s ​and this refers to the idea of a political
​United States constitution, promulgated in
​territorial community, no longer associated
​1788, that begins with “We the people of the
​with the monarchic power but with the idea
​United States”.
​of the people (le peuple francaise).
​Another effect of the revolution was the
​emergence of Napoleon and the beginning of
​As a reaction, nationalism spread around
​imperialism (imposition of French political, ​we go back to the pattern of the clash
​Europe. This can be seen in Spain, in Italy
​cultural, and administrative structures ​between us, the British, and them, the French
​and also in Britain
​It is a moment of transformation ​wherever the Napoleonic empire was in
​action)
​universalistic conception of history meant
​that the histories of all the countries were
-
​based on the same historical principles that
​were valid everywhere. There could be local
​variations, but history preceded in the same
​way for all countries
​ Ideas of history change and we go from an
​Another important new feature is a new
​earlier universalistic conception to a new ​revaluated as the formative period, where the
​sense of history
​localistic conception ​localistic conception of history means that ​peculiarities of countries and the nations
​the history of each country depends on and ​were most visible, and where the origins of ​these 2 ideas brought the
​is shaped by local factors such as: local ​This localistic history, brought about the ​the modern nation could be traced
​conditions and the idea of the inborn ​rediscovery of earlier ages, especially of the ​conception that each nation
​national character (each country has a ​middle ages ​modern languages of Europe were seen to ​possesses a tradition (historical,
​distinct character, spirit, and this shapes ​have originated in the Middle Ages and each
​artistic, linguistic, literary,
​differently the history of each country) ​language in the Middle Ages encapsulated
​the spirit of each nation ​folkloric) that is seen as specific
​The Romantic period: ideas of ​and exclusive
​uses both documents and historical sources
​history, ideas of the nation;
​First of all, he carefully documents the ​manuscripts or history books and these are
​Romantic historical fiction ​historical ​mentioned in his novels either in the
​narration or in the notes to the narration
​ characters are all everyday figures and there
​are very few great historic characters, and ​readers could identify themselves with this
​Secondly, in his novels history is a process
ner the ​also the protagonist is also an average ​average character because it was not a
​With the Waverley novels, he removed ​which is experienced by average people
​Walter Scott, Ivanhoe ​ELEMENTS OF THE SCOTTIAN FORMULA ​character that has no special characteristics ​figure endowed with fantastic qualities
​way of mixing history with fiction
​particularly heroic in the traditional sense
​until the year 1827, when the cover of the
​novel had his name
​Then, nearly all the Waverly novels were ​First of all his first profession was that of a
​published anonymously ​lawyer, he was a man of the law and writing
​and publishing novels was incompatible with
​Why were they initially published ​that job
​anonymously?
​Secondly, novel was not seen as an ​Scott found it difficult and problematic for
​important literary genre. It was seen as a low ​his own status social status to become
​genre, not serious and not prestigious ​associated with it
​One info that draws the attention is that in
​Ivanhoe, from this linguistic racial mix,
​Adds information to what we have said about ​gradually emerges the English language and
​Page written by a scholar or Walter Scott ​the novel and its creation of a story about ​national identity. The character that conveys
​the origins of England ​this theme is Ivanhoe who announces future
​reconciliation and synthesis, but he himself
​exists uneasily in the present,
​Ina Ferris, On Ivanhoe
​Ina Ferris wantsaaaa row reader to reflect on the
​deeper implications of the tale, so the
​contemporaneous construction of the British
​identity and the imperial British identity, but
​it also on the fact that national identity in
​general cannot be taken for granted, so, the
​pure national identity does not exist by itself
​and national identity is always a construction
​Benjamin Disraeli, Sybil
​The Victorian age and the
​“Condition of England” debate
​conservative party. At the time, the political
​Panorama of Britain was divided between 2
​main parties: the Tories, the Conservatives,
​and the wigs. When Disraeli became
​associated with the Tories it was the wigs
​that were in power, and Tories were in the
​opposition and Disraeli saw that this party
​needed a renovation so he emerged as a
​transformative presence. He began
​promoting ideas of political reform, social
​reform, economic reform
​Death or her parents - firstly her mother (
​lived a life dedicated to the boys and family.
​She was one of the “great beauties” of
​Victorian high society and a loving mother)
​and then her father (authoritative and distant)
​Death of her brothers and sister
​Several traumas in her life
​She was raped by one of her half-brothers
​All of these events, together with the fact
​Her mental health was destabilised because ​that because of WW2 she has to move from
​of these traumas. Moreover, the fear ​London, that she really loved, to the
​occasioned by the events of the Second ​countryside,, pushed her to commit suicide (
​World War worsened her mental state ​by drowning herself in a river near her
​residence in the countryside) in 1941
​A group of intellectuals that met regularly in
​the house where Virginia, her brother Toby ​They created the Hogarth Press, where they
​and their sister Vanessa went to live in the ​published new and experimental writings.
​Bloomsbury area of London. It was a very ​She married one of the members of the
​Bloomsbury group ​open-minded group, a very anti- ​Bloomsbury group, Leonard Woolf, an ​They had a very happy life and he was
​traditionalist, anti-Victorian group of ​intellectual who then became a publisher. -
​supportive of Virginia but nonetheless she
​intellectuals. They also talked about ​fell in love with a woman, Vita Sackville-
​sexuality, and conceived it not as exclusive, ​West, and they had a long and passionate
​and Virginia Woolf was bisexual. ​affair
​With this transformed her writing from more
​traditional to more experimental and after
​Early novels were written in a traditional style
​Jacob’s Room (1922) ​that all her novels were examples of Avant-
​and they were not stylistically experimental
​garde and experimental fiction. Between the
​She was a NOVELIST ​acts, published in 1941, is an example of this
​“To the Lighthouse” (1927) ​one of her masterpieces
​Her most famous non-fictional work is the
​essay entitled “A room of one's own”
​Virginia Woolf ​She starts from looking at the most ​Her answer to this is to LOOK WITHIN, in
​successful writers of her time, novelists, ​fact she says tha life is very far from just
​whom she mentions by name. Her ​external sensations, impressione and from
​dissatisfaction with them is that they are not ​materiality
​She was also an ESSAYIST ​innovators and they repeat strategies and
​It is one of Virginia Woolf ’s “declarations of
​forms of writing used many times before. ​However there is a MOMENT OF
​poetic”, it’s a manifesto
​Moreover, they are materialists, and ​IMPORTANCE, a relevant moment within this
​concentrate on external fact (the external ​Virginia wants to “examine and ordinary ​incessant shower
​world) and narrate their characters from the ​mind on an ordinary day”, as she says that
​The essay “Modern Fiction”, written in 1919 ​outside without exploring their psychological ​there is a bombardment of impressions that ​If a writer could experiment freely, “there
​fall into the mind ​Because life is not rational, it is chaotic; it is
​and then published in 1921 is crucial to ​depth ​would be no plot, no comedy, no tragedy, no
​MODERN FICTION ​not symmetrically arranged, but rather a
​understand the innovative aspects of her ​love interest or catastrophe in the accepted
​confused Halo.
​ideas about novel writing ​style”
​a moment in which a human being achieves
​After Modern Fiction, in which she explains
​complete consciousness and awareness of
​the moment of importance, later she will re-
​their own being (their identity) and of their
​baptise it “The moment of being”, in a later
​experience and their interconnection with
​essay entitled “A sketch of the past”,
​their own being in unison with the larger
​published in 1939
​patterns that interconnects all human beings
​The so-called MOMENT is a temporal ​For Virginia time is not chronological but
​category. Imporrando because TIME is a ​psychological and subjective, it’s an internal
​central concept for all modernist authors ​subject.
​Modernism and the new modes of
​fiction ​fictional writing is an instrument to tunnel
​deeper into interiority and into the self
​Tunnelling technique ​difference: interior monologue relates a
​character's thoughts as coherent, fully
​Important concepts ​manifested in her interior monologue, similar ​formed sentences, as if the character is
​as Joyce's stream of consciousness ​talking to him or herself. Stream of
​consciousness portrays the experience of
​thinking, in all its chaos and distraction
​the perfect novelist can be either male or
​female, the important thing is that they
​developed an androgynous mind, that their
​Androgynous mind
​way of thinking and imagining is a
​combination of masculine and feminine
​features.
​Wool’s technique collapses history politics
​and feminism in prose.
​The novel was written during a period of dark
​The title seems to reflect this dark threshold,
​historical events, such as Dunkirk, the Battle ​So the novel is set in fune, on the brink of ​The historical events inform the private
.
​between the Spanish Civil War and the
​The novel returns to a more stylised and ​of Britain, the London Blitz and the Fall of ​war. ​sphere of the novel.
​Second World War
​France.
-
​streamlined form and seems to achieve
​Jane Goldman ​Woolf ambition to produce a lyric novel- ​Mr La Trobe, she is a woman artist and she
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​drama. It is fluid in form, chapterless and ​is insecure. Much of this applies also to
​sectionless. ​Virginia. This could not seem like possible, ​A work of art is central to Between the acts.
​but from certain points of view she was
​insecure and we also have a work of art.
​She reflects on the we and not on the I. She
​Virginia reflects on the We, not on the I.
​reflects on community and on Englishness