Arduino Based Universal Motor Controller & Light DImmer

Done By

Mohammad Ezz al-Deen Ahmad

‬Khaled Mahmoud Matroud Hashem Nasri Qasim Alaa Saleh Fudeh

Ahmad Ibrahim Naser

Supervised By

Prof. Tareq Al Hassan

Presented to the Department of Electrical Engineering

Zarqa University

August, 2018
ABSTRACT

This project is concerned with the development of a cost effective and easy to implement solution for controlling a
single-phase motor or any AC load based on adjustment of the phase angle via Arduino Uno driving a Triac. The
proposed solution is typically used in numerous applications ranging from industry to home appliances.

The system shall be capable to operate at mains ranging from 110-220 VAC and frequency of 50 or 60 z achieved by
implementing a zero-crossing detector circuit and Arduino code. During this project, we succeeded in accomplishing:

 Accept dual input voltages 220/120 V

 Accept dual input frequency 50/60 Hz

 Accept inductive or resistive loads up to 2 Kw

 Cost effective, easy design and implement

 Easy adapting through simple software modifications

 Flexible control with potentiometer, push button or preset

 Provide necessary protective measures

II
 Arduino Based Universal Motor Controller & Light DImmer

By

Mohammad Ezz al-Deen Ahmad Khaled Mahmoud Matroud

Hashem Nasri Qasim Alaa Saleh Fudeh

Ahmad Ibrahim Naser

Approved By:

Supervisor:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Prima facie, we are grateful to the God for the good health and wellbeing that were necessary to complete
this project.

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and
I am extremely privileged to have got this all along the completion of our project. All that we have done is only
due to such supervision and assistance and I would not forget to thank them.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to Prof. Tareq Al Hassan, for providing us with all necessary facilities
for the project and indebted to him for sharing expertise, valuable guidance and encouragement extended to
us.

IV
DEDICATION

“There is a universal truth we all have to face, whether we want to or, not everything eventually ends. As
much as we have looked forward to this day, we have always disliked endings. Last day of semester, the final
chapter of a great book, parting ways with a close friend. However, endings are inevitable, Leaves fall, you
close the book. You say goodbye. Today is one of those days for us. Today we say goodbye to everything that
was familiar, everything that was comfortable. We are moving on. However, just because we are leaving, and
that hurts, there is some people who are so much a part of us, they will be with us no matter what. They are
our solid ground. Our North Star. And the small clear voices in our hearts that will be with us always.”

– Anonymous

It is our genuine gratefulness and warmest regard that we dedicate this work to our families for the unceasing
encouragement, support and attention.
Least but not last, we are very grateful to all our friends that gave us a lot of cheers and help.

Mohammad Ezz al-Deen Ahmad Khaled Mahmoud Matroud

Hashem Nasri Qasim Alaa Saleh Fudeh

Ahmad Ibrahim Naser

V
TABLE OF CONTESTS

POWER AND ELECTRONICS – AN INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1

Introduction to Power Electronics ...................................................................................................................... 1

Microcontroller ................................................................................................................................................... 2
Universal Motors ................................................................................................................................................. 3
COMPONENTS AND METHODOLGY ...................................................................................................................... 5
AC Voltage Controllers ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Arduino Microcontroller ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Triac ................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Optotriac & Optocoupler .................................................................................................................................. 13
Autotransformer ............................................................................................................................................... 13
Universal Motor ................................................................................................................................................ 14
DESIGN OF CONTROL CIRCUIT FOR UNIVERSAL MOTOR
AND LIGHT DIMMER USING ARDUINO ....................................................................................................................... 16
Light Dimmer Control Circuit Design ................................................................................................................ 16
Universal Motor Control Circuit Design ..................................................................................................................... 22
Universal Motor Control Circuit Practically ............................................................................................................... 25
Results .............................................................................................................................................................. 29
REFERENCE ........................................................................................................................................................... 34
APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................................................... 35

VI
LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1.1.1: A general power electronics system .......................................................................... 1

Figure 1.2.1 : Arduino microcontroller ........................................................................................... 3
Figure 1.3.1 : Motor classifications ................................................................................................. 3
Figure 1.3.2: Universal motor ......................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2.1.1: Single-phase voltage controller circuit ...................................................................... 5
Figure 2.1.2: Waveform for the ac voltage controller with resistive load ...................................... 6
Figure 2.1.3: a) AC voltage controller circuit using TRIAC
b) Output waveforms of the circuit ..................................................................................................... 6
Figure 2.1.4: Single-phase AC voltage controller with an RL load .................................................. 7
Figure 2.1.5: typical waveforms of AC voltage controller with RL load .......................................... 7
Figure 2.2.1: Arduino microcontroller ............................................................................................ 9
Figure 2.2.2: Screenshot of the Arduino IDE ................................................................................ 10
Figure 2.3.1: The TRIAC symbol ....................................................................................................... 10
Figure 2.4.1: Optotriac IC .............................................................................................................. 12
Figure 2.4.2: Optocoupler IC ......................................................................................................... 12
Figure 2.5.1: Construction of autotransformer ............................................................................ 13
Figure 2.5.2: Stepdown autotransformer ..................................................................................... 13
Figure 2.6.1: Speed/Torque characteristics of universal motors ................................................. 14
Figure 2.6.2: Universal motor equivalent circuit .......................................................................... 15
Figure 3.1.1: ZCD waveform …………………………………………………………………………………………………….17
Figure 3.1.2: Base circuit – power supply ..................................................................................... 18
Figure 3.1.3: Control circuit .......................................................................................................... 18
Figure 3.1.4: Signal received in the Arduino from the optocoupler ............................................. 19
Figure 3.1.5: Main circuit .............................................................................................................. 20
Figure 3.1.6: Signal received from Arduino Pin5 into the optotriac ............................................. 20
Figure 3.1.7: Light dimmer control circuit diagram ...................................................................... 21
Figure 3.1.8: Case 1, 10% of light intensity ................................................................................... 22
Figure 3.1.9: Case 2, 60% of light intensity ................................................................................... 22
Figure 3.1.10: Case 3, 85% of light intensity ................................................................................. 23
Figure 3.2.1: Principle of universal motor control circuit ............................................................. 23
Figure 3.2.2: Universal motor control circuit ................................................................................ 24
Figure 3.2.3: Case 1, 75% of universal motor speed .................................................................... 25
Figure 3.2.4: Case 2, 50% of universal motor speed .................................................................... 25
Figure 3.2.5: Case 3, 0% of universal motor speed ....................................................................... 26
Figure 3.2.6: Practical Circuit ........................................................................................................ 26
Figure 3.2.7: Output waveform 1 ................................................................................................. 27
Figure 3.2.8: Output waveform 2 ................................................................................................. 27

VII
Figure 3.2.9: Output waveform 3 ................................................................................................. 28
Figure 4.1.1: ci ............................................................................................................................... 29
Figure 4.1.2: Signal received in the Arduino from the Optocoupler ............................................ 30
Figure 4.1.3: Signal received from Arduino Pin5 into the optotriac ............................................ 30
Figure 4.1.4: 10% of light intensity ............................................................................................... 31
Figure 4.1.5: 60% of light intensity ............................................................................................... 31
Figure 4.1.6: 80% of light intensity ............................................................................................... 32
Figure 4.1.7: 0% of universal motor speed ................................................................................... 32
Figure 4.1.8: 50% of universal motor speed ................................................................................. 33
Figure 4.1.9: 75% of universal motor speed ................................................................................. 33

VIII
 C h a p t e r o n e

POWER AND ELECTRONICS – AN INTRODUCTION

This chapter gives a description and overview of power electronic technologies
including a description of the fundamental systems that are the building blocks of power
electronic systems. Technologies that are described include Power Semiconductor Switching
devices, converter circuits that process energy from AC level to another AC level,
Microcontrollers and Universal Motors.

1.1 Introduction to Power Electronics

Power electronic circuits are used to control the power conversion from one or more AC or DC sources to one
or more AC or DC loads, and sometimes with bidirectional capabilities. In most power electronics systems, this
conversion is accomplished with two functional modules called the control stage and the power stage. Figure
1. 1.1 shows the topology for a single source and single load converter application that includes a power
processor (the power stage) and a controller (the control stage). The converter, handles the power transfer
from the input to output, or vice versa, and is constituted of power semiconductor devices acting as switches,
plus passive devices (inductor and capacitor). The controller is responsible for operating the switches
according to specific algorithms monitoring physical quantities (usually voltages and currents) measured at the
system input and or output.

Fig.1.1.1 A general power electronics system

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Power electronic converters are switch-mode circuits that process power between two electrical systems
using power semiconductor switches. The electrical systems can be either DC or AC. Therefore, there are four
possible types of converters; namely DC/DC, DC/AC, AC/DC, and AC/AC. Our focus here is the AC/AC converter
type and it is described below:

AC/AC Converter: This circuit is complicated because AC conversion requires change of voltage and frequency,
which usually requires special topologies in order to demonstrate the conversion. Applications include light
dimmers and control of AC motors.

In the next chapter, we will provide solid explanation for this type of conversion, which our project is based
on.

1.2 Microcontroller

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit (IC) which incorporates core functions of a computer’s central
processing unit (CPU). It is a programmable multipurpose silicon chip, clock driven, register based, accepts
binary data as input and provides output after processing it as per the instructions stored in the memory.
There a major difference between microcontrollers and microprocessors:
- Microprocessor – silicon chip, which includes ALU, register circuits & control circuits

- Microcontroller – silicon chip, which includes microprocessor, memory & I/O in a single package.

There are many advantages for the microcontrollers such as:

 Low Cost
Microprocessors are available at low cost due to integrated circuit technology. Which will reduce the
cost of a computer system.
 High Speed
Microprocessor chips can work at very high speed due to the technology involved in it. It is capable of
executing millions of instructions per second.
 Small Size
Due to very large scale and ultra-large-scale integration technology, a microprocessor is fabricated in a
very less footprint. This will reduce the size of the entire computer system.
 Low Power Consumption
Microcontrollers are usually manufactured using metal oxide semiconductor technology, in which
MOSFETs (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors) are working in saturation and cut off
modes. So the power consumption is very low compared to others.

2
  Less Heat Generation
Compared to vacuum tube devices, semiconductor devices will not emit that much heat.
In our project, we will use a certain type of microcontrollers called Arduino; the following figure presents the
Arduino. In the next chapter, we will provide a solid explanation for the Arduino and its use in our project.

Figure 1.2.1 Arduino microcontroller

1.3 Universal Motors

The Electrical Motor is a device that has brought about one of the biggest advancements in the fields of
engineering and technology. There are different types of motor have been developed for different specific purposes.

Electric Motors DC Motors Shunt Motor

Separately Excited Motor
Series Motor
Permanent Magnet Motor
Compound Motor
AC Motors Indution Motor

Syncrhonous Motor

Other Motors Stepper Motor

Brushless DC Motor
Hysteresis Motor
Reluctance Motor
Universal Motor

Figure 1.3.1 Motor classifications

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Construction of a universal motor is very similar to the construction of a DC machine. It consists of a stator on
which field poles are mounted. Field coils are wound on the field poles. However, the whole magnetic path
(stator field circuit and also armature) is laminated. Lamination is necessary to minimize the eddy currents
which induce while operating on AC. A universal motor works on either DC or AC supply. In the following
figure, you will be introduced to the universal motor in practice.

Figure 1.3.2 Universal motor

The applications of universal motors are:

 Universal motors are used in various home appliances like vacuum cleaners, food mixers, etc.

 The higher rating universal motors are used in portable drills, blenders etc.

Universal motors have numerous advantages, part of them are:

 High speed from above 3600 r.p.m. to around 25000 r.p.m.

 High power output in small physical sizes for use in portable tools.

 Variable speed by adjustable governor, by line voltage or especially by modern pulse techniques.

However, universal motors have some disadvantages can be illustrated as:

 Increased service requirement due to use of brushes and commutators. The life of these parts is limited in
severe service.

 Relatively high noise level at high speeds.

 Requirement for careful balancing to avoid vibration.

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 C h a p t e r T w o

Components and Methodology

The phase-controlled ac voltage controller has several practical uses including light-dimmer
circuits and speed control of induction motors. The input voltage source is ac, and the output is
ac (although not sinusoidal), so the circuit is classified as an ac-ac converter.

2.1 AC Voltage Controllers

An AC voltage controller is a converter that controls the voltage, current, and average power delivered to an
AC load from an AC source. Electronic switches connect and disconnect the source and the load at regular
intervals using a switching scheme called phase control, switching takes place during every cycle of the source,
in effect removing some of the source waveform before it reaches the load.

Figure 2.1.1 Single-phase voltage controller circuit

A basic single-phase voltage controller is shown in fig. 2.1.1. The electronic switches are shown as parallel
thyristors (SCRs). These SCR’s arrangement makes it possible to have current in either direction in the load.
This SCR connection is called anti-parallel because the SCRs carry current in opposite directions. A TRIAC is
equivalent to the antiparallel SCRs. Which is one of our main components in this project.
The principle of operation for a single-phase ac voltage controller using phase control is quite similar to that of
the controlled rectifier. Here, load current contains both positive and negative half-cycles. An analysis identical
to that done for the controlled rectifier can be done on a half cycle for the voltage controller. Then, by

5
symmetry, the result can be extrapolated to describe the operation for the entire period. We have used
simplified example using R-load in order to illustrate the operation of AC voltage controller.

Figure 2.1.2 Waveform for the ac voltage controller with resistive load

Some basic observations about the AC voltage controller circuit are as follows:
1. The SCRs cannot conduct simultaneously.
2. The load voltage is the same as the source voltage when either SCR is on. The load voltage is zero when
both SCRs are off.
3. The average current in the source and load is zero if the SCRs are on for equal time intervals. The average
current in each SCR is not zero because of unidirectional SCR current.
According to our project and in order to facilitate the advancement in the power electronic technologies,
instead of the two SCR’s in the AC voltage controller circuit, we can choose a suitable TRIAC which can do the
same operation of anti-parallel switches. In the following figure you will see the circuit of AC voltage controller
using TRIAC.

Figure 2.1.3: a) AC voltage controller circuit using TRIAC, b) output waveforms of the circuit

6
AC Voltage Controller with RL Load
Figure 2.1.4 shows a single-phase AC voltage controller with an RL load. We will use the SCR representation to
make it easier for the reader to create a comprehensive understanding for the circuit.

Figure 2.1.4 single-phase AC voltage controller with an RL load

With inductive-resistive loads the operation of the ac voltage controller is illustrated in Fig 2.1.5. The current
builds up from zero in each cycle. It quenches not at the zero crossing of the applied voltage as with the
resistive load but after that instant. The supply voltage thus continues to be impressed on the load till the load
current returns to zero.

Figure 2.1.5 typical waveforms of AC voltage controller with RL load

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Note that, the current is composed of two components. The first is the steady state component of the load
current, ISS and the second, ITr is the transient component.

Mathematical Analysis
When a gate signal is applied to S1 at wt = α, Kirchoff’s voltage law for the circuit is expressed as

(1)

The current equation for the RL loads is

(2)

The solution for the current equation given above is

(3)

Where,

(4)

(5)

The extinction angle β is the angle at which the current return to zero, when wt = β

(6)

An expression for RMS load current is determined by that the square of the current waveform that is repeated
every 𝝅 rad.

8
 (7)

Power absorbed by the load is determined from

(8)

2.2 Arduino Microcontroller

Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino consists of both a physical
programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) that runs on your computer, used to write and upload computer code to the
physical board.
The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out with electronics. Unlike most
previous programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does not need a separate piece of hardware (called a
programmer) in order to load new code onto the board – you can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the
Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn to program. Finally, Arduino provides a
standard form factor that breaks out the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package.

Fig.2.2.1 Arduino microcontroller

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 Figure 2.2.2 Screenshot of the Arduino IDE

2.3 Triac

The TRIAC is a three terminal semiconductor device for controlling current. It is effectively a development of
the SCR or thyristor, but unlike the thyristor, which is only able to conduct in one direction, the TRIAC is a
bidirectional device.
The circuit symbol recognizes the way in which the TRIAC operates. Seen from the outside it may be viewed as
two back-to-back thyristors and this is what the circuit symbol indicates.

10
 Figure 2.3.1 The TRIAC symbol

On the TRIAC symbol there are three terminals. These are the Gate and two other terminals are often referred
to as an "Anode" or "Main Terminal". As the TRIAC has two of these they are labelled either Anode 1 and
Anode 2 or Main Terminal, MT1 and MT2.

Advantages
 Can switch both halves of AC waveforms

 Single component can be used for all AC switching

Disadvantages
 A TRIAC does not fire symmetrically on both sides of the waveform

 Switching gives rise to high level of harmonics due to non-symmetrical switching

 Care must be taken to ensure the TRIAC turns off fully when used with inductive loads

Applications
TRIACs are used in a number of applications. However, they tend not to be used in high power switching
applications - one of the reasons for this is the non-symmetrical switching characteristics. For high power
applications, this creates a number of difficulties, especially with electromagnetic interference.

- Domestic light dimmers

- Electric fan speed controls
- Small motor controls
- Control of small AC powered domestic appliances

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2.4 Optotriac & Optocoupler

Optotriac is a device that is used in the control of high voltage/high power equipment need to have good
electrical insulation between their high voltage output and low voltage input. Relying on a layer of silicon oxide,
a few atoms thick to provide the required insulation is not really an option in such conditions. When faults
occur (and they are more likely to do so in high power circuits) the results can be catastrophic, not only to the
circuit components but also to the users of such equipment.

Figure 2.4.1 Optotriac IC

Physical isolation is needed. Low voltage, low current circuits such as microprocessors, using opto electronic
devices such as Opto−Triacs, Opto−Thyristors and Solid State Relays to isolate the low and high power circuits
control many high power circuits today.

Figure 2.4.2 Optocoupler IC

An Optocoupler, is an electronic components that interconnects two separate electrical circuits by means of a
light sensitive optical interface. An optocoupler consists of a light emitter, the LED and a light sensitive
receiver which can be a single photo-diode, photo-transistor, photo-resistor, photo-SCR, or a photo-TRIAC.

2.5 Autotransformer

Transformers are devices that transfer energy from one circuit to another by means of a common magnetic
Field. In all cases except autotransformers, there is no direct electrical connection from one circuit to the
other.
Autotransformer is an electrical transformer in which there is one winding, a portion of which is common to
both the primary and the secondary circuits. An autotransformer uses common winding and offer no
interference. The current in the high-voltage circuit flows through the series and common winding. The

12
current in the low-voltage circuit flows through the common winding and adds vectorially to the current in the
high-voltage circuit to give the common winding current.

Figure 2.5.1 Construction of autotransformer

On some occasions, it is desirable to change voltage levels by only a small amount. For example, it may be
necessary to increase a voltage from 110 to 120 V. These small rises may be made necessary by voltage drops
that occur in power systems a long way from the generators.

The difference between a step up and a step down transformer

 A step up has more wire turns in the secondary and a step down has less.

 Both need ac voltage to operate.

 The current rating depends on the wire size and the voltage breakdown depends on the insulation of
the wire and insulation between the windings.

Figure 2.5.2 Stepdown autotransformer

A diagram of a step-down autotransformer is shown. Here the voltage at the input is the sum of the voltages
on the series winding and the common winding, while the voltage at the output is just the voltage on the
common winding.
Because the transformer coils are physically connected, a different terminology is used for the
autotransformer than for other types of transformers. The voltage on the common coil is called the common
voltage VC or VH, and the current in that coil is called the common current IC. The voltage on the series coil is
called the series voltage VSE, and the current in that coil is called the series current ISE.

13
2.6 Universal Motor

Construction of a universal motor is very similar to the construction of a DC machine. It consists of a stator on
which field poles are mounted. Field coils are wound on the field poles. However, the whole magnetic path
(stator field circuit and also armature) is laminated. Lamination is necessary to minimize the eddy currents
which induce while operating on AC.

Principle of Operation
A universal motor works on either DC or single phase AC supply. When the universal motor is fed with a DC
supply, it works as a DC series motor. When current flows in the field winding, it produces an electromagnetic
field. The same current also flows from the armature conductors. When a current carrying conductor is placed
in an electromagnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force. Due to this mechanical force, or torque, the
rotor starts to rotate. The direction of this force is given by Fleming's left hand rule.

Speed/Load Characteristics
Speed/load characteristics of a universal motor is similar to that of DC series motor. The speed of a universal
motor is low at full load and very high at no load. Usually, gears trains are used to get the required speed on
required load. The speed/load characteristics are (for both AC as well as DC supply) are shown in the figure.

Figure 2.6.1 Speed/Torque characteristics of universal motors

Mathematical Analysis
The electrical and torque characteristics of a universal (or series) motor using the following equivalent circuit
mode

14
 Figure 2.6.2 Universal motor equivalent circuit
Where:
 Ra is the armature resistance.
 La is the armature inductance.
 Rf is the field winding resistance.
 Lf is the field winding inductance.

The Universal Motor block computes the motor torque as follows:

1. The magnetic field in the motor induces the following back emf vb in the armature:
𝑣𝑏 = 𝐿𝑎𝑓 𝑖𝑓 𝑊

Where Laf is a constant of proportionality and ω is the angular velocity.

2. The mechanical power is equal to the power reacted by the back emf:

𝑃 = 𝑣𝑏 𝑖𝑓 = 𝐿𝑎𝑓 𝑖𝑓2 𝑤
3. The motor torque is:
𝑃
𝑇= = 𝐿𝑎𝑓 𝑖𝑓2
𝑊
The torque-speed characteristic for the Universal Motor block model is related to the parameters in the
preceding figure. When you set the Model parameterization parameter to By DC rated power, rated speed &
maximum torque or By DC rated power, rated speed & electrical power, the block solves for the equivalent
circuit parameters as follows:
1. For the steady-state torque-speed relationship when using a DC supply, L has no effect.
2. Sum the voltages around the loop:

𝑉 = (𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅𝑎 )𝑖𝑓 + 𝑣𝑏 = (𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐿𝑎𝑓 𝑤)𝑖𝑓

3. Solve the preceding equation for if and substitute this value into the equation for torque:

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 C h a p t e r T h r e e

DESIGN OF CONTROL CIRCUIT FOR UNIVERSAL MOTOR

AND LIGHT DIMMER USING ARDUINO

This project is related to the development of a cost-effective solution for controlling a

single-phase motor or any other AC load based on the adjustment of phase-angle using Arduino
Uno driving a TRIAC.

Our project is subdivided into two main parts, the first part is theoretical, and it is concerned with the design
of a circuit that functions as a control for a light dimmer. While the second part, which is practical, is used to
control a universal motor using a TRIAC. This application note describes a traditional design solution for
controlling a mono phase motor or any AC load based on phase-angle adjustment with a TRIAC or AC switch
and a microcontroller as a driver.

3.1 Light Dimmer Control Circuit Design

This section presents the design circuit that enables us to control the brightness of a lamb by using a digital
controller which is widely spread in modern days, Arduino!

What distinguishes our project is that,

 It is very precise

 Can be fed using 220V/50Hz and varied to 110V/60Hz

 We can obtain fine tuning light intensity when used as a light controller

There is an important note related to the feeding of Arduino that is we must variate some parameters and
circuit equipment in order to get a full functionality of the new modified circuit.

16
To make it easier for the reader, we divided the circuit into three main parts according to their use and
function as follows:

Light Dimmer
Circuit

Base Circuit -
Power Supply
Control Circuit Main Circuit

o Base Circuit – Power Supply

In the following figure, we will present the base circuit, which deals with the providing the necessary supply to
the other circuits. As we can see, the transformer is stepdown for which the voltage becomes 24 V because it
is the preferred and required voltage level for the other circuit components. In addition, it contains a full
bridge rectifier circuit that perform the rectification for the incoming signal from the source. Furthermore, the
opto-coupler which generates the pulse required at the zero crossing with the output half wave from the
bridge with the x-axis before it enters the Arduino. Zero crossing detectors basically detect zero voltage points
and inform the collector of controller circuit, in Figure 3.1.1 shows the resulting wave of zero crossing
detector(ZCD).

Figure 3.1.1 ZCD waveform

The final part deals with the opt coupler circuit which is a device that is used in the control of high
voltage/high power equipment need to have good electrical insulation between their high voltage output and
low voltage input.

17
 Figure 3.1.2 Base circuit – power supply

o Control Circuit

Figure 3.1.3 Control circuit

18
This part of the circuit deals with the digital control components, starting from the switch and a variable
resistor connected across a small voltage source to feed our main part here which is the Arduino.

Figure 3.1.4 Signal received in the Arduino from the Optocoupler

The Arduino processes the incoming signal from the optocoupler, which enters into pin 2. Figure 3.1.4
presents the signal received from the zero crossing to the Arduino. The Arduino is programmed using a special
code, which is designed for multiple purposes such as programming the pins. Pin 5 provide the necessary
signal for the optocoupler to function as required, while switch 4 is connected with the primary switch in the
circuit that is used for turning on/off the circuit. Pin 13 is connected to a LED that is used to indicate the state
of the circuit whether it is on/off.
In addition, the Arduino calculates the required frequency and the firing angle delay that controls the TRIAC.
The variable resistor controls the firing angle, which also controls the light intensity of our lamp, the relation is
direct here.
Furthermore, A push button has been used to give four controlling modes with different speeds by changing
the firing angle using the variable resistor.

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 o Main Circuit

Figure 3.1.5 Main circuit

This is the last part of our circuit. The main part contains the important components which deal with the
functions we want. The previous circuits were important to prepare the perfect conditions in order the make
the main circuit work properly.

Figure 3.1.6 Signal received from Arduino Pin5 into the optotriac

This part contains a Triac and optotriac, which receives the signals from the Arduino in order to control the
firing angle of the Triac, figure 3.1.5 demonstrates the signal received from Arduino Pin 5 into the optotriac. A
snubber circuit used to protect the Triac from the high currents that could damage it. It works as a current

20
limiter. The load here is a dimmer light, which has 10 ohm resistance. Measurement devices are used to read
and measure voltage levels on different locations. In order to limit the heat dissipation we have used a heat
sink to cool the TRIAC

- The following figure shows the whole diagram of the circuit.

Figure 3.1.7 Light dimmer control circuit diagram

21
As proceeded, we demonstrated the method of controlling the firing signal, in the figures below we will
present three cases for the potentiometer in which we have varied its value to change the output illuminance.

Figure 3.1.8 Case 1, 10% of light intensity

Figure 3.1.9 Case 2, 60% of light intensity

22
 Figure 3.1.10 Case 3, 85% of light intensity

3.2 Universal Motor Control Circuit Design

The design of motor speed control circuit looks similar to the control circuit of a dimmer that is previously
discussed. The principle of operation for the control circuit of a universal motor is illustrated below.

Figure 3.2.1 Principle of universal motor control circuit

23
The motor speed control circuit is presented in the figure below.

Figure 3.2.2 Universal motor control circuit

This circuit does not vary a lot from the previous (the dimmer circuit) except here a universal motor has been
used. The universal motor was not added in the circuit because the simulation program (Proteus) does not
contain a universal motor component; instead, we have used a resistive and inductive load with the same
parameters of the universal motor that have been used in the practical prototype. The resistance is 10 ohm
and the inductance is 35 mH.
The method of speed control was established using the Arduino, which calculates the input signal frequency as
we said earlier. In addition, we can control the firing angle by a variable resistor, which leads to the speed
control. The measurement of speed and frequency can be obtained from the LCD screen.
The circuit has been designed using Proteus. What distinguishes our project that the TRIAC does not need a
snubber circuit. Because the triac is snubber less, its code BTB16-800 BW.

24
As proceeded, we demonstrated the method of controlling the firing signal, in the figures below we will
present three cases for the potentiometer in which we have varied its position value to change the output.

Figure 3.2.3 Case 1, 75% of universal motor speed

Figure 3.2.4 Case 2, 50% of universal motor speed

25
 Figure 3.2.5 Case 3, 0% of universal motor speed

3.3 Universal Motor Control Circuit Practically

Figure 3.2.6 Practical Circuit

26
 Note that while building the practical circuit, we have noticed a spark in the universal motor because of
changing the neutral plane at lower speed, when changing its place the magnetic field will be scattered
and therefore sparks will appear. But when the motor reaches the maximum speed the spark will fade
away as shown in the pictures below.

Figure 3.2.7 Output waveform 1

Figure 3.2.8 Output waveform 2

27
Figure 3.2.9 Output waveform 3

28
3.4 Results

The following figures show the practical results that were taken at the same values in the circuit design on the
Proteus. The operation values were identical to the simulation values.

Figure 4.1.1 Control circuit design

29
Figure 4.1.2 Signal received in the Arduino from the Optocoupler

Figure 4.1.3 Signal received from Arduino Pin5 into the optotriac

30
 Light Dimmer Control Circuit

Figure 4.1.4 10% of light intensity

Figure 4.1.5 60% of light intensity

31
 Figure 4.1.6 85% of light intensity

 Universal Motor Control Circuit

Figure 4.1.7 0% of universal motor speed

32
Figure 4.1.8 50% of universal motor speed

Figure 4.1.9 75% of universal motor speed

33
Conclusion

The main idea of our project is building a simple power electronic circuit using Arduino to control speed of
universal motor and Intensity of illumination of electric lamp. Our project was applied in three stages.
Firstly, we constructed the zero crossing circuit by using step down transformer, full wave rectifier and
optocoupler in order to inform the Arduino with the perfect time of TRIAC pulse that must be fed to the
optotriac in time and phase of the power signal that is applied to the electric load.
The next step is the brain of our project, Arduino Uno. It is the link between the zero crossing circuit and the
TRIAC circuit. Through it we control the start and stop operation of all circuits.
The last stage is the main circuit (TRIAC Circuit), through the TRIAC circuit we are able to control the value of
power signal that is applied to the electric load. Through the project we were able to study the relation
between voltage and current with time when firing angle changes and use of different loads.

REFERENCES

 J. H. Harlow, Electric power transformer engineering. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2004.

 G. K. Dubey, Fundamentals of electrical drives. New Delhi, IND: Narosa, 2001.

 S. J. Chapman, Electric machinery fundamentals. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2012.

 J. Cros, P. Viarouge, Y. Chalifour, and J. Figueroa, “A New Structure of Universal Motor Using Soft

Magnetic Composites,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 550–557, 2004.

 M. H. Rashid, Power electronics: devices, circuits, and applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson,

2014.

 Kleitz, W., “Microprocessor and Microcontroller Fundamentelas”, The 8085 and 8051 hardware and”

Software, Prentice Hall, 2003.

 Person, “Step Down Transformer,” Types of DC Motor Separately Excited Shunt Series Compound DC

Motor. [Online]. Available: https://www.electrical4u.com/step-down-transformers/. [Accessed: 27-Jul-

2018].

34
  R. T. Smith, Analysis of electrical machines. New York: Pergamon Press, 1982.

 “What is a Microprocessor ? How does it work ?,” electroSome, 05-Apr-2017. [Online]. Available:

https://electrosome.com/microprocessor/. [Accessed: 27-Jul-2018].

 “Basic Electronics Tutorials and Revision,” Basic Electronics Tutorials. [Online]. Available:
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/. [Accessed: 27-Jul-2018].

APPENDICES

Arduino Code
#include <LiquidCrystal.h> void setup() { lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
// initialize the library with the // set up the LCD's number of lcd.print("F=");
numbers of the interface pins columns and rows: lcd.print (freq);
LiquidCrystal lcd(11, 10, 9, 8, 6, 3); lcd.begin(16, 2); lcd.setCursor(4, 0);
pinMode(2, INPUT); lcd.print("Hz,");
#define triacPulse 5 digitalWrite(2, HIGH); // pull up delay (25);
#define SW 4 pinMode(triacPulse, OUTPUT); }
#define aconLed 13 pinMode(SW, INPUT);
#define SW1 7 digitalWrite(SW, HIGH); void loop() {
#define s1 12 pinMode(SW1 , INPUT); // check for SW closed
pinMode(s1 , INPUT); if (!digitalRead(SW)) {
int last = 0; pinMode(aconLed, OUTPUT); // enable power
int c=0; digitalWrite(aconLed, LOW); if (laststate1 == LOW) {
float Htime; //integer for Htime = pulseIn(2, HIGH); //read Serial.println("Sys= ON");
storing high time high time lcd.setCursor(8, 0);
float Ltime; //integer for Ltime = pulseIn(2, LOW); //read lcd.print("Sys= ON");
storing low time low time laststate1 = HIGH;
float Ttime; // integer for Ttime = Htime + Ltime; laststate2 = LOW;
storing total time of a cycle freq = int round((1000000.0 / digitalWrite(aconLed, HIGH);
int freq; Ttime) / 2.0); //getting frequency }
float half_T; with Ttime is in Micro seconds
int H_limit; half_T = 500.0 / (freq * 1.0); if (!digitalRead(SW1))
int L_limit; H_limit = int (half_T * 920); {
int time_off; L_limit = int (5 * half_T); if ((digitalRead(s1) == LOW &&
Serial.begin(9600); last == 1)) {
int laststate1 = 0; Serial.print("Frequency of signal: "); c = c + 1;
int laststate2 = 0; Serial.print(freq); if (c == 5) {
int laststate3 = 0; Serial.println(" Hz"); c = 0;
int intensity; } }

35
 while ((digitalRead(s1) == LOW))
{ if (time_off != laststate3) {
last = 0;
} (analogRead(0) / 1023.0)));
} ");
else if (digitalRead(s1) ==
HIGH) {
last = 1;
} lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
if (c == 1) {
attachInterrupt(0, mso0,
FALLING);
} else if (c == 2) {
attachInterrupt(0, mso1,
FALLING);
// HV indicator on
} else if (c == 3) {
attachInterrupt(0, mso2,
FALLING);
// HV indicator on
} else if (c == 4) {
attachInterrupt(0, mso3,
FALLING);
// HV indicator on
}}
else if (digitalRead(SW1)){
attachInterrupt(0, acon,
FALLING);
// HV indicator on
} // end if
if (digitalRead(SW)) {
detachInterrupt(0); // disable
power
// HV indicator off
digitalWrite(aconLed, LOW);
if (laststate2 == LOW) {
Serial.println("Sys= OFF");
lcd.setCursor(8, 0);
lcd.print("Sys=OFF");
laststate2 = HIGH;
laststate1 = LOW;
} // else
void mso0 ()
intensity = int (100 * (1.0 - {
Serial.print("Speed/Light Intensity: delayMicroseconds(1000);
digitalWrite(triacPulse, HIGH);
Serial.print(intensity); delayMicroseconds(50);
Serial.println(" %"); digitalWrite(triacPulse, LOW);
if (intensity > 9) {
}
lcd.print("Speed/Light=");
lcd.print(intensity); void mso1 ()
lcd.setCursor(14, 1); {
lcd.print("%"); delayMicroseconds(3000);
} digitalWrite(triacPulse, HIGH);
else { delayMicroseconds(50);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); digitalWrite(triacPulse, LOW);
lcd.print("Speed/Light= "); }
lcd.print(intensity); void mso2 ()
lcd.setCursor(14, 1); {
lcd.print("%"); delayMicroseconds(5000);
} digitalWrite(triacPulse, HIGH);
laststate3 = time_off; delayMicroseconds(50);
delay(10); digitalWrite(triacPulse, LOW);
} }
}} // end loop void mso3 ()
{
// begin ac int routine delayMicroseconds(6000);
void acon() digitalWrite(triacPulse, HIGH);
{ delayMicroseconds(50);
time_off = int (map(analogRead(0), digitalWrite(triacPulse, LOW);
0, 1023, L_limit, H_limit)); }
//delayMicroseconds((analogRead(0)
* 7) + 200); // read AD1
delayMicroseconds(time_off); //
read AD1
digitalWrite(triacPulse, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(50);
// delay 50 uSec on output pulse to
turn on triac
digitalWrite(triacPulse, LOW);
}
36
 GlobalOptoisolator 

   

    " ! ! 

(400 Volts Peak)
The MOC3020 Series consists of gallium arsenide infrared emitting diodes,
optically coupled to a silicon bilateral switch.
• To order devices that are tested and marked per VDE 0884 requirements, the
suffix ”V” must be included at end of part number. VDE 0884 is a test option.
They are designed for applications requiring isolated triac triggering.
Recommended for 115/240 Vac(rms) Applications:
6
• Solenoid/Valve Controls • Static ac Power Switch 1
• Lamp Ballasts • Solid State Relays STANDARD THRU HOLE
• Interfacing Microprocessors to 115 Vac Peripherals • Incandescent Lamp Dimmers
• Motor Controls

SCHEMATIC
MAXIMUM RATINGS (TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted)
1 6
Rating Symbol Value Unit
INFRARED EMITTING DIODE
2 5
Reverse Voltage VR 3 Volts
Forward Current — Continuous IF 60 mA 3 4
Total Power Dissipation @ TA = 25°C PD 100 mW
Negligible Power in Triac Driver 1. ANODE
Derate above 25°C 1.33 mW/°C 2. CATHODE
3. NC
OUTPUT DRIVER 4. MAIN TERMINAL
Off–State Output Terminal Voltage VDRM 400 Volts 5. SUBSTRATE
5. DO NOT CONNECT
Peak Repetitive Surge Current ITSM 1 A 6. MAIN TERMINAL
(PW = 1 ms, 120 pps)
Total Power Dissipation @ TA = 25°C PD 300 mW
Derate above 25°C 4 mW/°C
TOTAL DEVICE
Isolation Surge Voltage(1) VISO 7500 Vac(pk)
(Peak ac Voltage, 60 Hz, 1 Second Duration)
Total Power Dissipation @ TA = 25°C PD 330 mW
Derate above 25°C 4.4 mW/°C
Junction Temperature Range TJ – 40 to +100 °C
Ambient Operating Temperature Range TA – 40 to +85 °C
Storage Temperature Range Tstg – 40 to +150 °C
Soldering Temperature (10 s) TL 260 °C
1. Isolation surge voltage, VISO, is an internal device dielectric breakdown rating.
1. For this test, Pins 1 and 2 are common, and Pins 4, 5 and 6 are common.

1
 MOC3021, MOC3022, MOC3023

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted)

Characteristic Symbol Min Typ Max Unit
INPUT LED
Reverse Leakage Current IR — 0.05 100 µA
(VR = 3 V)
Forward Voltage VF — 1.15 1.5 Volts
(IF = 10 mA)
OUTPUT DETECTOR (IF = 0 unless otherwise noted)
Peak Blocking Current, Either Direction IDRM — 10 100 nA
(Rated VDRM(1))
Peak On–State Voltage, Either Direction VTM — 1.8 3 Volts
(ITM = 100 mA Peak)
Critical Rate of Rise of Off–State Voltage (Figure 7, Note 2) dv/dt — 10 — V/µs
COUPLED
LED Trigger Current, Current Required to Latch Output IFT mA
(Main Terminal Voltage = 3 V(3)) MOC3021 — 8 15
MOC3022 — — 10
MOC3023 — — 5
Holding Current, Either Direction IH — 100 — µA
1. Test voltage must be applied within dv/dt rating.
2. This is static dv/dt. See Figure 7 for test circuit. Commutating dv/dt is a function of the load–driving thyristor(s) only.
3. All devices are guaranteed to trigger at an IF value less than or equal to max IFT. Therefore, recommended operating IF lies between max
3. IFT (15 mA for MOC3021, 10 mA for MOC3022, 5 mA for MOC3023) and absolute max IF (60 mA).

TYPICAL ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

TA = 25°C

2 +800
VF, FORWARD VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

ITM , ON-STATE CURRENT (mA)

1.8
PULSE ONLY +400
PULSE OR DC
1.6
0
1.4

TA = –40°C –400
1.2
25°C

1 85°C –800
1 10 100 1000 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
IF, LED FORWARD CURRENT (mA) VTM, ON–STATE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

Figure 1. LED Forward Voltage versus Forward Current Figure 2. On–State Characteristics
 MOC3021, MOC3022, MOC3023
1.4 25

IFT, NORMALIZED LED TRIGGER CURRENT

IFT, TRIGGER CURRENT – NORMALIZED

1.3
NORMALIZED TO:
1.2
20
q
PWin 100 µs

1.1
15
1

0.9 10

0.8
5
0.7

0.6 0
–40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 1 2 5 10 20 50 100
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) PWin, LED TRIGGER WIDTH (µs)

Figure 3. Trigger Current versus Temperature Figure 4. LED Current Required to Trigger
versus LED Pulse Width

12 100

STATIC dv/dt
I DRM, LEAKAGE CURRENT (nA)

10
CIRCUIT IN FIGURE 7
dv/dt, STATIC (V/ µs)

6 10

0
25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1
– 40 – 30 – 20 –10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 5. dv/dt versus Temperature Figure 6. Leakage Current, IDRM
versus Temperature

+400
Vdc RTEST 1. The mercury wetted relay provides a high speed repeated
R = 10 kΩ pulse to the D.U.T.
2. 100x scope probes are used, to allow high speeds and
voltages.
PULSE CTEST 3. The worst–case condition for static dv/dt is established by
INPUT MERCURY triggering the D.U.T. with a normal LED input current, then
X100
WETTED removing the current. The variable RTEST allows the dv/dt to be
SCOPE
RELAY D.U.T. gradually increased until the D.U.T. continues to trigger in
PROBE
response to the applied voltage pulse, even after the LED
current has been removed. The dv/dt is then decreased until
the D.U.T. stops triggering. tRC is measured at this point and
recorded.

Vmax = 400 V
APPLIED VOLTAGE
WAVEFORM 252 V

0 VOLTS ń + 0.63 RCVmax + 252

dv dt
RC
t t
tRC

Figure 7. Static dv/dt Test Circuit

 MOC3021, MOC3022, MOC3023

Rin 1 6 360 470

VCC HOT
MOC
2 3021/ 5
0.05 µF 39 240
3022/ VAC
3 3023 4
0.01 µF

LOAD GROUND

* This optoisolator should not be used to drive a load directly. It is in-
tended to be a trigger device only.
Additional information on the use of optically coupled triac
drivers is available in Application Note AN–780A.
In this circuit the “hot” side of the line is switched and the
load connected to the cold or ground side.
The 39 ohm resistor and 0.01 µF capacitor are for snub-
bing of the triac, and the 470 ohm resistor and 0.05 µF ca-
pacitor are for snubbing the coupler. These components
may or may not be necessary depending upon the particu-
lar triac and load used.

Figure 8. Typical Application Circuit

 ® BTA/BTB16 and T16 Series

SNUBBERLESS™ , LOGIC LEVEL & STANDARD 16A TRIACS

MAIN FEATURES: A2

Symbol Value Unit

G
IT(RMS) 16 A
A1

VDRM/VRRM 600, 700 and 800 V

A2
IGT (Q1) 10 to 50 mA

A1 A2
DESCRIPTION
G
Available either in through-hole or surface-mount
packages, the BTA/BTB16 and T16 triac series is D2PAK
suitable for general purpose AC switching. They (T16-G)
A2
can be used as an ON/OFF function in applications
such as static relays, heating regulation, induction
motor starting circuits... or for phase control
operation in light dimmers, motor speed
controllers, ...
A1 A1
The snubberless versions (BTA/BTB...W and T16 A2
G A2
G
series) are specially recommended for use on
inductive loads, thanks to their high commutation TO-220AB TO-220AB Insulated
performances. By using an internal ceramic pad, (BTB16) (BTA16)
the BTA series provides voltage insulated tab
(rated at 2500V RMS) complying with UL
standards (File ref.: E81734).
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Symbol Parameter Value Unit
IT(RMS) RMS on-state current D2²PAK A
(full sine wave) Tc = 100°C
TO-220AB 16
TO-220AB Ins. Tc = 85°C
ITSM Non repetitive surge peak on-state F = 60 Hz t = 16.7 ms 168 A
current (full cycle, Tj initial = 25°C) F = 50 Hz t = 20 ms 160

I ²t I²t Value for fusing tp = 10 ms 144 A² s

Critical rate of rise of on-state current
dI/dt IG = 2 x IGT , tr ≤ 100 ns F = 120 Hz Tj = 125°C 50 A/µs

VDRM/VRRM
VDSM/VRSM Non repetitive surge peak off-state tp = 10 ms Tj = 25°C V
voltage + 100
IGM Peak gate current tp = 20 µs Tj = 125°C 4 A
PG(AV) Average gate power dissipation Tj = 125°C 1 W
Tstg Storage junction temperature range - 40 to + 150
°C
Tj Operating junction temperature range - 40 to + 125

October 2002 - Ed: 6A 1/7

BTA/BTB16 and T16 Series
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Tj = 25°C, unless otherwise specified)

■ SNUBBERLESS™ and LOGIC LEVEL (3 Quadrants)

Symbol Test Conditions Quadrant T16 BTA/BTB16
Unit
T1635 SW CW BW
IGT (1) I - II - III MAX. 35 10 35 50 mA
VD = 12 V RL = 33 Ω
VGT I - II - III MAX. 1.3 V
VGD VD = VDRM RL = 3.3 kΩ Tj = 125°C I - II - III MIN. 0.2 V
IH (2) IT = 500 mA MAX. 35 15 35 50 mA
IL IG = 1.2 IGT I - III MAX. 50 25 50 70 mA
II 60 30 60 80
dV/dt (2) VD = 67 % VDRM gate open Tj = 125°C MIN. 500 40 500 1000 V/µs
(dI/dt)c (2) (dV/dt)c = 0.1 V/µs Tj = 125°C - 8.5 - - A/ms
(dV/dt)c = 10 V/µs Tj = 125°C MIN. - 3.0 - -
Without snubber Tj = 125°C 8.5 - 8.5 14

■ STANDARD (4 Quadrants)
Symbol Test Conditions Quadrant BTA/BTB16
Unit
C B
IGT (1) I - II - III 25 50 mA
MAX.
VD = 12 V RL = 33 Ω IV 50 100
VGT ALL MAX. 1.3 V
VGD VD = VDRM RL = 3.3 kΩ Tj = 125°C ALL MIN. 0.2 V
IH (2) IT = 500 mA MAX. 25 50 mA
IL IG = 1.2 IGT I - III - IV MAX. 40 60 mA
II 80 120
dV/dt (2) VD = 67 % VDRM gate open Tj = 125°C MIN. 200 400 V/µs
(dV/dt)c (2) (dI/dt)c = 7 A/ms Tj = 125°C MIN. 5 10 V/µs

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
Symbol Test Conditions Value Unit
VTM (2) ITM = 22.5 A tp = 380 µs Tj = 25°C MAX. 1.55 V
Vto (2) Threshold voltage Tj = 125°C MAX. 0.85 V
Rd (2) Dynamic resistance Tj = 125°C MAX. 25 mΩ
IDRM VDRM = VRRM Tj = 25°C 5 µA
MAX.
IRRM Tj = 125°C 2 mA

Note 1: minimum IGT is guaranted at 5% of IGT max.

Note 2: for both polarities of A2 referenced to A1

2/7
 BTA/BTB16 and T16 Series

THERMAL RESISTANCES
Symbol Parameter Value Unit
Rth(j-c) Junction to case (AC) D²PAK °C/W
1.2
TO-220AB
TO-220AB Insulated 2.1
Rth(j-a) Junction to ambient S = 1 cm² D²PAK 45 °C/W

TO-220AB
60
TO-220AB Insulated

S: Copper surface under tab

PRODUCT SELECTOR

Voltage(xxx)
Part Number Sensitivity Type Package
600 V 700 V 800 V

BTA/BTB16-xxxB X X X 50 mA Standard TO-220AB

BTA/BTB16-xxxBW X X X 50 mA Snubberless TO-220AB
BTA/BTB16-xxxC X X X 25 mA Standard TO-220AB
BTA/BTB16-xxxCW X X X 35 mA Snubberless TO-220AB
BTA/BTB16-xxxSW X X X 10 mA Logic level TO-220AB

T1635-xxxG X X 35 mA Snubberless D²PAK

ORDERING INFORMATION

BT A 16 - 600 BW (RG)
TRIAC PACKING MODE
SERIES Blank: Bulk
SENSITIVITY & TYPE RG: Tube
INSULATION: B: 50mA STANDARD
A: insulated VOLTAGE: BW: 50mA SNUBBERLESS
B: non insulated 600: 600V C: 25mA STANDARD
700: 700V CW: 35mA SNUBBERLESS
CURRENT: 16A 800: 800V SW: 10mA LOGIC LEVEL

T 16 35 - 600 G (-TR)
TRIAC
SERIES
PACKAGE:
CURRENT: 16A G: D2PAK
VOLTAGE:
PACKING MODE:
600: 600V
Blank: Tube
800: 800V
-TR: Tape & Reel
SENSITIVITY:
35: 35mA

3/7
BTA/BTB16 and T16 Series

OTHER INFORMATION

Base Packing
Part Number Marking Weight quantity mode

BTA/BTB16-xxxyz BTA/BTB16xxxyz 2.3 g 250 Bulk

BTA/BTB16-xxxyzRG BTA/BTB16-xxxyz 2.3 g 50 Tube
T1635-xxxG T1635xxxG 1.5 g 50 Tube
T1635-xxxG-TR T1635xxxG 1.5 g 1000 Tape & reel

Note: xxx = voltage, y = sensitivity, z = type

Fig. 1: Maximum power dissipation versus RMS Fig. 2-1: RMS on-state current versus case
on-state current (full cycle). temperature (full cycle).

P (W) IT(RMS) (A)

20 18
BTB/T16
18 16
16
14
14 BTA
12
12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 IT(RMS) (A) 2 Tc(°C)
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 25 50 75 100 125

Fig. 2-2: D²PAK RMS on-state current versus Fig. 3: Relative variation of thermal impedance
ambient temperature (printed circuit board FR4, versus pulse duration.
copper thickness: 35 µm), full cycle.

IT(RMS) (A) K=[Zth/Rth]

4.0 1E+0
2
D PAK
3.5 2 Zth(j-c)
(S=1cm )
3.0
2.5
2.0 1E-1
Zth(j-a)
1.5
1.0
0.5 tp (s)
Tamb(°C)
0.0 1E-2
0 25 50 75 100 125 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 5E+2

4/7
 BTA/BTB16 and T16 Series

Fig. 4: On-state characteristics (maximum Fig. 5: Surge peak on-state current versus
values) number of cycles.

ITM (A)
ITSM (A)
200 180
Tj max
100 160
t=20ms
140
One cycle
Non repetitive
120 Tj initial=25°C
100
10 80
Tj=25°C
Repetitive
60 Tc=85°C
Tj max:
Vto = 0.85 V 40
Rd = 25 mΩ
VTM (V) 20 Number of cycles
1 0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 1 10 100 1000

Fig. 6: Non-repetitive surge peak on-state Fig. 7: Relative variation of gate trigger current,
current for a sinusoidal pulse with width holding current and latching current versus
tp < 10ms, and corresponding value of I²t. junction temperature (typical values).

ITSM (A), I²t (A²s) IGT,IH,IL[Tj] / IGT,IH,IL [Tj=25°C]

2.5
3000
Tj initial=25°C

2.0
dI/dt limitation: IGT
50A/µs
1000 1.5
IH & IL
ITSM 1.0

0.5
I²t
tp (ms) Tj(°C)
100 0.0
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Fig. 8: Relative variation of critical rate of Fig. 9: Relative variation of critical rate of
decrease of main current versus (dV/dt)c (typical decrease of main current versus junction
values). temperature.

(dI/dt)c [(dV/dt)c] / Specified (dI/dt)c (dI/dt)c [Tj] / (dI/dt)c [Tj specified]

2.0 6
1.8 SW 5
C
1.6
B 4
1.4
1.2 BW/CW/T1635 3
1.0
2
0.8
0.6 1
(dV/dt)c (V/µs) Tj (°C)
0.4 0
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 0 25 50 75 100 125

5/7

Order this document
SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNICAL DATA by 4N25/D

 


GlobalOptoisolator

  
   
[CTR = 20% Min]

The 4N25/A, 4N26, 4N27 and 4N28 devices consist of a gallium arsenide 
infrared emitting diode optically coupled to a monolithic silicon phototransistor
detector.
• Most Economical Optoisolator Choice for Medium Speed, Switching Applications

[CTR = 10% Min]
• Meets or Exceeds All JEDEC Registered Specifications
*Motorola Preferred Devices
• To order devices that are tested and marked per VDE 0884 requirements, the
suffix ”V” must be included at end of part number. VDE 0884 is a test option.
Applications
STYLE 1 PLASTIC
• General Purpose Switching Circuits
• Interfacing and coupling systems of different potentials and impedances
• I/O Interfacing
• Solid State Relays
6
1
MAXIMUM RATINGS (TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted) STANDARD THRU HOLE
CASE 730A–04
Rating Symbol Value Unit
INPUT LED
Reverse Voltage VR 3 Volts
Forward Current — Continuous IF 60 mA SCHEMATIC
LED Power Dissipation @ TA = 25°C PD 120 mW
with Negligible Power in Output Detector
1 6
Derate above 25°C 1.41 mW/°C

OUTPUT TRANSISTOR 2 5
Collector–Emitter Voltage VCEO 30 Volts 3 4

Emitter–Collector Voltage VECO 7 Volts

PIN 1. LED ANODE
Collector–Base Voltage VCBO 70 Volts
2. LED CATHODE
Collector Current — Continuous IC 150 mA 3. N.C.
4. EMITTER
Detector Power Dissipation @ TA = 25°C PD 150 mW
5. COLLECTOR
with Negligible Power in Input LED
6. BASE
Derate above 25°C 1.76 mW/°C

TOTAL DEVICE
Isolation Surge Voltage(1) VISO 7500 Vac(pk)
(Peak ac Voltage, 60 Hz, 1 sec Duration)
Total Device Power Dissipation @ TA = 25°C PD 250 mW
Derate above 25°C 2.94 mW/°C
Ambient Operating Temperature Range(2) TA – 55 to +100 °C
Storage Temperature Range(2) Tstg – 55 to +150 °C
Soldering Temperature (10 sec, 1/16″ from case) TL 260 °C
1. Isolation surge voltage is an internal device dielectric breakdown rating.
1. For this test, Pins 1 and 2 are common, and Pins 4, 5 and 6 are common.
2. Refer to Quality and Reliability Section in Opto Data Book for information on test conditions.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
GlobalOptoisolator is a trademark of Motorola, Inc.

REV 5

 Motorola,
Motorola Inc.Optoelectronics
1995 Device Data 1
         
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted)(1)
Characteristic Symbol Min Typ(1) Max Unit
INPUT LED
Forward Voltage (IF = 10 mA) TA = 25°C VF — 1.15 1.5 Volts
TA = –55°C — 1.3 —
TA = 100°C — 1.05 —
Reverse Leakage Current (VR = 3 V) IR — — 100 µA
Capacitance (V = 0 V, f = 1 MHz) CJ — 18 — pF
OUTPUT TRANSISTOR
Collector–Emitter Dark Current 4N25,25A,26,27 ICEO — 1 50 nA
(VCE = 10 V, TA = 25°C 4N28 — 1 100
(VCE = 10 V, TA = 100°C) All Devices ICEO — 1 — µA
Collector–Base Dark Current (VCB = 10 V) ICBO — 0.2 — nA
Collector–Emitter Breakdown Voltage (IC = 1 mA) V(BR)CEO 30 45 — Volts
Collector–Base Breakdown Voltage (IC = 100 µA) V(BR)CBO 70 100 — Volts
Emitter–Collector Breakdown Voltage (IE = 100 µA) V(BR)ECO 7 7.8 — Volts
DC Current Gain (IC = 2 mA, VCE = 5 V) hFE — 500 — —
Collector–Emitter Capacitance (f = 1 MHz, VCE = 0) CCE — 7 — pF
Collector–Base Capacitance (f = 1 MHz, VCB = 0) CCB — 19 — pF
Emitter–Base Capacitance (f = 1 MHz, VEB = 0) CEB — 9 — pF
COUPLED
Output Collector Current (IF = 10 mA, VCE = 10 V) IC (CTR)(2) mA (%)
4N25,25A,26 2 (20) 7 (70) —
4N27,28 1 (10) 5 (50) —
Collector–Emitter Saturation Voltage (IC = 2 mA, IF = 50 mA) VCE(sat) — 0.15 0.5 Volts
Turn–On Time (IF = 10 mA, VCC = 10 V, RL = 100 Ω)(3) ton — 2.8 — µs
Turn–Off Time (IF = 10 mA, VCC = 10 V, RL = 100 Ω)(3) toff — 4.5 — µs
Rise Time (IF = 10 mA, VCC = 10 V, RL = 100 Ω)(3) tr — 1.2 — µs
Fall Time (IF = 10 mA, VCC = 10 V, RL = 100 Ω)(3) tf — 1.3 — µs
Isolation Voltage (f = 60 Hz, t = 1 sec)(4) VISO 7500 — — Vac(pk)
Isolation Resistance (V = 500 V)(4) RISO 1011 — — Ω
Isolation Capacitance (V = 0 V, f = 1 MHz)(4) CISO — 0.2 — pF
1. Always design to the specified minimum/maximum electrical limits (where applicable).
2. Current Transfer Ratio (CTR) = IC/IF x 100%.
3. For test circuit setup and waveforms, refer to Figure 11.
4. For this test, Pins 1 and 2 are common, and Pins 4, 5 and 6 are common.

2 Motorola Optoelectronics Device Data

          
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

I C , OUTPUT COLLECTOR CURRENT (NORMALIZED)

2 10
PULSE ONLY
PULSE OR DC NORMALIZED TO:
VF, FORWARD VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

1.8 IF = 10 mA

1
1.6

1.4
0.1
TA = –55°C
1.2 25°C

100°C
1
1 10 100 1000 0.01 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50
IF, LED FORWARD CURRENT (mA) IF, LED INPUT CURRENT (mA)

Figure 1. LED Forward Voltage versus Forward Current Figure 2. Output Current versus Input Current

I C , OUTPUT COLLECTOR CURRENT (NORMALIZED)

28 10
7
IC , COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA)

24 IF = 10 mA 5 NORMALIZED TO TA = 25°C
20
2
16
5 mA 1
12 0.7
0.5
8

4 2 mA 0.2
1 mA
0 0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 –60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100
VCE, COLLECTOR–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 3. Collector Current versus Figure 4. Output Current versus Ambient Temperature
Collector–Emitter Voltage
ICEO, COLLECTOR–EMITTER DARK CURRENT

100

NORMALIZED TO: 50 VCC = 10 V

VCE = 10 V
100 TA = 25°C
20
(NORMALIZED)

{
t, TIME (µs)

RL = 1000 tf
10 10
VCE = 30 V

1
5 RL = 100 { tf
tr

2 tr
10 V
0.1 1
0 20 40 60 80 100 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) IF, LED INPUT CURRENT (mA)

Figure 5. Dark Current versus Ambient Temperature Figure 6. Rise and Fall Times
(Typical Values)

Motorola Optoelectronics Device Data 3

          
100 100
70 70
50 VCC = 10 V 50 VCC = 10 V

t off , TURN–OFF TIME ( µ s)

t on, TURN–ON TIME ( µs)

20 RL = 1000 20
RL = 1000
10 100 10
7 7
100
5 10 5
10

2 2

1 1
0.1 0.2 0.5 0.7 1 2 5 7 10 20 50 70 100 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.7 1 2 5 7 10 20 50 70 100
IF, LED INPUT CURRENT (mA) IF, LED INPUT CURRENT (mA)

Figure 7. Turn–On Switching Times Figure 8. Turn–Off Switching Times

(Typical Values) (Typical Values)

4 20
I , TYPICAL COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA)

IF = 0 IB = 7 µA 18 CLED
f = 1 MHz
6 µA 16
3 CCB

C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
14
5 µA 12
2 4 µA 10
CEB
8
3 µA 6 CCE
1
2 µA 4
2
1 µA
C

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50
VCE, COLLECTOR–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) V, VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

Figure 9. DC Current Gain (Detector Only) Figure 10. Capacitances versus Voltage

TEST CIRCUIT WAVEFORMS

INPUT PULSE
VCC = 10 V

IF = 10 mA RL = 100 Ω
10%
INPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT PULSE
90%

tr tf
ton toff

Figure 11. Switching Time Test Circuit and Waveforms

4 Motorola Optoelectronics Device Data