Circuit Diagram:

ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER:

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit (IC) which incorporates core

functions of a computer’s central processing unit (CPU). It is a programmable
multipurpose silicon chip, clock driven, register based, accepts binary data as
input and provides output after processing it as per the instructions stored in the
memory.
There a major difference between microcontrollers and microprocessors:
Microprocessor – silicon chip, which includes ALU, register circuits & control
circuits
Microcontroller – silicon chip, which includes microprocessor, memory & I/O
in a single package.

There are many advantages for the microcontrollers such as:

Low Cost Microprocessors are available at low cost due to integrated circuit
technology. Which will reduce the cost of a computer system.

High Speed Microprocessor chips can work at very high speed due to the
technology involved in it. It is capable of executing millions of instructions per
second.

Small Size Due to very large scale and ultra-large-scale integration technology,
a microprocessor is fabricated in a very less footprint. This will reduce the size
of the entire computer system.

Low Power Consumption Microcontrollers are usually manufactured using

metal oxide semiconductor technology, in which MOSFETs (Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors) are working in saturation and cut off
modes. So the power consumption is very low compared to others.
Less Heat Generation Compared to vacuum tube devices, semiconductor
devices will not emit that much heat.

In our project, we will use a certain type of microcontrollers called Arduino;

the following figure presents the Arduino. In the next chapter, we will provide
a solid explanation for the Arduino and its use in our project.

Figure 1.2.1 Arduino microcontroller

DESCRIPTION OF INPUT:

ANALOG INPUT:

Arduino atmega-328 microcontroller board consist of 6 analog inputs

pins. These analog inputs can be named from A0 to A5. From these 6 analog
inputs pins, we can do the process by using analog inputs. Analog inputs can be
used in the operating range of 0 to 5V. Analog signal is considered as the
continuous time signal, from which these analog signal can be used for certain
applications. These are also called as non discrete time signal. Inputs such as
voltage, current etc.., are considered to be either analog signal or digital signal
only by analysing the time signal properties. Various applications of arduino
microcontroller can use only an analog input instead of digital inputs. For these
applications, analog input ports or pins can be used.

DIGITAL INPUT:

Digital inputs can be defined as the non-continuous time signal with

discrete input pulses. It can be represented as 0’s and 1’s. These digital inputs
can be either on state or in off state. Arduino atmega328 microcontroller also
consists of 12 digital input pins. It can be stated as D0 to D11. Nearly 12 inputs
can be used for digital input/output applications. The working of the digital
input ports is where the discrete input pulses can be triggered and supplied to
the ports. These ports receive the input and therefore the port can be used for
both input and output process. These digital pins can access only the digital
inputs.

ATMEGA-328 IC:

This ATMEGA-328 integrated chip consists of 28 pins. It consists of 6

analog inputs that are shown in the pin diagram. Analog inputs can be
represented as PC0 to PC5. These analog input pins possess the continuous time
signal which acts as an analog input for the system. Further it also consists of 12
digital inputs. It can be represented as PD1 to PD11 which act as a digital input
ports based on pulse width modulation (PWM). These PWM, which transmits
the signal in the form of discredited form. Both analog and digital input ports
can be used for various applications for the input power supply, VCC and GND
pins are used. Pins PB6 and PB7, which acts as a crystal to generate a clock
signal. By using these crystal, we can generate the clock signals and by these
clock signals, we can use this clock signals for input sources. PC6 pin are the
one where it can be used for the reset option. Resetting the program can be done
by using this PC6 pin.

The table below gives a description for each of the pins, along with their
function. 

Pin
Description Function
Number
1 PC6 Reset
2 PD0 Digital Pin (RX)
3 PD1 Digital Pin (TX)
4 PD2 Digital Pin
5 PD3 Digital Pin (PWM)
6 PD4 Digital Pin
7 Vcc Positive Voltage (Power)
8 GND Ground
9 XTAL 1 Crystal Oscillator
10 XTAL 2 Crystal Oscillator
11 PD5 Digital Pin (PWM)
12 PD6 Digital Pin (PWM)
13 PD7 Digital Pin
14 PB0 Digital Pin
15 PB1 Digital Pin (PWM)
16 PB2 Digital Pin (PWM)
17 PB3 Digital Pin (PWM)
18 PB4 Digital Pin
 19 PB5 Digital Pin
20 AVCC Positive voltage for ADC (power)
21 AREF Reference Voltage
22 GND Ground
23 PC0 Analog Input
24 PC1 Analog Input
25 PC2 Analog Input
26 PC3 Analog Input
27 PC4 Analog Input
28 PC5 Analog Input

Features:

 High Performance, Low Power Design

 8-Bit Microcontroller Atmel® AVR® advanced RISC architecture
o 131 Instructions most of which are executed in a single clock cycle
o Up to 20 MIPS throughput at 20 MHz
o 32 x 8 working registers
o 2 cycle multiplier
 Memory Includes
o 32KB of of programmable FLASH
o 1KB of EEPROM
o 2KB SRAM
o 10,000 Write and Erase Cycles for Flash and 100,000 for
EEPROM
o Data retention for 20 years at 85°C and 100 years at 25°C
o Optional boot loader with lock bits
 In System Programming (ISP) by via boot loader
 True Read-While-Write operation
 o Programming lock available for software security
 Features Include
o 2 x 8-bit Timers/Counters each with independent prescaler and
compare modes
o A single 16-bit Timer/Counter with an independent prescaler,
compare and capture modes
o Real time counter with independent oscillator
o 10 bit, 6 channel analog to digital Converter
o 6 pulse width modulation channels
o Internal temperature sensor
o Serial USART (Programmable)
o Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface – (Philips I2C compatible)
o Programmable watchdog timer with independent internal oscillator
o Internal analog comparator
o Interrupt and wake up on pin change
 Additional Features
o Internal calibrated oscillator
o Power on reset and programmable brown out detection
o External and internal interrupts
o 6 sleep modes including idle, ADC noise reduction, power save,
power down, standby, and extended standby
 I/O and Package
o 23 programmable I/O lines
o 28 pin PDIP package
 Operating voltage:
o 1.8 – 5.5V
 Operating temperature range:
 o -40°C to 85°C
 Speed Grades:
o 0-4 MHz at 1.8-5.5V
o 0-10 MHz at 2.7-5.5V
o 0-20 MHz at 4.5-5.5V
 Low power consumption mode at 1.8V, 1 MHz and 25°C:
o Active Mode: 0.3 mA
o Power-down Mode: 0.1 μA
o Power-save Mode: 0.8 μA (Including 32 kHz RTC)

APPLICATIONS:

 DIY project prototyping.

 Developing varied varieties of projects that require a code based control.
 Automation System development.
 Learning AVR programming.
 Entry level circuit designing.

MAX30100:

MAX30100 is a heart pulse rate monitor sensor. This sensor

consists of two Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), (one emits infrared light
and other emits red light) modifiable optics, low noise signal processor
which detects heart pulse rate signal. It’s operating voltage are from 1.8v
to 3.3 v.
 The MAX30100 is used in different industrial and medical
equipment such as fitness measurements devices, medical devices, and
different wearable instruments. In today’s post, we will have a look at its
working, pinout, protocol, features, etc. I will also share some links where
I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any questions
about it please ask in comments, I will resolve your problems. So, let’s
get started with a basic Introduction to MAX30100.

Introduction of MAX30100
 MAX30100 is a heart pulse rate monitor sensor. This sensor consists of
two Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), (one emits infrared light and other emits
red light) modifiable optics, low noise signal processor which detects heart
pulse rate signal.
 This module can be configured by software registers, and its output data
is stored in sixteen FIFOs on this module.
 This sensor communicates with the other microcontroller by the I2C
interface. The pulse measurement system in this module has Ambient light
cancellation, sixteen bit ADC, and a time filter.
 It has an I2C digital interface to communicate with a host
microcontroller. MAX30100 has ambient light cancellation, sixteen bit  ADC
and time filter.
 This module uses low power which makes it useable for battery operated
systems. It operates on the voltage range of 1.8 to 3.3V.
 As earlier we discussed that it has two Light Emitting Diodes, one emits
red light with the wavelength of (650nm) and other emits infrared with the
wavelength of (950nm).
 As this device is used for measurement of heart pulse rate and oxygen
concentration in blood, for these measurements wear this sensor on your
finger or earlobe it can also put any part of the body which is not thick.
 When you wear it on your finger for measurement both infrared and red
light pass through the tissues of a finger, absorption these lights can be
measured by a photodiode.
  Depending on the quantity of oxygen which you have in your blood the
ratio of absorbed red light and infrared light will be different.
 By this ratio, we can easily calculate the oxygen level in your blood
hemoglobin.

These are the main pinouts of MAX30100.

Pin# Type                                         Parameters

Pin#1, These pinouts are not used for any purpose. All these
N.C
7, 8, 14 are open pinouts.

Pin#2 SCL This pin is used for I2C clock for input.

Pin#3 SDA This is I2C bidirectional data sending pinout.

This is pin is used for power ground of drivers of

Pin#4 PGND
light emitting diodes.

This pin is used for cathode of infrared led to connect

Pin#5 IR_DRV
with the LED drivers point. You can
 This pin is for the cathode of red LE to connect with
Pin#6 R_DRV its driver point. This can also be suspended in a
circuit.

This pin is for red led to connect with the supply

Pin#9 R_LED+ voltage. By this pin, it is connected with the infrared
led.

This pin helps to connect the anode of infrared led to

Pin#10 IR_LED+ the input voltage. It is connected with the red led by
internally.

This is input supply pinout for this module, you can

Pin#11 Vdd
connect this with the ground for better performance.

Pin#12 GND It is an analog Ground pin.

Pin#13 INT  It is Active-Low break off pinout.

For better understanding lets see the pinout diagram.

Features of MAX30100

 These are some features of MAX30100.

o  This sensor is available in the simplest circuitry for heartbeat
measurements.
o This module consists of two led infrared and red, a photodiode for
light sensing, and, has an analog front end.
 o The dimensions of this module are 5.6mm x 2.8mm x 1.2mm with
the fourteen pin outs which are available in optically improved closed
packages.
o It provides low power battery solutions for handheld electronic
devices. We can program It in an easy way and suitable for low power
components.
o Its high signal to noise ratio (SNR) gives high motion production
flexibility.
o This sensor provides the confined light annulment, higher rate
capacity, and fast-movingoutputdata.

LCD – Liquid Crystal Display

Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) have materials, which combine the

properties of both liquid and crystals. Rather than having a melting point,
they have a temperature range within which the molecules are almost as
mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an
ordered form similar to a crystal. An LCD consists of two glass panels,
with the liquid crystal material sand witched in between them. The inner
surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes which
define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers
are present in between the electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes
the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle. One
each polarizer are pasted outside the two glass panels. This polarizer
would rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite angle, in a
particular direction. When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are
rotated by the two polarizer and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays
come out of the LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD appears
transparent. When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the
liquid crystal molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The
light rays passing through the LCD would be rotated by the polarizer,
which would result in activating / highlighting the desired characters.
The LCDs are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness.
Since the LCD’s consume power, they are compatible with low power
electronic circuits, and can be powered for long durations. The LCD does
don’t generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By using
backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCD’s have long life
and a wide operating temperature range. Changing the display size of the
layout size is relatively simple which makes the LCD’s more customers
friendly. The LCD’s used exclusively in watches, calculators and
measuring instruments are the simple seven-segment displays, having a
limited amount of numeric data. The recent advances in technology have
resulted in better legibility, more information displaying capability and a
wider temperature range. These have resulted in the LCDs being
extensively used in telecommunications and entertainment electronics.
The LCDs have even started replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used
for the display of text and graphics, and also in small TV applications.
Servo Motor SG-90:

Servo Motor Wire Configuration

Wire Wire Description

Number Colour

1 Brown Ground wire connected to the ground of system

2 Red Powers the motor typically +5V is used

 3 Orange PWM signal is given in through this wire to drive the
motor

TowerPro SG-90 Features

 Operating Voltage is +5V typically

 Torque: 2.5kg/cm
 Operating speed is 0.1s/60°
 Gear Type: Plastic
 Rotation : 0°-180°
 Weight of motor : 9gm
 Package includes gear horns and screws

Selecting your Servo Motor:

There are lots of servo motors available in the market and each one has its own
speciality and applications. The following two paragraphs will help you identify
the right type of servo motor for your project/system.

Most of the hobby Servo motors operates from 4.8V to 6.5V, the higher the
voltage higher the torque we can achieve, but most commonly they are operated
at +5V.  Almost all hobby servo motors can rotate only from 0° to 180° due to
their gear arrangement so make sure you project can live with the half circle if
no, you can prefer for a 0° to 360° motor or modify the motor to make a full
circle. The gears in the motors are easily subjected to wear and tear, so if your
application requires stronger and long running motors you can go with metal
gears or just stick with normal plastic gear.

Next comes the most important parameter, which is the torque at which the
motor operates. Again there are many choices here but the commonly available
one is the 2.5kg/cm torque which comes with the Towerpro SG90 Motor. This
2.5kg/cm torque means that the motor can pull a weight of 2.5kg when it is
suspended at a distance of 1cm. So if you suspend the load at 0.5cm then the
motor can pull a load of 5kg similarly if you suspend the load at 2cm then can
pull only 1.25. Based on the load which you use in the project you can select the
motor with proper torque. The below picture will illustrate the same.

How to use a Servo Motor

After selecting the right Servo motor for the project, comes the question how to
use it. As we know there are three wires coming out of this motor. The
description of the same is given on top of this page. To make this motor rotate,
we have to power the motor with +5V using the Red and Brown wire and send
PWM signals to the Orange colour wire. Hence we need something that could
generate PWM signals to make this motor work, this something could be
anything like a 555 Timer or other Microcontroller platforms like Arduino, PIC,
ARM or even a microprocessor like Raspberry Pie. Now, how to control the
direction of the motor? To understand that let us a look at the picture given in
the datasheet.
From the picture we can understand that the PWM signal produced should have
a frequency of 50Hz that is the PWM period should be 20ms. Out of which the
On-Time can vary from 1ms to 2ms. So when the on-time is 1ms the motor will
be in 0° and when 1.5ms the motor will be 90°, similarly when it is 2ms it will
be 180°. So, by varying the on-time from 1ms to 2ms the motor can be
controlled from 0° to 180°

Applications

 Used as actuators in many robots like Biped Robot, Hexapod, robotic arm
etc..
 Commonly used for steering system in RC toys
 Robots where position control is required without feedback
 Less weight hence used in multi DOF robots like humanoid robots