Subject: GE ELECT – PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES

1. What is the importance of providing culturally appropriate programs about indigenous people?
(10ts)

The importance of providing appropriate programs to build all Indigenous People’s Identity. Because
indigenous people’s and ethnic minorities are more likely to be poor, while other have been advances,
Indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities continue to face exclusion and marginalization and lack equal
access to basic services and Indigenous peoples help protect our environment, fight climate change and
build resilience to natural disasters yet their rights aren’t always protected.Indigenous people’s realize that
what they already know is useful and they take pride in their own culture and knowledge. We need this
program to keep away from discrimination and mistreatment from other nationality. The most importantly
by this program strengthen and governance rights, livelihoods, and improve cultural, community and
individual resilience and well-being. The program aims to promote all the rights of indigenous people’s
within the framework of national unity and development and all shall protect the rights of Indigenous
people to their ancestral domains to ensure their economic, social and cultural well being. And to recognize
the inherent rights of Indigenous people to self- determination and respect the integrity of their values,
practices and institutions as well as guarantee their right to freely pursue their development and equally
enjoy the full measure of human rights and freedom without distinction or discrimination.

2. Give at least 5 highlights of the Indigenous People’s Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997. (10 pts)

For me the 5 highlights of the Indigenous People’s Rights Act of 1997.

1. Right of empowerment and self-governance
2. Rights to ancestral domain
3. Social justice and human rights
4. Equal protection and non- discrimination of Indigenous People’s
5. Freedom from discrimination and right to equal opportunity: unlawful acts pertaining to employment

3. What is the purpose of the United Nations Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples
(UNDRIP).

The purpose of United Nations Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples is to established a universal
framework of minimum standards for the survival, dignity and well-being of the Indigenous People of the
world and it elaborates on existing human rights standards, education, health, employment, language and
fundamental freedoms, among others as they apply to the specific situation of Indigenous peoples. The
UNDRIP protects collective rights that may not be addressed in other human rights character that
emphasize individual rights and it also safeguards the individual rights of Indigenous people. The
declaration goes on to guarantee the rights of Indigenous peoples to enjoy and practice their cultures and
customs, their religions and their languages and to develop and strengthen their economics and their social
and political institutions. Indigenous peoples have the right to be free from discrimination and the right to
the nationality. Indigenous peoples and individuals are free and equal to all other peoples and individuals
and have the right to be free from any kind of discrimination, in the exercise of their rights, in particular
that based on their indigenous origin or identity. Indigenous peoples have the right to self-determination.

4. What is an education according to Bricks Sabella Sintaon?

Bricks Sabella Sintaon said that in their community education is given importance. There is already
awareness of the bigger picture of society and that education can help them towards progress and work
towards continued community growth. It is a tool to transfer Indigenous peoples knowledge and to gain
basic skills. Education is also a tool to be more empowered with their rights such as voting and to claim
their ancestral land.

D.
ASSESSMENT TASKS:
Subject: GE ELECT – PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES
True or False (40 items: 80 points)
Write the letter NO if the statement is wrong, underline what makes it wrong and write the correct
work and YES if the statement is Correct before the number.
1. NO.now Indigenous communities, peoples and nations are those which, having
a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories,
consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies not prevailing on those territories, or
parts of them. They form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve,
develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity.

2. YES The premature to say that this polysemy in the concept is

culture specific in Kankanaey, and that other indigenous Philippine cultures could be suspect of the
same cultural ethic, Kankanaey being a subgroup within a superordinate Filipino culture group. Yet it
comes to mind that there is a popular general statement citing Filipinos 's utang na loob ethic as the
source of the weak political system and leadership in the country.

3. NO. present People in independent countries who are regarded as indigenous on account
of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, or a geographical region to which the
country belongs at the time of conquest or colonization or the establishment of past state.

4. YES Rice is supplemented by other crops, like corn, cassava, and

sweet potatoes. Tobacco is produced for home consumption, local trade, and ritual purposes.
Crafts like weaving, pottery-making and metal work are done by local specialist. Trading is
extensive among all ethnic groups with the Magani type of social organization.

5.YES The Philippine government has passed the Indigenous People’s Act (IPRA)
of 1997 which affirms Indigenous Peoples’ right to ancestral domains, self-governance and
empowerment, social injustice and human rights, and rights to cultural identity.

6. NO. evil I ncidentally, bribery has been the popular culprit cited by many critics
for the good immanent in Philippine politics and while data of this nature is found included in the
Inayan concept in this study, it remains exploratory and subject to closer inspection in future studies.

7. NO. Bad Bricks Sabella Sintaon said organizations individuals who also worked with
us raised our awareness of the different issues; although some were insensitive in their approach and
made us feel good and that we needed all these other things because we did not have them, instead of
recognizing what we do have.

8. NO. Removable word Sakem to the highest degree may result in death or any misfortune. This
is commonly observed in immoral acts among couples.) Inayan is a word of Kabunyan in ordeals not to
determine guilt or innocence. If truth cannot be proven by ordinary means, the indigenous ordeals are
performed like sapata is done either through self-cursing or through a ritualized process.

9.NO.historic Method of Controlled Comparison is Used by evolutionist and futuristic lists

in generalizing about societal growth and in explaining the phenomenon of societal organization.

10.NO. imagined Ethnicity refers to cultural practices and outlooks that distinguish a given
community of people: language, history, ancestry (real or idea), religion, and styles of dress
or adornment; these differences are wholly learned

11. YES Dwellings are generally impermanent, rectangular, gabled-roofed

house made of bamboo and grass or nipa shingles. One-or-two-room dwelling, defined functionally as
sleeping area, living room area, and cooking area. In a single-room dwelling, the rear corners of the
room serve as a sleeping place for men and the front areas are sleeping quarters for women

12. NO. Denied Minority group members are disadvantaged, as a result of

discrimination against them by others. Discrimination exists when rights and opportunities open
to one set of people are accepted to another group

13. YES Indigenous are descendants of the original people or occupants of lands
before these lands were taken over or conquered by others. Many indigenous peoples have
maintained their traditional and cultures (e.g., way of dressing, language and the cultivation of land) and
therefore have a strong and deep connection with their ancestral territories, cultures and
identities. The 370 million indigenous peoples around the world contribute to enriching the world ‘s
cultural and linguistic diversity.

14. YES Right to education is fitting, given the continuous issues which indigenous
communities face when it comes to receiving inadequate and fair education.

15. NO. Ethical The two meanings of inayan present the word as an ordinary verb and
an exclamation. However, a deeper investigation of the presence of the word in the Kankanaey
language reveals that it is an essential signifier of a deeply seated unethical l concept in the
Kankanaey culture, namely the fear of a supreme deity, called Kabunian, or God, forewarns
or dissuades one from doing anything bad or harmful to others.

16. YES Matinglo the highest rank among the aristocrats. They are first born
among the aristocrat children. They own the best and the most fertile fields. They have their own
birth, marriage, and death ceremonies. They revalidate their status by leading the performance of the
“chuno” feast in providing animals for slaughter.

17. YES While there are advances, these people continue to face exclusion and
marginalization, and with equal access to basic services. These people help protect our environment,
fight climate change, and build resilience to natural disasters, yet their rights are not always protected.

18. YES Puro is derived from a Sulod (Bukidnon) word for settlement. It is
generally composed of related persons who occupy a particular settlement and who are in close
interaction with each other. In this context, it is the neighborhood, which is also the settlement, that
is important.

19. YES The term “ili” is derived from the Bontoc name for “village”. It consists of
groups of people living in villages of various sizes, predominantly large and compact, subdivided into
smaller politico-juridical units which function as the economic, political and religious center

20. NO. Identity UNDRIP adopted Martinez Cobo‘s form at present non-dominant sectors
of society and are determined to preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their
ancestral territories, and their ethnic culture, as the basis of their continued existence as peoples, in
accordance with their own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal system … an indigenous
person is … one who belongs to these indigenous populations through self-identification
as indigenous (group consciousness) and is recognized and accepted by these populations as one of
its members (acceptance by the group).

21. NO- 1993 Marginalization is the controls some peoples traditionally exercised over
their local societies (and their own lives) are taken from them, such that their remaining autonomy of
action does not conflict with the wider system (Eder, 1994)

22. YES The peace loving Igorot people are influenced by their belief that they
are answerable to Kabunyan in whatever actions they do towards others. The strong bond of the
Igorots to Kabunyan inspired them to love what they are doing towards others and their work for
prosperity. They strongly believe that it is only when everyone is in harmony with man and nature that
Kabunyan will bring blessings to their life. For these reasons, the Igorots practice the principle of
Inayan to enjoy a peaceful life.

23. YES The term “Pisan” is an Agta word for band. It is used to refer to and
encompass the highly mobile groups living in small temporary campsites, possessing simple
technology, and having relatively similar form of social organization.

24. YES Crudely built, tent-like structures made of bamboo splits or branches
of trees tied together and covered in banana stalks, leaves, and grass. Constructed far apart from
each other

25. NO. Removable Indigenous people have not created much of the world’s agricultural
biodiversity, including thousands of crop varieties of crops and livestock breeds and unique landscapes.

26. YES Most economic activities in the campsite center on food gathering.
This is engaged into by everybody: children and adults, male or female. To supplement what are
gathered from the environment, some groups engage in limited gardening.

27. YES Inayan nan adi mangpati is ina na ya ama na. (Western Bontok) 'It is
bad not to listen or heed parents' advice.' Ay no inchismis da sika ichismis mo es daida? Inayan.
Padakdakkelem lang nan problema. (Western Bontok) 'If they gossip about you, would you also do the
same? Think twice. You might make a bigger problem.' Inayan di mangibubukod si gawis. (Western
Bontok) 'It is not good to be selfish and not to share good things with others.'

28. YES Hunting is the dominant feature of Pisan economy. Hunting is

sometimes a family affair, with the father as the team leader. Fishing is another source of livelihood.
It is not by damming, poisoning, use of bow and arrow, use of fish traps, and by hands.

29. YES Lagmay further identifies Solang‘s idea of the Inayan. According to
Solang Inayan is a community value similar to the popularly known karma or the concept of ―you
reap what you sow‖. This value he said cautions as individual against violating cultural norms or
taboos. It is a cultural value that instills discipline, order and harmony among individuals within
families and clans, within the village or tribe, and with the environment.

30. YES In the Philippines, Caritas Australia is working with partner organizations to
ensure that the country’s indigenous peoples can access their absolute right to an education. Rainey S.
Dolatre, is a former volunteer who worked with the indigenous Tagbanua Community of Culion, Palawan.
She is now working as the resource development officer of Cartwheel Foundation Inc. (CFI).

31. NO. Have no These ethnic communities puro are scattered in different places and
islands and they have contact with one another at all. But amazingly, they have similar settlement
patterns, political leadership, and religious ceremonies.

32. YES The Philippine’s seven thousand one hundred seven islands are home to
more than five hundred Indigenous People Communities. Indigenous Peoples in the world remain one of
the poorest, most included and disadvantaged sectors of society.

33. YES Their economic life of banwa revolves around a combination of

shifting and permanent dry-rice agriculture, abaca plantation, and extensive trade. Wide tracts
of land are cleared and planted to basic staples like rice, corn, sweet potatoes, and the
like. Village specialists are present and are patronized. Some artisans are engaged in
metalsmithing, basket and fabric weaving.

34.YES From my data, Inayan, as word and concept, is language specific and
culture specific to the Kankanaey culture and language. It is deeply rooted in the culture specifically
of the Sagada and Besao Kankanaey tribes, as claimed by informants from these places. To them,
Inayan embodies all virtues/morals of tribal members—humility, truthfulness, fidelity, honesty,
commitment, among others.

35. YES Trading is another important economic activity. Other products they
have collected are sold or exchanged for items which are locally produced. Land is considered to be
an ample and not a scarce good, every family head is entitled to as much land as he feels able to
work. Land selected by an individual, once it has been publicly claimed and properly marked,
becomes strictly his private property.
36.YES While the Northern Benguet Kankanaey informant in illustration # 1
stresses faith in, and respect for, the unseen gods or spirits as the foundation of their Inayan concept,
the Sagada and Besao informants, representing Western Bontok, claim that it is the human conscience
that controls this cultural ethic. In addition to the fear of the supreme being, they say that they
fare what their fellow tribal members will talk about them, which will affect the succeeding
generations of the family.

37. NO. Livelihood There is a common desire for them to participate actively in community
life outside their own. They also see that education can provide them with more access to different
opportunities. According to Rainey, one of the barriers to Indigenous learner’s access to education is
related to their cultures and traditions. There are instances wherein education takes a backseat
because work is a priority

38. YES Rice is a major staple and is considered the prestige crop,
surplus production of which brings about high status for an individual and his family. In the past
future, and to a large extent, even today, inter-and-intra-village trading’s involved high formalized
and ritualized pacts between families within the village, or between villages.

39. NO. Removable word Lagmay (2020) He further said that Inayan has a religious overtone as
it cites a moral from the Ten Commandments, illustrates the popular significance of inayan not as a
warning or caution in the conduct of things and uses inayan as an exclamation to express
disappointment or annoyance. Because of inayan (be careful attitude and fear of the unknown)
one tends to avoid taking risks, but on the other hand it also keeps one from engaging in some good
or unwanted deeds.

40. YES ICCs/IPs shall likewise include peoples who are regarded as indigenous
on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, at the time of
conquest or colonization, or at the time of inroads of non-indigenous religions and cultures, or
the establishment of present state boundaries, who retain some or all of their own social, economic,
cultural and political institutions, but who may have been displaced from their traditional domains or
who may have resettled outside their ancestral domains (RA 8372)