UNIT – 5

STRENGTHING OF EXISTING STRUCTURE

1)When a failure in foundation or footing happens unexpectedly after the completion of whole

structure we go for _______

a) Shoring
b) Underpinning
c) Jacketing
d) Retrofitting

2) Underpinning involves the installation of _

a) Permanent
b) Temporary
c) Neither (a) or (b)
d) Either (a) or (b)

3) The method of underpinning is done to achieve __

a) Additional depth
b) Bearing capacity
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the above

4) Underpinning methods are selected based on

a) Age of the structure

b) Types of works
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the above

5) The age of ancient structures fall under which category ?

a) >150 years
b) 50-150 years
c) < 50 years
d) 50 years

6) The age of recent structures fall under which category ?

a) >150 years
b) 50-150 years
c) < 50 years
d) 50 years
7) The age of modern structures fall under which category ?

a) >150 years
b) 50-150 years
c) < 50 years
d) 50 years

8) Which of the following is not the purpose of underpinning?

a) Additional foundation capacity

b) Arrest excessive settlements
c) Modifying the existing structure
d) All the above

9) When a structure sinks or tilts due to ground subsidence or instability of the super structure we go
for ——

a) Underpinning
b) Jacketing
c) Retrofitting
d) Shoring

10) Choose the methods of underpinning

a) Pit method
b) Pile method
c) Pier and beam method
d) All the above

11) Which among the following is the traditional method of underpinning?

a) Pit method
b) Pile method
c) Pier and beam method
d) Mass concrete underpinning method

12) Extending the old foundation till it reach a stable stratum is——— method of underpinning

a) Pit method
b) Pile method
c) Pier and beam method
d) Mass concrete underpinning method

13) In pile method in order to transfer the load from old foundation to new one a new—— is
provided

a) Pins
b) Structure
c) Joint
d) None of these
14) In pit method short length column of ——— are underpinned

a) 1.2m- 1.8m
b) 1m – 2m
c) 2.5m- 3m
d) 2m- 3.5m

15) If the foundation has to be extended only to one side and the plan posses a stronger interior
column we employ ——— method of underpinning

a) Pit method
b) Pile method
c) Pier and beam method
d) Cantilever needle beam method

16) What are the advantages of cantilever needle beam method?

a) Faster the tradition

b) One side access
c) High load carrying capacity
d) All of the above

17) Digging finds ineconomical when existing is deep in cantilever beam method

a) True
b) False

18) ———— method of underpinning was implement after the second world war

a) Pit method
b) Pile method
c) Pier and beam method
d) Cantilever needle beam method

19) When mass concrete method couldn’t work for a huge depth of foundation, which method of
underpinning is employed?

a) Pit method
b) Pile method
c) Pier and beam method
d) Cantilever needle beam method

20) ——— are placed to transfer the load to mass concrete beam or piers

a) R.C beams
b) Bracings
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None
21) The size and depth of beam that are to be placed in pier and beam underpinning method are
selected on the basis on the ———

a) Ground condition
b) Applied load
c) None of these
d) Both (a) and (b)

22) In mini piled method of underpinning the starter on which the load to be transferred to be located
at a distance of ————

a) >5m
b) 5m
c) <5m
d) None

23) ———— method of underpinning is suitable of varying nature of soil

a) Pit method
b) Pile method
c) Mini pile method
d) Cantilever needle beam method

24) Needle that we penetrate through the wall that is connected to the piles behave like ———

a) Pile caps
b) Needles
c) Beams
d) Caps

25)Settlement in soil due to water clogging or clayey nature can be treated by———

a) Pit method
b) Pile method
c) Mini pile method
d) Cantilever needle beam method

26) The modification of the existing structure to make them more resistance to seismic activity,ground
motion or soil failure due to earthquake is________

a) Retrofitting
b) Shoring
c) Underpinning
d) Jacketing
27) Retrofitting techniques are classified as_________

a) Global
b) Local
c) Usual
d) Both (a) and (b)

28) Adding shear wall, infill wall, bracing wall will come under____ technique of retrofitting

a) Global
b) Local
c) Usual
d) Both (a) and (b)

29) Which of the following are the local techniques of retrofitting?

a) Jacketing
b) Strengthening of individual footing
c) Either (a) or (b)
d) Both (a) and (b)

30) New elements in case of adding new shear wall technique is not preferred in ______ of the
structure

a) Interior
b) Exterior
c) Either of the above
d) Along the reinforcement area

31) Addition of infill walls in the ground storey is done to______

a) Increase lateral stiffness of a storey

b) Replacement of heavy lading
c) Removal of heavy storage
d) All the above

32) When the braces are connected to the frames at the beam column joints, the forces resisted by the
braces are transferred to the joint in the form of______ forces

a) Axial
b) Uniaxial
c) Biaxial
d) Both (b) and (c)

33) How mass reduction done in retrofitting?

a) Demolition of unaccounted additional storey

b) Replacement of heavy lading
c) Removal of heavy storage
d) All the above
34) _______ is the principle to introduce flexibility at the base of the structure in the horizontal plane

a) Mini pile method

b) Cantilever needle beam method
a) Base isolation
b) Jacketing

35) Name the energy dissipation device that is used to increase the adsorption of seismic energy in the
structure?

a) Friction dampers
b) metallic dampers
c) viscous dampers
d) All the above

36) In which of the following cases lateral stiffness of storey can be achieved?

a) Addition of infill walls

b) Addition of shear walls
c) Addition of butress walls
d) Addition of braces

37) What are the advantages on adding steel bracings?

a) Opening for natural light

b) Adds less weight to the existing structure
c) Both(a) and (b)
d) Either of them

38) ______ is the most widely used base isolator that is made of natural rubber or neoprene

a) Elastometric isolators
b) Sliding isolators
c) Spherical isolators
d) Both(b) and (c)

39) The process of removal of mass in order to increase the required strength is_____

a) Mass reduction
b) Base isolation
c) Addition of infill walls
d) Addition of shear walls

40) The method in which the weight of the wall is increased by adding bricks, concrete, steel to
achieve its bearing capacity?

a) Wall thickening technique

b) Addition of infill walls
c) Addition of shear walls
d) Base isolation
41) Which of the following codal provisions underlines the criteria for earthquake resistant design of
structures?

a) Is 1893- 2002
b) Is 13920-1993
c) Is 4326- 1993
d) Is 13935-1993

42) Ductility detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic force code of practice is

a) Is 1893- 2002
b) Is 13920-1993
c) Is 4326- 1993
d) Is 13935-1993

43) A desired performance level can be achieved in retrofitting through _______

a) Shoring
b) Addition of shear walls
c) Jacketing
d) Nonlinear analysis

44) Choose the disadvantages of base isolation

a) Expensive
b) Cannot be applied partially
c) Hard to implement efficiently
d) All the above

45) Choose the advantages of base isolation

a) Lesser seismic loads

b) Lesser damage to the structure
c) Minimal repair of superstructure
d) All the above

46) Among these bracings which is not used in case of seismic regions?

a) K braces
b) V braces
c) X braces
d) Diagonal braces

47) What are the problems faced by structural engineers during retrofitting?

a) Lack of standards
b) Effectiveness
c) Both(a) and (b)
d) Either of them
48) Effectiveness of each methods of retrofitting varies depending upon_____

a) Structures
b) Material conditions
c) Amount of damage
d) All the above

49) List out the need for retrofitting?

a) To reduce hazard
b) To ensure the safety of building
c) To ensure the security of building
d) All the above

50) Pick out the local method of retrofitting

a) Base isolation
b) Addition of infill walls
c) Addition of shear walls
d) Jacketing

51) -----------------is an improvement over the original strength

a) Strengthening
b) Shotcrete
c) Epoxy mortar
d) Gypsum cement mortar

52)Roof truss frames should be braced by ---------------suitable diagonal bracing embers in the
vertical as well as horizontal planes.

a) welding
b) clamping
c) both a) and b)

53)False ceilings of brittle material are dangerous. Non brittle material like ---------------- maybe used

a) hesian cloth,
b) bamboo matting,
c) light ones of foam substances.
d) All the above

54)Slates and roofing tiles are brittle and easily dislodged. Where possible they should be replaced
with corrugated ---------------

a) iron sheeting
b) asbestos sheeting.
c) All the above
55)A number of holes are drilled in the wall(2 to 4 m2). First water is injected in order to wash the
wall inside and to improve the cohesion between the grouted mixture and the wall elements. Secondly
a cement water mixture (1:1) is grouted at low pressure (0. to 0.25 MPa) in the holes starting from the
lower holes and going up. This process is known as-------------

a) Grouting
b) Strengthening with wire mesh
c) Prestressing
d) Poststressing

56)In framed buildings, the lateral resistance can be improved by inserting ---------------

a) knee braces
b) full diagonal braces
c) inserting infill walls.
d) All the above

57)RC columns can best be strengthened by jacketing

a) True
b) False

58)Inadequate sections of RC column and beams can also be strengthened by ----------------

a) removing the cover to old steel,

b) welding new steel to old steel
c) replacing the cover
d) All the above.

59)Improving the drainage of the area to prevent saturation of foundation soil to obviate any problems
of liquefaction which may occur because of poor drainage

a) True
b) False

60)Providing apron around the building to prevent soaking of foundation directly and draining off the
water.

a) True
b) False

61)In jack-arch roofs, flat iron bars or rods may be provided to connect the bottom flanges of I-beams,
connected by bolting or welding.

a) False
b) True
62)The technique of covering the wall with steel mesh and mortar or micro-concrete may be used
only on the outside surface of external walls but maintaining continuity of steel at the corners. This
would strengthen the walls as well as bind them together.

a) False
b) True

63)Masonry arches If the walls have large arched openings in them, it will be necessary to install
------------across them at springing levels

a) tie rods
b) sheets
c) bracing
d) bolts

64)In stone buildings of historic importance consisting of fully dressed stone masonry in good mortar
effective sewing of perpendicular walls can be done by drilling inclined holes through
them--------------,

a) inserting steel rods

b) injecting cement grout
c) both a) and b)
d) none of above

65)Two steel meshes are placed on the two sides of the wall, A20mm to 40 mm thick cement mortar
or microconcrete layer is applied on the two networks thus giving rise to two interconnected vertical
plates.This system can also be used to improve connection of orthogonal walls. This is known
as------------

a) Strengthening with wire mesh

b) Prestressing
c) Poststressing
d) Grouting

66)The lateral strength of buildings can be improved by increasing the strength and stiffness of
existing individual walls whether they are cracked or uncracked. This can be achieved

a) by grouting
b) by addition of vertical reinforced concrete coverings on the two sides of the wall
c) by pre-stressing walls.
d) All the above
67)Stiffening of the slab, This can be achieved

a) by planks nailed perpendicularly to the existing ones,

b) by placing a RC thin stab over the old
c) Both a) and b)
d) None of these

68)Roofs or floors consisting of steel joists and flat or segmental arches must have horizontal ties
holding the joists horizontally in each arch span so as to prevent the spreading of joists. If such ties do
not exist, these should be installed by welding or clamping.

a) True
b) False

69)Since wood is an easily workable material, it will be easy to restore the strength of wooden
members, beams, columns, struts and ties by splicing additional material.

a) True
b) False

70)In the case of severely damaged reinforced concrete member, it is possible that the reinforcement
would have buckled, or elongated or excessive yielding may have occurred. This element can be
repaired by replacing the old portion of steel with new steel using butt welding or lap welding.

a) True
b) False

71)If walls have large cracks, where found necessary, additional shear or flexural reinforcement is
provided in the region of repairs. This reinforcement could be covered by mortar to give further
strength as well as protection to the reinforcement.

a) True
b) False

72)Techniques to restore original strength of damaged wall ---------

a) Strengthening with wire mesh

b) External binding
c) Grouting
d) All the above

73)---------------is a method of applying a combination of sand and port land cement which mixed
pneumatically and conveyed in dry state to the nozzle of a pressure gun, where water is mixed and
hydration takes place just prior to expulsion.

a) Shotcrete
b) Pre-stressing
c) Post-stressing
d) Grouting
74)Epoxy mortar mixture has----------

a) higher compressive strength,

b) higher tensile strength
c) a lower modulus of elasticity than Portland cement concrete.
d) All the above

75)The most common materials for damage repair works of various types of construction ------------

a) cement
b) steel.
c) Both a) and b)
d) Plywood

76)--------------resins are excellent binding agents with high tensile strength.

a) Epoxy
b) Chloride
c) Sulphate
d) Potassium

77)GFRP stands for ---------------

a) Glass fiber reinforced polymer

b) Green fiber reinforced polymer
c) Grass fiber reinforced polymer
d) None of above

78)Existing Repair Methods------------

a) jacking the structure to relieve the loads

b) cutting out the corroded section of steel
c) welding a new steel section into place
d) All the above

79)Seismic Strengthening of a structure is known as-------------

a) Retrofitting
b) Strengthening
c) Restoration
d) Rehabilitation

80)The main aim of -----------is to bring back the aesthetics of the building so that it starts working
and the functioning of building precisely.

a) Repair
b) Maintenance
c) Deterioration
d) Restoration
81)Mechanical type of anchors gives wedging action to provide anchorage. Some of the anchors
provide------------

a) shear resistance
b) tension resistance
c) Both a) and b)
d) None of these

82)Gypsum cement mortar has lowest strength at the failure among other materials of repair.

a) True
b) False

83)This quick setting cement mortar was actually manufactured for the use as a repair material for
reinforced concrete floors that are adjacent to steel blast furnaces.

a) True
b) False

84)Before repairs & rehabilitation of damaged structures it is essential to carryout detailed condition
assessment of the building with non destructive and destructive tests so that suitable remedial
measures and repair techniques could be employed.

a) True
b) False

85)Strengthening techniques

a) Section enlargement
b) External plate bonding
c) External Post-Tensioning
d) Ferrocement laminates
e) Sprayed concrete
f) All the above

86)Strengthening using FRP

a) Sprayed FRP
b) FRP plates / strips
c) Both a) and b)
d) None of above
87)The new load-bearing material-------------

a) High quality concrete

b) Reinforcing steel bars
c) Thin steel plates and straps
d) Post-tensioning tendons
e) FRP composite materials
f) All the above

88)Advantages of RC jacketing -------------

a) Increasing of the load-carrying capacity

b) Increasing of the stiffness.
c) The need to construct a new form work.
d) Both a) and b)

89)Disadvantages of RC jacking ------------

a) Increase in the concrete member size obtained after the jacket

b) The need to construct a new form work.
c) Both a) and b)
d) None of these

90)Processes for applying sprayed concrete. Shotcrete is--------

a) dry mix sprayed concrete

b) wet mix sprayed concrete
c) both a) and b)

91)Strengthening with Ferro cement improves---------

a) cracking resistance
b) flexural stiffness
c) the ultimate loads compared to the original un-strengthened element
d) all the above

92)Plastic and polymer materials that are reinforced with structural fiber such as-----------

a) fiberglass (GFRP)
b) carbon fiber (CFRP)
c) aramid fiber.
d) All the above
93)Benefits of using vinyl ester resin---------

a) it takes shorter time to harden the resin than epoxy resin

b) the mechanical properties of vinyl ester resin are the same as the one of epoxy resin
c) all the above

94)Strengthening of concrete structures includes

a) Foundations
b) Slabs
c) walls
d) Beams
e) Columns
f) Masonry walls
g) All the above

95)Strengthening of R. C. beams

a) Increasing both the reinforcing steel bars and the cross sectional area of concrete
b) Tensile and/or shear capacity is to be increased by gluing steel sheets / carbon fiber
reinforced laminates into a lower and/or side surface of the beam
c) All the above

96)The post-tensioning forces are delivered by:

a) Standard pre-stressing tendons

b) High-strength steel rods
c) All the above

97)Advantages of carbon fibres-----------

a) High elastic modulus, especially pitch based fibre

b) High strength, especially PAN based fibre
c) Good thermal stability in the absence of oxygen
d) All the above

98)Types of Wire mesh reinforcement used in Ferrocement------------

a) Hexagonal wire mesh

b) Square mesh
c) Three-dimensional mesh
d) All the above

99)Properties of FRC--------------

a) Fibres improve the impact and abrasion resistance of concrete.

b) It posses high compressive strength.
c) It posses low thermal and electrical conductivity.
d) All the above
100)The strengthening of structural members involves…….

a) Increasing the depth and width of members

b) providing an overlay & bonding with metal plates

c) None of the above

d) both a and b

102)The principle types of damages are…….

a) Increases in strength of concrete

b) Cracking and spalling of concrete

c) Nil discolouration

d) None of the above

103) Jacketing consists of ……………of an existing member by encasing it in a new concrete.

a) Restoring or increasing the section

b) Restoring or decreasing the section

c) Repair the section

d) None of the above

104) The design techniques used to reduce deflections of reinforced concrete beams and slabs is

a) Removing the tension reinforcement

b) Introducing the compression reinforcement

c) Decrease the prestressing

d) Make the element shorter.

105)Characteristics of good coatings to reinforcement involves…

a) Excellent waterproofing property

b) Low durable

c) Acceptance to abrasion

d) Maximum viscous

106)The preventive measure to be adopted to make the structure stable against marine exposure is

a) Protective coating to steel reinforcement

b) Corrosion inhibitors

c) None of the above

d) Both a and b
107)The chemical disruptions involved in concrete structures are…

a) Sulphate Attack

b) Discoloration

c) Patching

d) None of the above

108) The leakage in rc structures are arrested by

a) Jacketing

b) Epoxy resin injection

c) Blanketing

d) None of the above

109)A dilapidated structure means the structure that has ………. .and most of the major components
of the structure have lost their strength and they will collapse at any time.

a) Lost its functional value

b) Gain its functional value

c) Remains same in its functional value

d) None of the above

110)The carrying capacity of fire damaged members can be restored by ……the cross section with

suitable increase in the longitudinal steel

a) Decreasing, increase
b) Decreasing, decrease

c) Increasing, increase

d) Increasing, decrease

111)How to identify the corrosion effects in structures.

a)Brown marks associated with the cracks

b)Nil cracks on the beam and column

c)None of the above

d)Both a and b

112)Blanketing is similar to ………on a large scale and applicable for sealing both active and
dormant

cracks and joints.

a) Overlay

b) Grouting

c) Routing and sealing

d) Autogenous healing

113) Overlays are used to

a) Reduce corrosion

b) Seal water entering

c) Seal cracks
d) Reduce discoloration.

114) The ………strength of a cracked concrete section can be restored by stitching in a manner
similar to sewing cloth.

a) Shear

b) Compressive

c) Tensile

d) Bond

115) Coefficient of expansion of aggregate for ordinary Concrete value is

a) 6 ×10 -8/ o C

b) 9 ×10 -6/ o C

c) 19 ×10 -6/ o C

d) 9 ×10 -8/ o C

116) Whether pre-planning activities to be done before demolition of a structure…

a) Yes

b) No

c) May be

d) None of the above

117)Majors factors to be considered in selecting an appropriate demolition technique include:-

a) Not considering the Safety of personnel and public

b) Working methods

c) Non-Legislation applicable

d) Irrespective of Insurance cover

118)The BSI Code of Practice for Demolition

a) BS 6178

b) BS 6817

c) BS 6187

d) BS 1687

119)The choice of demolition technique will depend on ……………and its environment.

a) the nature of the site

b) the nature of the climate

c) the nature of the people

d) the nature of the building or structure

120)Piecemeal demolition can be done by using

a) hand-held tools or machines

b) Only hand-held tools

c) Only machines

d) None of the above

121)Piecemeal demolition technique is usedto

a) reduce the height of the building or structure suddenly

b) reduce the width of the building or structure gradually

c) reduce the height of the building or structure gradually

d) reduce the width of the building or structure suddenly

122)Deliberate collapse demolition is …

a) Uncontrolled Technique

b) Controlled Technique

123) The equipment’s involved in Piecemeal demolition technique are

a)Balling machine

b)Pusher arm

c)None of the above

d) Both a and b
124)In Overturning - Wire Rope Pullingmethod the application of a ……….at a high level by pulling

with wire ropes attached to winches or vehicles, and allowing the impact on overturning to demolish
the building or structure.

a) Vertical force

b) Horizontal force

c) Eccentric Loading

d) Shear force

125)An implosion is an event where something collapses takes place in

a)Inward

b)Outward

c)None of the above

d)Both a and b

126) An Explosion is an event where something collapses takes place in

a) Inward

b) Outward

c) None of the above

d) Both a and b
127)In implosion the collapses are occured, because the external atmospheric pressure is …than the

internal pressure.

a) Lesser

b) Greater

c) Equal to

128)Deliberate controlled collapse demolition is usually achieved either by …..key structural

elements

a) Adding

b) Removing

c) Replacing

d) None of the above

129)Deliberate controlled collapse demolition is done by

a) Explosives

b) Wire rope pulling method

c) Both a and b

d) None of the above

130)An apartment building called Faith, which was being constructed at Moulivakkam is demolised
using…

a) Wire rope pulling method

b) Balling Method
c) Explosive method

d) Pusher arm method

131) -----------------is an improvement overthe original strength

e) Strengthening
f) Shotcrete
g) Epoxy mortar
h) Gypsum cement mortar
132)Roof truss frames should be bracedby ---------------suitable diagonal bracing embers in the
vertical as well as horizontal planes.
d) welding
e) clamping
f) both a) and b)
133)False ceilings of brittle material aredangerous. Non brittle material like ---------------- maybe used
e) hesian cloth,
f) bamboo matting,
g) light ones of foam substances.
h) All the above
134)Slates and roofing tiles are brittle andeasily dislodged. Where possiblethey should be replaced
with corrugated ---------------
d) iron sheeting
e) asbestos sheeting.
f) All the above
135) A number of holes are drilled in the wall(2 to 4 m2). First water is injected in order to wash the
wall inside and to improve the cohesion between the grouted mixture and the wall elements. Secondly
a cement water mixture (1:1) is grouted at low pressure (0. to 0.25 MPa) in the holes starting from the
lower holes and going up. This process is known as-------------
e) Grouting
f) Strengthening with wire mesh
g) Prestressing
h) Poststressing
136)In framed buildings, the lateral resistance can be improved by inserting ---------------
e) knee braces
f) full diagonalbraces
g) inserting infill walls.
h) All the above
137)RC columns can best be strengthenedby jacketing
c) True
d) False
138)Inadequate sections of RC columnand beams can also be strengthenedby ----------------
e) removing the cover to old steel,
f) welding new steel to old steel
g) replacing the cover
 h) All the above.
139) Improving the drainage of the area to prevent saturation of foundation soil to obviate any
problems of liquefaction which may occur because of poor drainage
c) True
d) False
140)Providing apron around the building to prevent soaking of foundation directly and draining off
the water.
c) True
d) False
141)In jack-arch roofs, flat iron bars or rods may be provided to connect the bottom flanges of I-
beams, connected by bolting or welding.
c) False
d) True

141)The technique of covering the wall with steel mesh and mortar or micro-concrete may be used
only on the outside surface of external walls but maintaining continuity of steel at the corners. This
would strengthen the walls as well as bind them together.
c) False
d) True
142) Masonry arches If the walls have large arched openings in them, it will be necessary to install
------------across them at springing levels
e) tie rods
f) sheets
g) bracing
h) bolts
143)In stone buildings of historic importance consisting of fully dressed stone masonry in good
mortar effective sewing of perpendicular walls can be done by drilling inclined holes through
them--------------,
e) inserting steel rods
f) injecting cement grout
g) both a) and b)
h) none of above
144)Two steel meshes are placed on the two sides of the wall, A20mm to 40 mm thick cement mortar
or micro concrete layer is applied on the two networks thus giving rise to two interconnected vertical
plates. This system can also be used to improve connection of orthogonal walls. This is known
as------------
e) Strengthening with wire mesh
f) Prestressing
g) Poststressing
h) Grouting
145)The lateral strength of buildings can be improved by increasing the strength and stiffness of
existing individual walls whether they are cracked or uncracked. This can be achieved
 e) by grouting
f) byaddition of vertical reinforced concrete coverings on the two sides of the wall
g) bypre-stressing walls.
h) All the above

146)Stiffening of the slab, This can be achieved

e) by planks nailed perpendicularly to the existing ones,
f) by placing a RC thin stab over the old
g) Both a) and b)
h) None of these
147)Roofs or floors consisting of steel joists and flat or segmental arches must have horizontal ties
holding the joists horizontally in each arch span so as to prevent the spreading of joists. If such ties
do not exist, these should be installed by welding or clamping.
c) True
d) False
148)Since wood is an easily workable material, it will be easy to restore the strength of wooden
members, beams, columns, struts and ties by splicing additional material.
c) True
d) False
149)In the case of severely damaged reinforced concrete member, it is possible that the reinforcement
would have buckled, or elongated or excessive yielding may have occurred. This element can be
repaired by replacing the old portion of steel with new steel using butt welding or lap welding.
c) True
d) False
150)If walls have large cracks, where found necessary, additional shear or flexural reinforcement is
provided in the region of repairs. This reinforcement could be covered by mortar to give further
strength as well as protection to the reinforcement.
c) True
d) False
151)Techniques to restore original strength of damaged wall ---------
e) Strengthening with wire mesh
f) External binding
g) Grouting
h) All the above
152)---------------is a method of applying a combination of sand and port land cement which mixed
pneumatically and conveyed in dry state to the nozzle of a pressure gun, where water is mixed and
hydration takes place just prior to expulsion.
e) Shotcrete
Prestressing
f) Poststressing
g) Grouting
153)Epoxy mortar mixture has----------
 e) higher compressive strength,
f) higher tensile strength
g) a lower modulus of elasticity than Portland cement concrete.
h) All the above

154)The most common materials for damage repair works of various types of construction ------------
e) cement
f) steel.
g) Both a) and b)
h) Plywood

155)--------------resins are excellent binding agents with high tensile strength.

e) Epoxy
f) Chloride
g) Sulphate
h) Potassium
156)GFRP stands for ---------------
e) Glass fiber reinforced polymer
f) Green fiber reinforced polymer
g) Grass fiber reinforced polymer
h) None of above
157)Existing Repair Methods------------
e) jacking the structure to relieve the loads
f) cutting out the corroded section of steel
g) welding a new steel section into place
h) All the above
158)Seismic Strengthening of a structure is known as-------------
e) Retrofitting
f) Strengthening
g) Restoration
h) Rehabilitatio
159. The main aim of -----------is to bring back the aesthetics of the building so that it starts
working and the functioning of building precisely.
e) Repair
f) Maintenance
g) Deterioration
h) Restoration
160. Mechanical type of anchors gives wedging action to provide anchorage. Some of the anchors
provide------------
e) shear resistance
f) tension resistance
g) Both a) and b)
h) None of these
161. Gypsum cement mortarhas lowest strength at the failure among other materials of
repair.
c) True
d) False

162. This quick setting cement mortar was actually manufactured for the use as a repair
material for reinforcedconcrete floors that are adjacent to steel blast furnaces.
c) True
d) False
163. Before repairs & rehabilitation of damaged structures it is essential to carryout
detailed conditionassessment of the building with non destructive and destructive tests so
that suitable remedialmeasures and repair techniques could be employed.
164. Before repairs & rehabilitation of damaged structures it is essential to carryout
detailed conditionassessment of the building with non destructive and destructive tests so
that suitable remedialmeasures and repair techniques could be employed.
c) True
d) False
165. Strengthening techniques
g) Section enlargement
h) External plate bonding
i) External Post-Tensioning
j) Ferrocement laminates
k) Sprayed concrete
l) All the above
166. Strengthening using FRP
e) Sprayed FRP
f) FRP plates / strips
g) Both a) and b)
h) None of above
167. The new load-bearing material-------------
g) High quality concrete
h) Reinforcing steel bars
i) Thin steel plates and straps
j) Post-tensioning tendons
k) FRP composite materials
l) All the above
168. Advantages of RC jacketing -------------
e) Increasing of the load-carryingcapacity
f) Increasing of the stiffness.
g) The need to construct a newformwork.
h) Both a) and b)
169. Disadvantages of RC jacking ------------
e) Increase in the concretemember size obtained after thejacket
f) The need to construct a newformwork.
g) Both a) and b)
h) None of these
170. Processes forapplying sprayed concreteie. Shotcrete is--------
d) dry mix sprayed concrete
e) wet mix sprayed concrete
f) both a) and b)
171. Strengthening with Ferro cementimproves---------
e) cracking resistance
f) flexural stiffness
g) the ultimate loads compared tothe original un-strengthened element
h) all the above
172. Plastic and polymer materials thatare reinforced with structural fibersuch as-----------
e) fiberglass (GFRP)
f) carbon fiber (CFRP)
g) aramid fiber.
h) All the above
173. Benefits of using vinyl ester resin---------
d) it takes shorter time to hardenthe resin than epoxy resin
e) the mechanical properties ofvinyl ester resin are the sameas the one of epoxy resin
f) all the above
174. Strengthening of concretestructures includes
h) Foundations
i) Slabs
j) walls
k) Beams
l) Columns
m) Masonry walls
n) All the above
175. Strengthening of R. C. beams
d) Increasing both the reinforcingsteel bars and the cross sectional area of concrete
e) Tensile and/or shear capacity is tobe increased by gluing steelsheets / carbon fiber
reinforcedlaminates into a lower and/orside surface of the beam
f) All the above
176. The post-tensioning forces aredelivered by:
d) Standard pre-stressing tendons
e) High-strength steel rods
f) All the above
177. Advantages of carbon fibres-----------
e) High elastic modulus, especially pitch based fibre
f) High strength, especially PAN based fibre
g) Good thermal stability in the absence of oxygen
h) All the above
178. Types of Wire mesh reinforcement used in Ferrocement------------
e) Hexagonal wire mesh
f) Square mesh
g) Three-dimensional mesh
h) All the above
179. Properties of FRC--------------
e) Fibres improve the impact and abrasion resistance of concrete.
f) Itposses high compressive strength.
g) Itposses low thermal and electrical conductivity.
h) All the above
180. When a construction is done above the 1.5m height then a temporary structure is needed to support
the labours to continue the construction process. What are these structures called?

(a) seismic weight

(b) building configuration

(c) scaffoldings

(d) fibers

181. What to do to the existing buildings to increase their load carrying capacity?

(a) Strengthening

(b) Maintaining

(c) Investigating

(d) None of the above

182. Which among these are the methods to strengthen concrete structures?

(a) Concrete Jacketing

(b) Concrete Replacement

(c) Retrofitting by steel materials

(d) FRP laminates

(e) All the above

183. Which method is called as traditional retrofitting method?

(a) Concrete Jacketing

(b) Concrete Replacement

(c) Retrofitting by steel materials

(d) FRP laminates

184. Which method among these focuses on increase in structure thickness ?

(a) Concrete Jacketing

(b) Scaffolding

(c) Fibre reinforcement

(d) None of the above

185. Which among these is the simplest and cheapest way to restore the strength and ductility of RCC
structure?

(a) Concrete replacement

(b) FRP laminates

(c) Retrofitting

(d) All the above

186. If the cracks are reasonably small (opening width = 0.075 cm), what is the technique used to
restore the original tensile strength of the cracked element?

(a) Concrete Jacketing

(b) Pressure Injection by epoxy

(c) Retrofitting

(d) None of the above

187. Which material has the lowest strength among these ?

(a) Shortcrete

(b) Quick setting cement mortar

(c) Epoxy mortar

(d) Gypsum cement mortar

188. What is the first step in the process of concrete replacement?

(a) Bonding coat

(b) Smoothening

(c) Substrate penetration

(d) Corrosion protection

189. Which method only adds a small weight to the old structure?

(a) Concrete replacement

(b) Concrete jacketing

(c) Retrofitting

(d) Polymer laminates

190. Which one is commonly used for moment resisting frame structures?

(a) Retrofitting by steel bracing

(b) Retrofitting by steel sections

(c) Both a and b

(d) None of the above

191 What are added to the RCC surface which increases strength, stiffness and ductility?

(a) Steel plate sections

(b) Steel bracings

(c) Both a and b

(d) None of the above

192.Which among these increases the seismic performance of the structure?

(a) Steel plate sections

(b) Steel bracings

(c) Both a and b

(d) None of the above

193. What gains high strength and high resistance to corrosion?

(a) Steel plate sections

(b) Steel bracings

(c) FRP laminates

(d) Concrete replacement

194. Which among these is a composite material?

(a) FRP

(b) Steel bracing

(c) Steel plates

(d) All the above

195 FRP refers to

(a) Fibre reinforced plate

(b) Fibre reinforced polymer

(c) Fibre reinforced paste

(d) None of the above

196.What is used in different forms for retrofitting ?

(a) FRP

(b) Steel plates

(c) Steel bracing

(d) Fibre

197._________ is defined as the process of modification of existing structures like buildings, bridges,
heritage structures to make them more resistant to the seismic activity and other natural calamities.

(a) Bracing

(b) Maintaining

(c) Retrofitting

(d) None of the above

198. Which is the popularly used method for strengthening of building columns and beams?
(a) Bracing

(b) Maintaining

(c) Retrofitting

(d) Jacketing
199. What improves the axial and shear strength of columns?
(a) Bracing

(b) Maintaining

(c) Retrofitting

(d) Column Jacketing

199. Which is not successful for improving the ductility?

(a) Bracing

(b) Maintaining

(c) Retrofitting

(d) Column Jacketing

200. Which consists of added concrete with longitudinal and transverse reinforcement around existing
columns?

(a) Column Jacketing

(b) Steel sectioning

(c) Retrofitting

(d) Steel bracing

201. RCC Jacketing should have compressive strength greater than that of existing structures by
______ or equal to that of existing structure.

(a) 10 N/mm2

(b) 5 N/mm2

(c) 15 N/mm2

(d) 20 N/mm2

202. The gap should be _________ to prevent any possible increase in flexural capacity.

(a) Broad

(b) Narrow

(c)Both
203. Minimum width of jacketing should be ______ for concrete cast in place and ______ for
shortcrete

(a) 10cm , 4cm

(b) 4cm , 6cm

(c) 4cm , 10cm

(d) 10mm , 4mm

204. __________ behaviour of composite column should be assured.

(a) monolithic

(b) polylithic

(c) Flexible

(d) Rigid

205. Spacing of longitudinal reinforcement should not exceed ___ times of the width in RCC jacketing.

(a) 12

(b) 10

(c) 6

(d) 4

206. Wetting the old concrete surface for at least 24 hrs before the new concrete layer is casted is
called

(a) Surafce post wetting

(b) Surface pre wetting

(c) Pneumatic hammering

(d) None of the above

207.Which bonds new concrete and old concrete?

(a) Shear key

(b) Surfacing

(c) Pneumatic hammering

(d) None of the above

208. HDC means High Durability Concrete

209. If ________ was used , the rupture mode changes from interface rupture to monolithic rupture.

(a) HPC

(b) HDC

(c) SSC

(d) PCC

210.How many anchor bolts are intended to stiffen the steel jacket and improve confinement of the
splice ?

(a) 3

(b) 4

(c) 2

(d) 5

211. Which is the viable alternative to steel in some applications?

(a) FRP Jacketing

(b) Steel bracing

(c) Steel plating

(d) All the above

212.Which among these is not used as fibres in FRP?

(a) Wood

(b) Glass

(c) Carbon

(d) Aramid

213. Fibres are

(a) Anisotropic
(b) Isotropic

(c) Both a and b

214. Fibres mechanical property vary based on the _______ along which the properties are measured.

(a) Width

(b) Axis

(c) Length

(d) Depth

215.Which gives continuity to the columns and increases the strength and stiffness of the structure?

(a) Beam Jacketing

(b) FRP

(c) Column Jacketing

(d) All the above

216. The beam should be jacketed through its ________ length.

(a) 3/4th

(b) Half

(c) Whole

(d) 1/4th

217.Percentage of steel on the jacket should be limited to ______ of the total area of composite section.

(a) 30

(b) 50

(c) 45

(d) 40