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Contact us This article is about King Saul, the biblical figure found in the Hebrew Bible. For the New Testament figure known as Saul of Tarsus, see Paul the Apostle. For other uses, see Saul
Donate (disambiguation).

Contribute Saul (/sɔːl/; Hebrew: ‫ ָשׁאוּל‬, romanized: Šāʾūl; Greek: Σαούλ; transl. "asked/prayed for"), according to the Hebrew Bible, was the first
Saul
monarch of the United Kingdom of Israel. His reign, traditionally placed in the late 11th century BCE,[1] supposedly marked the transition of
Help ‫שׁאוּל‬
ָ
Learn to edit Israel and Judah from a scattered tribal society to organized statehood.[2]
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Saul's life and reign are described primarily in the Hebrew Bible. According to the text, he was anointed by Samuel and reigned from
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Gibeah. He "fell on his sword" (committed suicide) to avoid being captured by the Philistines during a battle at Mount Gilboa, in which
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three of his sons were killed. The succession to his throne was contested between his only surviving son, Ish-bosheth, and his son-in-law,
Tools David, who eventually prevailed. According to the Hebrew text of the Bible, Saul reigned for two years, but scholars generally agree that
What links here the text is faulty and that a reign of 20 or 22 years is more probable.[1]
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Special pages Contents [hide]
Permanent link 1 Biblical account
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1.1 House of King Saul
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1.2 Anointed as king
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1.3 Saul among the prophets
Print/export 1.4 Military victories
Download as PDF 1.5 Rejection Saul depicted in a detail from an 1878 oil
Printable version 1.6 Saul and David painting by Ernst Josephson
1.7 Battle of Gilboa and the death of King Saul King of Israel
In other projects
2 Biblical criticism Reign c. 1037–1010 BCE
Wikimedia Commons
3 Classical rabbinical views Predecessor Position established
Languages 4 In Islam Successor Ish-bosheth
Brezhoneg 4.1 Name
Died c. 1010 BCE
Català 4.2 Saul as the King of Israel
Jezreel Valley, United Kingdom
Deutsch 5 Historicity of Israel
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6 Psychological analyses Spouses Ahinoam
Français
7 See also Rizpah (concubine)
Italiano
Nederlands 8 References Issue Ish-bosheth
Occitan 9 Bibliography Jonathan
Português Abinadab
10 External links
Melchishua
53 more Merab
Michal
Edit links Biblical account [ edit ] Armoni and Mephibosheth

The biblical accounts of Saul's life are found in the Books of Samuel: Names
Saul ben Kish (‫)שאול בן קיש‬
House of King Saul [ edit ] House House of Saul

According to the Tanakh, Saul was the son of Kish, of the family of the Matrites, and a member of the tribe of Benjamin, one of the twelve Father Kish

Tribes of Israel. It appears that he came from Gibeah.[3] Religion Yahwism

Saul married Ahinoam, daughter of Ahimaaz, with whom he sired at least seven sons (Jonathan, Abinadab, Malchishua , Ishvi, Armani,
Mephibosheth and Ish-bosheth) and two daughters (Merab and Michal).[4]

Saul also had a concubine named Rizpah, daughter of Aiah, who bore him two sons, Armoni and Mephibosheth.[5]

Saul died at the Battle of Mount Gilboa,[6] and was buried in Zelah, in the region of Benjamin.[7] Three of Saul's sons – Jonathan, Abinadab, and
Malchishua – died with him at Mount Gilboa.[8] Ish-bosheth became king of Israel, at the age of forty. At David's request Abner had Michal
returned to David. Ish-bosheth reigned for two years, but after the death of Abner, was killed by two of his own captains.[9]

During a famine, God told king David that the famine happened because of how Saul treated the Gibeonites. The Gibeonites told David that
only the death of seven of Saul's sons would compensate them for losing their livelihood after the priests at Nob were killed under Saul's
orders.[10][11] David then granted the Gibeonites the jurisdiction to individually execute Saul's surviving seven sons.[12] The Gibeonites killed all
seven, and hung up their bodies at the sanctuary at Gibeah.[13] For five months their bodies were hung out in the elements, and the grieving
Rizpah guarded them from being eaten by the beasts and birds of prey.[14] Finally, David had the bodies taken down and buried in the family
grave at Zelah with the remains of Saul and their half-brother Jonathan.[15] Michal was childless.[16]

The only male descendant of Saul to survive was Mephibosheth, Jonathan's lame son,[17] who was five years old at the time of his father's and
grandfather's deaths. In time, he came under the protection of David.[18] Mephibosheth had a young son, Micah,[19] who had four sons and David and Saul (1885) by Julius
Kronberg.
descendants named until the ninth generation.[20]

Anointed as king [ edit ]

The First Book of Samuel gives three accounts of Saul's rise to the throne in three successive chapters:

Saul is sent with a servant to look for his father's strayed donkeys. Leaving his home at Gibeah, they eventually arrive at the district of Zuph,
at which point Saul suggests abandoning their search. Saul's servant tells him that they happen to be near the town of Ramah, where a
famous seer is located, and suggests that they should consult him first. The seer (later identified by the text as Samuel) offers hospitality to
Saul and later anoints him in private.[21][22]
A popular movement having arisen to establish a centralized monarchy like other nations, Samuel assembles the people at Mizpah in
Benjamin to appoint a king, fulfilling his previous promise to do so.[23] Samuel organises the people by tribe and by clan. Using the Urim and
Thummim,[24] he selects the tribe of Benjamin, from within the tribe selecting the clan of Matri, and from them selecting Saul. After having
been chosen as monarch, Saul returns to his home in Gibeah, along with a number of followers.[25][26] However, some of the people are
openly unhappy with the selection of Saul.
The Ammonites, led by Nahash, lay siege to Jabesh-Gilead. Under the terms of surrender, the occupants of the city are to be forced into
slavery and have their right eyes removed. Instead they send word of this to the other tribes of Israel, and the tribes west of the Jordan
assemble an army under Saul. Saul leads the army to victory over the Ammonites, and the people congregate at Gilgal where they acclaim
Saul as king and he is crowned.[27][22] Saul's first act is to forbid retribution against those who had previously contested his kingship.
"Death of King Saul", 1848 by Elie
André Lemaire finds the third account probably the most reliable tradition.[28] The Pulpit Commentary distinguishes between a private and a Marcuse (Germany and France, 1817–
1902)
public selection process.[29]

Saul among the prophets [ edit ]

Having been anointed by Samuel, Saul is told of signs indicating that he has been divinely appointed. The last of these is that Saul will be met by an ecstatic group of prophets leaving a
high place and playing the lyre, tambourine, and flutes. Saul encounters the ecstatic prophets and joins them.[26] Later, Saul sends men to pursue David, but when they meet a group of
ecstatic prophets playing music, they are overcome by the Spirit of God and join in giving prophetic words. Saul sends more men, but they too join the prophets. Eventually, Saul
himself goes and also joins the prophets.[30]

Military victories [ edit ]

After relieving the siege of Jabesh-Gilead, Saul conducts military campaigns against the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Aram Rehob and the kings of Zobah, the Philistines, and the
Amalekites.[31][3] A biblical summary states that "wherever he turned, he was victorious".[32]

In the second year of his reign, King Saul, his son Jonathan, and a small force of a few thousand Israelite soldiers defeated a massive Philistine force of 3,000 chariots, 6,000
horsemen, and more than 30,000 infantry in the pass of Michmash. After the battle, Saul instructs his armies, by a rash oath, to fast. Methodist commentator Joseph Benson suggests
that "Saul's intention in putting this oath was undoubtedly to save time, lest the Philistines should gain ground of them in their flight. But the event showed it was a false policy; for the
people were so faint and weak for want of food, that they were less able to follow and slay the Philistines than if they had stopped to take a moderate refreshment".[33] Jonathan's party
were not aware of the oath and ate honey, resulting in Jonathan realising that he had broken an oath of which he was not aware, but was nevertheless liable for its breach, until popular
intervention allowed Jonathan to be saved from death on account of his victory over the Philistines.[34]

Rejection [ edit ]

During Saul's campaign against the Philistines, Samuel said that he would arrive in seven days to perform the requisite rites. When a week
passed with no word of Samuel, and with the Israelites growing restless, Saul prepares for battle by offering sacrifices. Samuel arrives just
as Saul is finishing sacrificing and reprimands Saul for not obeying his instructions.

Several years after Saul's victory against the Philistines at Michmash Pass, Samuel instructs Saul to make war on the Amalekites and to
"utterly destroy" them including all their livestock[35] in fulfilment of a mandate set out:[36]

When the Lord your God has given you rest from all your enemies on every hand, in the land that the Lord your God is giving you as an
inheritance to possess, you shall blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; do not forget.

Having forewarned the Kenites who were living among the Amalekites to leave, Saul goes to war and defeats the Amalekites. Saul kills all
the men, women, children and poor quality livestock, but leaves alive the king, Agag, and best livestock. When Samuel learns that Saul
has not obeyed his instructions in full and tries to justify it by using the livestock to perform animal sacrifices in a self-righteous manner, he
informs Saul that God has rejected him as king. As Samuel turns to go, Saul seizes hold of his garments and tears off a piece; Samuel
prophesies that the kingdom will likewise be torn from Saul. Samuel then kills Agag himself. Samuel and Saul each return home and never
meet again after these events.[37]

Saul and David [ edit ]

Saul and the Witch of Endor by Gustave
After Samuel tells Saul that God has rejected him as king, David, a son of Jesse, from the tribe of Judah, enters the story: from this point Dore.
on Saul's story is largely the account of his increasingly troubled relationship with David.
 Samuel heads to Bethlehem, ostensibly to offer sacrifice and invited Jesse and his sons. Dining together, Jesse's sons are brought one
by one to Samuel, each being rejected; at last, Jesse sends for David, the youngest, who is tending sheep. When brought to Samuel,
David is anointed by him in front of his other brothers.
In 1 Samuel 16:25-23, Saul is troubled by an evil spirit sent by God.[38] He requests soothing music, and a servant recommends David
the son of Jesse, who is renowned for his skills as a harpist and other talents:[39]
a son of Jesse the Bethlehemite, who is skillful in playing, a mighty man of valor, a man of war, prudent in speech, and a handsome
person; and the Lord is with him
When word of Saul's needs reaches Jesse, he sends David, who had been looking after Jesse's flock, with gifts as a tribute,[40] and
David is appointed as Saul's armor bearer. With Jesse's permission he remains at court, playing the harp as needed to calm Saul
during his troubled spells.[41]
David Plays the Harp for Saul, by
The Philistines return with an army to attack Israel, and the Philistine and Israelite forces gather on opposite sides of a valley. The Rembrandt van Rijn, c. 1650 and 1670.

Philistine's champion Goliath issues a challenge for single combat, but none of the Israelite accept. David is described as a young
shepherd who happens to be delivering food to his three eldest brothers in the army, and he hears Goliath's challenge. David speaks mockingly of the Philistines to some soldiers;
his speech is overheard and reported to Saul, who summons David and appoints David as his champion. David easily defeats Goliath with a single shot from a sling. At the end of
the passage, Saul asks his general, Abner, who David is.[42]

Saul offered his elder daughter Merab as a wife to the now popular David, after his victory over Goliath, but David demurred. David distinguishes himself in the Philistine wars. Upon
David's return from battle, the women praise him in song:

Saul has slain his thousands and David his tens of thousands [43]

implying that David is the greater warrior. Saul fears David's growing popularity and henceforth views him as a rival to the throne.

Saul's son Jonathan and David become close friends. Jonathan recognizes David as the rightful king, and "made a covenant with David, because he loved him as his own soul."[44]
Jonathan even gives David his military clothes, symbolizing David's position as successor to Saul.

On two occasions, Saul threw a spear at David as he played the harp for Saul. David becomes increasingly successful and Saul
becomes increasingly resentful. Now Saul actively plots against David. Saul offered his other daughter, Michal in marriage to
David. David initially rejects this offer also, claiming he is too poor. Saul offers to accept a bride price of 100 Philistine foreskins,
intending that David die in the attempt. Instead, David obtains 200 foreskins and is consequently married to Michal. Jonathan
arranges a short-lived reconciliation between Saul and David and for a while David served Saul "as in times past"[45] until "the
distressing spirit from the Lord" re-appeared. Saul sends assassins in the night, but Michal helps him escape, tricking them by
placing a household idol in his bed. David flees to Jonathan, who arranges a meeting with his father. While dining with Saul,
Jonathan explains David's absence, saying he has been called away to his brothers. But Saul sees through the ruse and
reprimands Jonathan for protecting David, warning him that his love of David will cost him the kingdom, furiously throwing a spear
at him. The next day, Jonathan meets with David and tells him Saul's intent. The two friends say their goodbyes, and David flees
into the countryside. Saul later marries Michal to another man.

Saul is later informed by his head shepherd, Doeg the Edomite, that high priest Ahimelech assisted David, giving him the sword of
Goliath, which had been kept at the temple at Nob. Doeg kills Ahimelech and eighty-five other priests and Saul orders the death of
the entire population of Nob.

David had left Nob by this point and had amassed some 300 dissatisfied men, including some outlaws. With these men David
rescues the town of Keilah from a Philistine attack. Saul realises he could trap David and his men by laying the city to siege. David
realizes that the citizens of Keilah will betray him to Saul. He flees to Ziph pursued by Saul. Saul hunts David in the vicinity of Ziph
on two occasions:

Some of the inhabitants of Ziph betray David's location to Saul, but David hears about it and flees with his men to Maon. Saul Saul threatening David, by José Leonardo.

follows David, but is forced to break off pursuit when the Philistines invade. After dealing with that threat Saul tracks David to
the caves at Engedi. As he searches the cave David manages to cut off a piece of Saul's robe without being discovered, yet David restrains his men from harming the king. David
then leaves the cave, revealing himself to Saul, and gives a speech that persuades Saul to reconcile.
On the second occasion, Saul returns to Ziph with his men. When David hears of this, he slips into Saul's camp by night, and again restrains his men from killing the king; instead he
steals Saul's spear and water jug, leaving his own spear thrust into the ground by Saul's side. The next day, David reveals himself to Saul, showing the jug and spear as proof that
he could have slain him. David then persuades Saul to reconcile with him; the two swear never to harm each other. After this they never see each other again.

Battle of Gilboa and the death of King Saul [ edit ]

The Philistines make war again, assembling at Shunem, and Saul leads his army to face them at Mount Gilboa. Before the battle he
goes to consult a medium or witch at Endor. The medium, unaware of his identity, reminds him that the king has made witchcraft a
capital offence, but he assures her that Saul will not harm her. She conjures the spirit of the prophet Samuel, who before his death
had prophesied that he would lose the kingdom. Samuel tells him that God has fully rejected him, will no longer hear his prayers, has
given the kingdom to David and that the next day he will lose both the battle and his life. Saul collapses in fear, and the medium
restores him with food in anticipation of the next day's battle.

The Books of Samuel give conflicting accounts of Saul's death.[46][47][48] In 1 Samuel, and in a parallel account in 1 Chronicles 10, the
defeated Israelites flee from the enemy and Saul asks his armour bearer to kill him, but the armour bearer refuses, and so Saul falls
upon his own sword. In 2 Samuel, an Amalekite tells David he found Saul leaning on his spear after the battle and delivered the coup
de grâce; David has the Amalekite put to death for having killed the Lord's anointed king.

The victorious Philistines recover Saul's body as well as those of his three sons who also died in the battle, decapitate them and
display them on the wall of Beth-shan. They display Saul's armour in the temple of Ashtaroth (an Ascalonian temple of the
Canaanites). But at night the inhabitants of Jabesh-Gilead retrieve the bodies for cremation and burial.[49] Later on, David takes the
bones of Saul and of his son Jonathan and buries them in Zela, in the tomb of his father.[50][51] The account in 1 Chronicles
summarises by stating that:
The Battle of Gilboa, by Jean Fouquet, the
Saul died for his unfaithfulness which he had committed against the Lord, because he did not keep the word of the Lord, and also protagonists depicted anachronistically with 15th
because he consulted a medium for guidance.[52] Century armour

Biblical criticism [ edit ]

There are several textual or narrative issues in the text, including the aforementioned conflicting accounts of Saul's rise to kingship and his death, as well as plays on words, that biblical
scholars have discussed.

The birth-narrative of the prophet Samuel is found at 1 Samuel 1–28. It describes how Samuel's mother Hannah requests a son from Yahweh, and dedicates the child to God at the
shrine of Shiloh. The passage makes extensive play with the root-elements of Saul's name, and ends with the phrase hu sa'ul le-Yahweh, "he is dedicated to Yahweh." Hannah names
the resulting son Samuel, giving as her explanation, "because from God I requested him." Samuel's name, however, can mean "name of God," (or "Heard of God" or "Told of God") and
the etymology and multiple references to the root of the name seems to fit Saul instead. The majority explanation for the discrepancy is that the narrative originally described the birth of
Saul, and was given to Samuel in order to enhance the position of David and Samuel at the former king's expense.[53]

The Bible's tone with regard to Saul changes over the course of the narrative, especially around the passage where David appears, midway through 1 Samuel. Before, Saul is
presented in positive terms, but afterward his mode of ecstatic prophecy is suddenly described as fits of madness, his errors and disobedience to Samuel's instructions are stressed
and he becomes a paranoiac. This may indicate that the David story is inserted from a source loyal to the House of David; David's lament over Saul in 2 Samuel 1 then serves an
apologetic purpose, clearing David of the blame for Saul's death.[54]

God's change of mind in rejecting Saul as king has raised questions about God's "repentance", which would be inconsistent with God's immutability.

In the narrative of Saul's private anointing in 1 Samuel 9:1-10:16, Saul is not referred to as a king (melech), but rather as a "leader" or "commander" (nagid)[55][56] Saul is only given the
title "king" (melech) at the public coronation ceremony at Gilgal.[57]

Various authors have attempted to harmonize the two narratives regarding Saul's death. Josephus writes that Saul's attempted suicide was stalled because he was not able to run the
sword through himself, and that he therefore asked the Amalekite to finish it.[58] Later biblical criticism has posited that the story of Saul's death was redacted from various sources,
although this view in turn has been criticized because it does not explain why the contradiction was left in by the redactors.[58] But since 2 Samuel records only the Amalekite's report,
and not the report of any other eye-witness, some scholars theorize that the Amalekite may have been lying to try to gain favor with David. On this view, 1 Samuel records what actually
happened, while 2 Samuel records what the Amalekite claimed happened.[59]

Classical rabbinical views [ edit ]

Two opposing views of Saul are found in classical rabbinical literature. One is based on the reverse logic that punishment is a proof of guilt, and therefore seeks to rob Saul of any halo
which might surround him; typically this view is similar to the republican source. The passage referring to Saul as a choice young man, and goodly[60] is in this view interpreted as
meaning that Saul was not good in every respect, but goodly only with respect to his personal appearance.[61] According to this view, Saul is only a weak branch,[62] owing his kingship
not to his own merits, but rather to his grandfather, who had been accustomed to light the streets for those who went to the bet ha-midrash, and had received as his reward the promise
that one of his grandsons should sit upon the throne.[63]

The second view of Saul makes him appear in the most favourable light as man, as hero, and as king. This view is similar to that of the monarchical source. In this view it was on
account of his modesty that he did not reveal the fact that he had been anointed king;[64] and he was extraordinarily upright as well as perfectly just. Nor was there any one more pious
than he;[65] for when he ascended the throne he was as pure as a child, and had never committed sin.[66] He was marvelously handsome; and the maidens who told him concerning
Samuel[67] talked so long with him that they might observe his beauty the more.[68] In war he was able to march 120 miles without rest. When he received the command to smite
Amalek,[69] Saul said: For one found slain the Torah requires a sin offering;[70] and here so many shall be slain. If the old have sinned, why should the young suffer; and if men have
been guilty, why should the cattle be destroyed? It was this mildness that cost him his crown. And while Saul was merciful to his enemies, he was strict with his own people; when he
found out that Ahimelech, a kohen, had assisted David with finding food, Saul, in retaliation, killed the rest of the 85 kohanim of the family of Ahimelech and the rest of his hometown,
Nov.[71] The fact that he was merciful even to his enemies, being indulgent to rebels themselves, and frequently waiving the homage due to him, was incredible as well as deceiving.
But if his mercy toward a foe was a sin, it was his only one; and it was his misfortune that it was reckoned against him, while David, although he had committed much iniquity, was so
favored that it was not remembered to his injury.[72] In some respects Saul was superior to David, e.g., in having only one concubine {Rizpah}, while David had many. Saul expended
his own substance for the war, and although he knew that he and his sons would fall in battle, he nevertheless went forward, while David heeded the wish of his soldiers not to go to war
in person.[73]

According to the Rabbis, Saul ate his food with due regard for the rules of ceremonial purity prescribed for the sacrifice,[74] and taught the people how they should slay cattle.[75] As a
reward for this, God himself gave Saul a sword on the day of battle, since no other sword suitable for him was found.[76] Saul's attitude toward David finds its excuse in the fact that his
courtiers were all tale-bearers, and slandered David to him;[77] and in like manner he was incited by Doeg against the priests of Nob[78]—this act was forgiven him, however, and a
heavenly voice (bat qol) was heard, proclaiming: Saul is the chosen one of God.[79] His anger at the Gibeonites[80] was not personal hatred, but was induced by zeal for the welfare of
Israel.[81] The fact that he made his daughter remarry,[82] finds its explanation in his (Saul's) view that her betrothal to David had been gained by false pretenses, and was therefore
invalid (Sanhedrin 19b). During the lifetime of Saul there was no idolatry in Israel. The famine in the reign of David[83] was to punish the people, because they had not accorded Saul
the proper honours at his burial.[84] In Sheol, Samuel reveals to Saul that in the next world, Saul would dwell with Samuel, which is a proof that all has been forgiven him by God.[85]

In Islam [ edit ]

Some Muslims refer to Saul as Tālūt (Arabic: ‫)ﻃﺎﻟﻮت‬, and believe that (as in the Bible) he was the commander of Israel. Other scholars, however, have identified Talut as Gideon[86] with
the reasoning that the Qur'an references the same incident of the drinking from the river as that found in Judges 7:5–7 and other factors associated with Gideon. According to the
Qur'an, Talut was chosen by the Prophet Samuel (not mentioned by name explicitly, but rather as "a Prophet" of the Israelites) after being asked by the people of Israel for a King) to
lead them into war. The Israelites criticized Samuel for appointing Talut, lacking respect for Talut because he was not wealthy. Samuel rebuked the people for this and told them that
Talut was more favored than they were. Talut led the Israelites to victory over the army of Goliath, who was killed by Dawud (David). Talut is not considered a Nabi (Arabic: ‫َـﺒﻲ‬
ِ ‫ﻧ‬,
Prophet), but a Divinely appointed King.[87]

Name [ edit ]

The name 'Tālūt' has uncertain etymology. Unlike some other Qur'anic figures, the Arabic name is not similar to the Hebrew name (Sha'ul). According to Muslim exegetes, the name
'Tālūt' means 'Tall' (from the Arabic "tūl") and refers to the extraordinary stature of Saul, which would be consistent with the Biblical account.[88] In explanation of the name, exegetes
such as Tha'labi hold that at this time, the future King of Israel was to be recognised by his height; Samuel set up a measure, but no one in Israel reached its height except Tālūt (Saul).

Saul as the King of Israel [ edit ]

In the Qur'an, Israelites demanded a King after the time of Musa (Moses). God appointed Talut as their King. Saul was distinguished by the greatness of his knowledge and of his
physique; it was a sign of his role as King that God brought back the Ark of the Covenant for Israel. Talut tested his people at a river; whoever drank from it would not follow him in battle
excepting one who takes [from it] in the hollow of his hand. Many drank but only the faithful ventured on. In the battle, however, David slew Goliath and was made the subsequent King
of Israel.[87]

The Qur'anic account[87] differs from the Biblical account (if Saul is assumed to be Talut) in that in the Bible the sacred Ark was returned to Israel before Saul's accession, and the test
by drinking water is made in the Hebrew Bible not by Saul but by Gideon.[89] However, the story of Saul in 1 Samuel 14 has parallels to Qur'an 2:246-251, faithfully accounting for the
sacred Ark and the fasting test.[90]

Historicity [ edit ]

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

The historicity of Saul's kingdom is not universally accepted[1][91] and there is insufficient extrabiblical evidence to verify if the biblical account reflects historical reality.[92]: 50ff While
several scholars believe that the existence of the United Monarchy is corroborated by archaeological evidence, although with considerable theological exaggerations,[93][94][95] others,
like Israel Finkelstein, believe it to be a late ideological construct.[1]

In the Jewish Study Bible (2014), Oded Lipschits states the concept of United Monarchy should be abandoned,[96] while Aren Maeir highlights the lack of evidence about the United
Monarchy.[97] However, in his books Beyond the Texts (2018) and Has Archeology Buried the Bible? (2020) William G. Dever has defended the historicity of the United Monarchy,
maintaining that the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon are "reasonably well attested".[98] Similar arguments were advanced by Amihai Mazar in a 2013 essay, which points toward
archaeological evidence emerged from excavation sites in Jerusalem by Eilat Mazar and in Khirbet Qeiyafa by Yosef Garfinkel.[99]

Saul's kingdom was not very large. It probably included Mt. Ephraim, Benjamin and Gilead. He also exerted some influence in the northern mountains in Judah and beyond the Jezreel
Valley. His capital appears to have been essentially a military camp near Gibeah. Archeology seems to confirm that until about 1000 BCE, the end of Iron Age I, Israelite society was
essentially a society of farmers and stockbreeders without any truly centralized organization and administration.[28]

Psychological analyses [ edit ]

Accounts of Saul's behavior have made him a popular subject for speculation among modern psychiatrists. George Stein views the passages depicting Saul's ecstatic episodes as
suggesting that he may have suffered from mania.[100] Martin Huisman sees the story of Saul as illustrative of the role of stress as a factor in depression.[101] Liubov Ben-Noun of Ben-
Gurion University of the Negev, believes that passages referring to King Saul's disturbed behavior indicate he was afflicted by a mental disorder, and lists a number of possible
conditions.[102] However, Christopher C. H. Cook of the Department of Theology and Religion, Durham University, UK recommends caution in offering any diagnoses in relation to
people who lived millennia ago.[103]

See also [ edit ]

David in Islam
Kings of Israel and Judah
Midrash Samuel
Paul the Apostle (also named Saul of Tarsus as a Pharisee)

References [ edit ]

1. ^ a b c d Finkelstein, Israel (2006). "The Last Labayu: King Saul and the Expansion of the First 58. ^ a b Bill T. Arnold (1989). "The Amalekite report of Saul's death: political intrigue or
North Israelite Territorial Entity" . In Amit, Yairah; Ben Zvi, Ehud; Finkelstein, Israel; et al. incompatible sources?" (PDF). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 32 (3): 289–
(eds.). Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Naʼaman. 298.
Eisenbrauns. pp. 171 ff. ISBN 9781575061283. Retrieved 2016-03-02. 59. ^ Life Application Study Bible: Note on 2 Samuel 1:13
2. ^ Van der Toorn, Karel (1993). "Saul and the rise of Israelite state religion". Vetus 60. ^ 1 Samuel 9:2
Testamentum. XLIII (4): 519–542. JSTOR 1518499 . 61. ^ Num. Rashi 9:28
3. ^ a b Jacobs, Joseph; Price, Ira Maurice; Singer, Isidore; Lauterbach, Jacob Zallel (1906). 62. ^ Gen. Rashi 25:3
"Saul" . Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 September 2014. 63. ^ Lev. Rashi 9:2
4. ^ 1 Samuel 14:51 lists three sons – Jonathan, and Ishvi, and Malchi-shua – and the two 64. ^ 1 Samuel 10:16; Meg. 13b
daughters. But see also 2 Samuel 2:8 and 1 Chronicles 8:33 . 65. ^ M. Q. 16b; Ex. Rashi 30:12
5. ^ 2 Samuel 21:8 66. ^ Yoma 22b
6. ^ 1 Samuel 31:3–6 ; 1 Chronicles 10:3–6 67. ^ cf 1 Samuel 9:11–13
7. ^ 2 Samuel 21:14 68. ^ Ber. 48b
8. ^ 1 Samuel 31:2 ; 1 Chronicles 10:2 69. ^ 1 Samuel 15:3
9. ^ 2 Samuel 4:5 70. ^ [Deuteronomy 21:1–9]
10. ^ 2 Samuel 21:1-6 71. ^ Yoma 22b ; Num. Rashi 1:10
11. ^ Ellenson, David (2004). After Emancipation: Jewish Religious Responses to Modernity . 72. ^ Yoma 22b; M. Q. 16b, and Rashi ad loc.
Hebrew Union College Press. p. 422. ISBN 0878202234. 73. ^ 2 Samuel 21:17; Lev. Rashi 26:7; Yalq., Sam. 138
12. ^ 2 Samuel 21:8–9
74. ^ Yalq., l.c.
13. ^ 2 Samuel 21:8-9 75. ^ cf 1 Samuel 14:34
14. ^ 2 Samuel 21:10 76. ^ ibid 13:22
15. ^ 2 Samuel 21:13-14 77. ^ Deut. Rashi 5:10
16. ^ 2 Samuel 6:23
78. ^ 1 Samuel 22:16–19; Yalq., Sam. 131
17. ^ 2 Samuel 4:4 79. ^ Ber. 12b
18. ^ 2 Samuel 9:7–13 80. ^ 2 Samuel 21:2
19. ^ 2 Samuel 9:12 81. ^ Num. Rashi 8:4
20. ^ 1 Chronicles 8:35–38
82. ^ 1 Samuel 25:44
21. ^ 1 Samuel 9 83. ^ cf 2 Samuel 21:1
22. ^ a b Driscoll, James F. (1912). "Saul" . The Catholic Encyclopedia. 13. New York: Robert 84. ^ Num. Rashi 8:4
Appleton Company. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
85. ^ Er. 53ba
23. ^ 1 Samuel 8
86. ^ "The Holy Quran" .
24. ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 1 Samuel 10 , accessed 1 May 2017
87. ^ a b c Quran %3Averse%3D246 2 :246–252
25. ^ 1 Samuel 10:17-24
88. ^ Leaman, Oliver, The Quran, An Encyclopedia, 2006, p. 638.
26. ^ a b "Saul, First King of Israel", Chabad.org
89. ^ Judges vii. 5–7
27. ^ 1 Samuel 11 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
90. ^ 1 Samuel 14:18 ; 1 Samuel 14:24–48 ; Quran 2:246–251
28. ^ ab "King Saul", Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple,
91. ^ Baruch Halpern (2003). David's Secret Demons: Messiah, Murderer, Traitor, King. Wm. B.
(Hershel Shanks, ed.), Biblical Archaeology Society
Eerdmans. pp. 208–211.
29. ^ Pulpit Commentary on 1 Samuel 10 , accessed 1 May 2017
92. ^ Nelson, Richard D. Historical Roots of the Old Testament (1200–63 BCE). Volume 13 of
30. ^ 1 Samuel 19:24 Biblical Encyclopedia. Society of Biblical Lit, 2014 ISBN 9781628370065
31. ^ 1 Samuel 14:47 93. ^ Dever, William G. (2020-08-18). Has Archaeology Buried the Bible? . Wm. B. Eerdmans
32. ^ 1 Samuel 14:47 : New Living Translation; other translations vary Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4674-5949-5.
33. ^ Benson Commentary on 1 Samuel 14 , accessed 7 May 2017 94. ^ Halpern, Baruch (2003-11-12). David's Secret Demons: Messiah, Murderer, Traitor, King .
34. ^ 1 Samuel 14:24–45 Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2797-5.
35. ^ 1 Samuel 15:3 95. ^ Mazar, Amihai. "Archaeology and the Bible: Reflections on Historical Memory in the
36. ^ Deuteronomy 25:19 Deuteronomistic History" . Congress Volume Munich 2013: 347–369.
37. ^ 1 Samuel 15:33–35 96. ^ Lipschits, Oded (2014). "The history of Israel in the biblical period". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler,
38. ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 1 Samuel 16 , accessed 12 May 2017 Marc Zvi (eds.). The Jewish Study Bible (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 2107–2119.
39. ^ 1 Samuel 16:14–23 ISBN 978-0-19-997846-5. "As this essay will show, however, the premonarchic period long
40. ^ 1 Samuel 16:20 : a donkey loaded with bread, a skin of wine, and a young goat ago became a literary description of the mythological roots, the early beginnings of the nation
41. ^ 1 Samuel 17:15 suggests David only attended court periodically. and the way to describe the right of Israel on its land. The archeological evidence also does
42. ^ 1 Samuel 17:1–18:5 not support the existence of a united monarchy under David and Solomon as described in the
43. ^ 1 Samuel 18:7 , recurring in 1 Samuel 21:11 and 1 Samuel 29:5 Bible, so the rubric of “united monarchy” is best abandoned, although it remains useful for

44. ^ "1 Samuel 18 ; ESV – David and Jonathan's Friendship" . Bible Gateway. Retrieved discussing how the Bible views the Israelite past. [...] Although the kingdom of Judah is

15 September 2014. mentioned in some ancient inscriptions, they never suggest that it was part of a unit
comprised of Israel and Judah. There are no extrabiblical indications of a united monarchy
45. ^ 1 Samuel 19:1–7
called “Israel.”"
46. ^ Meier, Samuel A. (2006). "The Sword. From Saul to David" . In Ehrlich, Carl S.; White,
97. ^ Maeir, Aren M. (2014). "Archeology and the Hebrew Bible" . In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc
Marsha C. (eds.). Saul in Story and Tradition. Mohr Siebeck. p. 160. ISBN 978-3-16-148569-
Zvi (eds.). The Jewish Study Bible (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 2125. ISBN 978-0-
5. "17. Of the two conflicting accounts of Saul's death in 1 Samuel 31 and 2 Samuel 1, ..."
19-997846-5. "Archeological evidence for the early stages of the monarchy is minimal at best.
47. ^ Nicholson, Ernest (February 2014). Deuteronomy and the Judaean Diaspora . OUP
[...] In any case, the lack of substantive epigraphic materials from this early stage of the Iron
Oxford. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-19-870273-3. "What thematic purpose is served, however, and
Age II (after 1000 BCE), and other extensive archeological evidence, indicate that even if an
how is the 'unity' of the narrative advanced, by two conflicting accounts of Saul's death: what
early united monarchy existed, its level of political and bureaucratic complexity was not as
has a twofold account of this incident to do with the legitimizing of David and how does it
developed as the biblical text suggests. The mention of the “House of David” in the Tel Dan
place Saul in an 'unfavourable light'?"
inscription, which dates to the mid/late 9th c. BCE, does not prove the existence of an
48. ^ Bregman, Lucy (2010). Religion, Death, and Dying . 3. ABC-CLIO. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-
extensive Davidic kingdom in the early 10th c. BCE, but does indicate a Judean polity during
313-35180-8. "The Bible is clear that King Saul died by suicide; however, it contains
the 9th c. that even then associated its origin with David. [...] Although there is archeological
conflicting accounts of the particulars."
and historical evidence (from extra biblical documents) supporting various events of the
49. ^ 1 Samuel 31:8–13, 1 Chronicles 10:12
monarchical period (esp. the later period) recorded in the Bible, there is little, if any evidence
50. ^ 2 Samuel 21:12–14
corroborating the biblical depiction of early Israelite or Judean history."
51. ^ G. Darshan, "The Reinterment of Saul and Jonathan's Bones (II Sam 21, 12–14) in Light of
98. ^ Dever, William G. (2020-08-18). Has Archaeology Buried the Bible? . Wm. B. Eerdmans
Ancient Greek Hero-Cult Stories" , ZAW, 125,4 (2013), 640–645.
Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4674-5949-5. "Finkelstein’s low chronology, never followed by a
52. ^ 1 Chronicles 10:13–14
majority of mainstream scholars, is a house of cards. Yet it is the only reason for attributing
53. ^ The idea was originally advanced in the 19th century, and has most recently been our copious tenth-century-BCE archaeological evidence of a united monarchy to the ninth
elaborated in Kyle McCarter's influential commentary on I Samuel (P. Kyle McCarter, "I century BCE. Finkelstein himself seems to have doubts. Originally, he insisted that no Judean
Samuel: A New Translation with Introduction, Notes and Commentary", Anchor Bible Series, state emerged until the eighth century BCE. Then it was the ninth century BCE. Eventually he
1980) posited a tenth-century-BCE “Saulide polity” with its “hub” at Gibeon—not Jerusalem, and not
54. ^ Hayes, Christine. "Introduction to the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible): Lecture 13 – The Solomon, only his predecessor! But there is absolutely no archaeological evidence for such
Deuteronomistic History: Prophets and Kings (1 and 2 Samuel)" . Yale Open Courses. Yale an imaginary kingdom. Finkelstein’s radical scenario is clever, but not convincing. It should be
University. Retrieved 2016-03-02. ignored. The reigns of Saul, David, and Solomon are reasonably well attested."
55. ^ 1 Samuel 9:16 ; 1 Samuel 10:1
56. ^ Bright, John, A History of Israel, The Westminster Press, Philadelphia, 1972, p. 185.
57. ^ 1 Samuel 11:15
 99. ^ Mazar, Amihai. "Archaeology and the Bible: Reflections on Historical Memory in the 100. ^ Stein, George (2011). "The case of King Saul: Did he have recurrent unipolar depression or
Deuteronomistic History" . Congress Volume Munich 2013: 347–369. "The continuous bipolar affective disorder?" . British Journal of Psychiatry. 198 (3): 212.
debate concerning the evaluation of the United Monarchy as an historical entity cannot be doi:10.1192/bjp.198.3.212 .
resolved unequivocally by archaeology due to the current disagreements among 101. ^ Huisman, M. (2007). "King Saul, work-related stress and depression" . Journal of
archaeologists regarding the interpretation of the evidence. In my view, when taking into Epidemiology and Community Health. 61 (10): 890. doi:10.1136/jech.2007.066522 .
account the combined evidence presented above, as well as in previous papers, we cannot PMC 2652967 . PMID 17873225 .
simply deny the existence of such an entity. How to define and explain this state in the 102. ^ (Louba) Ben-Noun, Liubov (2003). "What was the Mental Disease that Afflicted King Saul?".
tenthcentury is a matter of debate. In previous papers, I explained David’s kingdom as a tribal Clinical Case Studies. 2 (4): 270–282. doi:10.1177/1534650103256296 .
state that emerged at a time of political vacuum in most of the southern Levant, caused by the 103. ^ Cook, Christopher C. H. (2012). "Psychiatry in scripture: Sacred texts and
great weakness of the earlier Canaanite population and the increase in the Israelite psychopathology" . The Psychiatrist. 36 (6): 225–229. doi:10.1192/pb.bp.111.036418 .
population in the highlands. This background, combined with personal qualities and a small
but effective milittary force, may have enabled David to create a substantial political and
military power, which may have included large parts of the country."

Bibliography [ edit ]

Driver, S. R., Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel, 1890
Cheyne, T. K., Aids to the Devout Study of Criticism, 1892, pp. 1–126
Smith, H. P., Old Testament History, 1903, ch. vii.
Cheyne, T. K., and Black, (eds.) Encyclopedia Biblica
SAMUEL AND SAUL: A NEGATIVE SYMBIOSIS by Rabbi Moshe Reiss
Hudson, J. Francis, 'Rabshakeh' [Lion Publishing 1992] is a fictionalisation of Saul's tragedy.
Green, A., 'King Saul, The True History of the First Messiah' [Lutterworth Press 2007]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Joseph Jacobs, Ira Maurice Price, Isidore Singer, and Jacob Zallel Lauterbach (1901–1906). "Saul" . In
Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

External links [ edit ]

Media related to Saul (Biblical figure) at Wikimedia Commons

Saul of the United Kingdom of Israel & Judah

House of Saul
Cadet branch of the Tribe of Benjamin

Regnal titles

New title King of the United Kingdom

Succeeded by
Anointed king to of Israel and Judah
Ish-bosheth
replace Judge Samuel 1047–1007 BCE

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Categories: 11th-century BC biblical rulers 11th-century BCE Hebrew people 11th-century BC Kings of Israel (united monarchy) Ancient people who committed suicide
Books of Samuel David Founding monarchs Hebrew Bible people Kings of ancient Israel People whose existence is disputed Prophets of the Hebrew Bible
Suicides by sharp instrument in Israel House of Saul

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