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Bacteriology Table
Bacteriology Table
General Virulence
Organism Diagnosis Disease Treatment
features Factors
EXOTOXIN Penicillinase-
DEPENDANT:
Gastroenteritis resistant
Toxic shock penicillins
Gram stain Microcapsule syndrome like
Gram (+), CULTURE:
Protein A: Scalded skin
Staphylococcu
s binds igg syndrome
Clustered Blood agar, (eg.methicilli
aureus cocci Clumping
Mannitol salt n,
Β-hemolytic factor DIRECT INVASION OF
cloxacillin)
(nose, skin esp. Coagulase agar Coagulase ORGANS
hospital staff Hemolysins Pneumonia
(+) Catalase test Vancomycin
and pts; vagina) Penicillinase Meningitis
Catalase (+) Coagulase Acute bacterial Clindamycine
Hyaluronidase NOTE -
Facultative test Staphylokinase endocarditis
Novobiocine Osteomyelitis if methicillin
anaerobe Lipase
Skin infection resistant,
test Bacteremia/sepsis treat w/ IV
UTI vancomycin
Gram stain
CULTURE:
Polysaccharide
Blood NOSOCOMIAL
Staphylococc Gram (+), capsule INFECTION
us clustered agar, Prosthetic joints,
epidermidis cocci (adherence to
Mannitol
Catalase (+) prosthetic valves
salt agar Sepsis from
(skin, mucous Coagulase (-) devices)
Catalase test
membranes) Facultative High antibiotic intravenous lines (SAME )
Coagulase UTI
anaerobe resistance
test
Novobiocine
test
Gram stain
CULTURE:
Gram (+), Blood agar,
Staphylococcus clustered
cocci Mannitol
saprophyticus Γ-hemolytic
Catalase (+) salt agar
Coagulase (-) Catalase test Utis in sexually
active women
Facultative Coagulase (SAME )
anaerobe test
Novobiocine
test
CULTURE:
Blood agar
Gram (+),
Streptococc Optichin test Penicillin G
diplococcic
(+) (IM)
us Grow in Pneumonia Erythromycin
Bile test (+)
pneumoniae chains Meningitis Ceftriaxone
Inulin
Catalase (-) Sepsis Vaccine:
(oral colonization) fermentation
Facultative Otitis media against the
(-) 23 most
anaerobe (children)
Quellung common
Α-hemolytic
test capsular Ag’s
Capsulated
(encapsulate
d bacteria)
(+)
Gram (+)cocci, Optichin test
chains (-)
Streptococcus Α-hemolytic Bile test (-)
viridans (green) Inulin
Catalase (-) fermentation
(normal orophry nx . Facultative (+)
flora & GI)
anaerobe
.
Direct
Invasion/toxin
Pharyngiti
Penicillin G
Sepsis Penicillin V
Skin infections Erythromyci
Toxic shock n
syndrome Penicillinase
Streptococc Gram Scarlet fever
-resistant
us (+)cocci, (strawberry
penillicin
pyrogenes chains Bacitracin tongue)
(NOTE:
(group A) Β-hemolytic susceptibility Antibody-
sensitive to
Catalase (-) test(+) mediated
-lactam
Microaerophili Camp (-) Rheumatic
fever antibiotics
c
Myocarditis especially
Arthritis
Chorea cephalosporin
Rash )
Acute post-
streptococcal
Glomeruloneph
ritis
Gram (+ )cocci,
Steptococcus chains Bacitracin Neonatal
agalactiae Catalase (-) susceptibility meningitis
(group B) Facultative test(-) Neonatal Penicillin g
anaerobe Camp (+)
pneumonia
(vaginal Β-hemolytic
colonization) Neonatal sepsis
Gram (+), chains
CULTURE:
Enterococci Gamma -
Blood agar
(group D) hemolytic Extracellular
Catalase (-)
Macconkey agar Subacute bacterial Ampicillin
(ferment lactose dextran Resistance
Facultative endocarditis
producing small (helps bind to Biliary tract to penicillin
(normal colon anaerobe
pink magenta Heart valves) G
flora) Non-capsulated infections
colonies )
& non-motile 3. UTI
Catalase (-)
(Eg: E. Fecalis, E. Salt tolerable
Faecium) and bile soluble
LEC 7
Gram(-) rods CULTURE: Shiga toxin: causes a
Catalase (+) Macconkey breakdown of the
Shigella
Oxidase (-) agar(non- intestinal lining.
Glucose lactose Penetrate the colonic
Dysenteriae
fermenter fermenting pale mucosa
Facultative yellow colonies) Bloody diarrhea with
(humans; fecal-oral anaerobe Salmonella- mucus and pus
transmission) Shigella (SS)
Indole –ve
except (S. agar
Flexneri.) Deoxycholate
Non-motile. citrate
agar(DCA)
Gram-negative
rod. SPECIMENS:
Non-spore- Blood
forming. Feces and urine
Non capsulated CULTURE:
Salmonella Macconkey agar.
Motile Deoxycholate citrate
typhi Typhoid fever
Produce agar (DCA). Paratyphoid fever,
hydrogen sulfide Brilliant green
Food-borne illness.
(test) bismuth sulphite
(fecal-oral, Birds, agar.
Oxidase (-)(test)
reptiles, and turtles Salmonella-Shigella
Glucose
transmission) (SS) agar
fermenter Selenite F broth
Facultative Indol (-)
anaerobe Catalase (+)
Gram(-) rods
Indole, oxidase
Klebsiella (-)
Glucose,lactose Chest infections
pneumoniae
fermenter Bronchopneumonia
Facultative CULTURE:
Lung abscesses
MacConkey
anaerobe UT1
Capsulated Septiceamia
Non-motile.
• Doxycycli
Gram –ve bactera
ne
Oxidase (+) (test)
• Vibrio Enterotoxins • Iv
Grows at 42⁰c,
Tolerant to alkali Rise in cyclic replace
Vibrio cholera STOOL adenosine
Grow rapidly in the ment
ph rang 7.4-9.6 SPECIMENS monophosphate (camp) Of the
(fecal-oral Vibrio cholerae Thiosulfate- production.. lost fluids
transmission) Adapted to salt citrate-bile- • Severe diarrhea with and
water habitats and
sucrose(TCBS) rice water stools, no electrolyt
are halophilic
Darting movement pus e
Fermentative • Vomitting
(except lactose)
Gram –ve rods
Microaerophilic
Dark-field
Non-fermenting
Campylobacter Motile microscopy
jejuni Are oxidase- Darting motility Guillain-Barre
Definitive
positive Syndrome
Grow optimally at diagnosis: stool
(zoonotic: wild and
(Most common
37or 42°C. culture
domestic animals and Oxidase (+) (test) PREFERRED
cause of acute
poultry; transmitted by
Catalase (+)(test) MEDIA: Blood neuro-muscular
uncooked meat and
fecal-oral)
Sensitive to agar plates paralysis)
Nalidixic acid containing
antibiotic
Microaerophilic
Nonsporulating Urease (+)
Gram-negative Urea breath
curved rods
Helicobacter test Duodenal ulcers
Person-to-person
pylori (radioactive
transmission Chronic gastritis
Be associated urea)
with Chronic By Gram stain
Superficial (curved gram(-)
Gastritis (CSG) rods)
Highly motile
A: Clostridium
• Antibody
difficile (diarrhea)
associated colitis
• Cell cytotoxicity • Toxin A
test = diarrhea
Clostridium • Enzyme • Toxin B
immunoassay = cytotoxic to
(inhabit the soil Gram-positiv (detects toxin A, colonic epithelial
and the intestinal Relatively large toxin B, or both)
cells
• PCR assays
tracts of humans Rod-shaped
• Flagella (H-Ag (+))
and animals) bacteria
Anaerobe B:Clostridium perfringens
All species form (Gastroenteritis)
(GRAM +VE )
endospores Isolation and
Natural habitat
identification of Gas gangrene,
is the soil
bacteria is stool tetanus, botulism,
samples and pseudo
Nagler test membranous colitis.
(+) = (opaque zone (common for both)
on the upper right
half)
Non motile
Lec 8
General Virulenc
Organism Diagnosis Disease Treatment
features e Factors
Gram (+)
Club-shaped Specimens:
Corynebacteri rods throat and
Terminal
um nasopharyngeal
volutin swabs
diphtheriae granules Special Stain
Exotoxin- Albert’s stain.
producing (demonstrate Extra antitoxin
{Two cellular (to neutralize
the
functionally toxin the toxin)
metachromatic
distinct Immunization
granule)s Upper
fragments, A with DPT/
Blood agar respiratory
(for toxic Tellurite Blood DTaP
tract
activity ) and (Boosters
agar Necrotic
B (binding to (Selective every 10
injury to
receptors of medium for years)
epithelial
target cells)} C.diphtheriae) cells
• aerobes and Catalase (+)
facultative Pseudomembra
anaerobes ne formation
• growth is 20- (lead to
40ºC respiratory
• non blockage)
haemolytic
WHOOPING
Gram (-) rod COUGH
Small 1. Catarrhal
Coccoid stage
Non motile Low-grade
Bordetella fever
pertussis Grown
occasional
aerobically on
cough
special culture Vaccination
SPECIMEN : The 2. Paroxysmal
(Man; highly mediums available
Nasopharyngea filamentous stage
contagious; resp Are nutritionally (DPT)
l secretions hemaggluti rapid
transmission. fastidious Pertussis
Bordet-Gengou nin coughs
Colonizes the cilia of Cultivated on rich Vomiting vaccine,
medium Tracheal
the mammalian ( killed
media Serological cytotoxin and
respiratory epithelium) bacterial cell
Colonizes the tests Exotoxins exhaustion
Paroxysm suspension)
cilia of the
mammalian al attacks
respiratory 3. Convalescen
epithelium ce stage
Transmitted by Gradual
Aerosol droplets recovery
Less
persistent
In cows and
Usually extra
Mycobacteriu rarely in
pulmonary,
m humans (both
affecting
can be
Bovis bones that led
carriers)
to hunched
(unpasturised
backs.
milk)
Mycobacteriu
m Infects people
Avium with late stage
HIV
Lec 9
Virule
General nce
Organism Diagnosis Disease Treatment
features Facto
rs
Gram (-) rods CULTURE • Infections of the Vaccine available
Small chocolate agar upper and lower (DTP)
SAMPLES respiratory tract in
Hemophilus Often
cerebrospinal individuals with
influenzae encapsulated
fluid (CSF), weakened immune
Non motile
blood, pus, or defenses and
Aerobic purulent children
Enter the resp. sputum • Most common
tract by inhalation microscopy cause of meningitis
Fastidious Direct in children under 4
detection of H. years of age.
influenza • Sepsis
polysaccharide • Pneumonia,
in CSF by latex • Otitis media,
agglutination • Epiglottises
kits
SMAPLE:
Neisseria • Gram-negative blood SIGNS OF
diplococci CSF
Meningitidis MENINGITIS
• Coffee-bean- Chemical
Headache
shaped cocci profile
• Non motile Fever
(neonates Gram stain
• Polysaccharide Neck stiffness Penicillin G.
parasites of the SELECTIVE
capsule MEDIA Severe Vaccine
nasopharynx.) • Highly
Modified Malaise
contagious Rash
Thayer-Marten
• Facultative
(MTM Cause death in
anaerobe
Oxidase (+) few hours
Serology
Listeria Gram-positive CULTURE: Neonatal meningitis
monocytogenes rods Aerobically on Very sick with fever
non-spore- blood agar. Muscle aches
(ingestion of A blood or Stiff neck,
contaminated raw forming
milk or cheese; Peritrichous spinal fluid test Develop fever
vaginal
transmission) flagellation Chills while
Reproduce in pregnant
phagocytes
Asymptomatic
in healthy
adults
Can cross
placenta
Tetanospasmin
• Gram-positive
Sustained
bacilli Robertson cooked muscle
Clostridium • endospore-
media contraction Antitoxic therapy
tetani forming TOXIN Muscle spasm Tetanus toxoid
• obligate anaerobe
[SPORE DETECTION Lockjaw (trismus) Metronidazole
• Motile
FORMING] PCR Respiratory muscle ( preventive)
• clear zone of
Difficult to culture Human tetanus
hemolysis paralysis
Inoculated in cmb immunoglobulin
(soil; entry via • Puncture wounds Neonatal tetanus
wounds) Grows in deep and blood agar Opis-thotonus
wounds
• Gram-positive
• Endospore-
forming Polyvalent
• Obligate Toxin detection antitoxin
anaerobe By mouse Proper
Clostridium Neutralization canning
• ubiquitous in Botulism
Botulinum soil and H2O test. Flaccid paralysis of Nitrites
[SPORE • 7 different Serology the musculature. prevent
FORMING] Neurotoxins Pcr, endospore
• Botulinum patient serum or germination
(soil, canned food, ) Toxin: (MOST food reminant in sausages
POTENT TOXIN
ON EARTH)
• Acid-fast rod
Leprosy or • Grows best at
30°c
Hansen’s Tuberculoid and/or
• Via nasal
Disease Acid fast stain Lepromatous
secretions
(Transmission • Incubation Leprosy
contact with an time
infected person) 10 years
Gram negative Serological test [Weil’s] Doxycycline
Obligate aerobe
Headaches
Spirochete
Leptospira Flagella Muscular aches
interrogans Reservoir: Dogs Fever
and rats Kidney failure a
(type of Transmission
possible
Skin/mucosal
Spirochaete) complication
contact from urine-
contaminated water
Gram (-)
diplococci Endocarditis
Coffee-bean- Meningitis
Neisseria shaped cocci Arthritis
Gram stain
gonorrhoeae Frequently Chocolate blood Ophthalmia
(Sexually pleomorphic neonatorum
agar
transmitted Non motile Modified Thayer- Male
disease) Polysaccharide (Painful urination Fluoroquinolones
Martin
capsule. Pus)
media
Intra or extra Women:
Oxidase (+)
cellular (symptoms
ELISA
Ferments as pelvic
PCR
glucose inflammatory
Facultative disease)
anaerobe
Gram (-) bacteria
Obligate
Chlamydia intracellular
trachomatis
parasites Painful urination
Smallest living Watery discharge
organisms Women: Doxycycline,
(humans, direct Elementary bodies Culturing
contact) Reticulate bodies PCR
(symptoms Azithromycin
Secrete glycogen
As pelvic
and transform into inflammatory
the reticulate disease
body.
Divide by binary
fission.
Gram (-), thick Fresh primary or Primary Syphilis Penicillin is the
rigid spirals secondary lesions Forms a drug of choice
Treponema Microaerophilic by darkfield chancre(Usually
pallidum Small microscopy painless)
Spiral Fluorescent Mainly the
(humans, STD) spirochete antibody genitalia
(type of Motile techniques Secondary
Spirochaete) Not NON- Syphilis
Cultivated on TREPONEMAL Spread to local
artificial media ANTIGEN lymph nodes
Pass through the TEST Then to the blood
placenta VRDL stream
[Detect reagin Hair loss
antibody Non- Fever
Malaise
Lymph node
swelling
specific antigen
Late Syphilis
{cardiolipin}]
TREPONEMAL (tertiary
Gummas
ANTIGEN
(Granulomas)
TESTS
Destructive
[FTA-ABS tests
Cardiovascular,
for anti-
CNS involvement
treponemal General paresis,
antibodies] Optic atrophy
Progressive
inflammatory
disease
Lec 10
General Virulence
Organism Diagnosis Disease Treatment
features Factors
Gram stain
and colony
identification
wet mount
Ciprofloxacin
and • Two
is the drug of
malachite exotoxins
choice
green • Third toxin
component : Doxycycline
staining for
Gram (+), spores. cell receptor- is used
Bacillus rods binding Oral penicillin
Confirmatory
protein V OR
Anthracis identification
endospore- called the Amoxicillin is
[SPORE {CDC may
forming protective used to
FORMING] include
Nonmotile antigen complete the
phage lysis,
• One toxin, regimen of
(affect cattle, sheep; Nonhemolytic
capsular
the edema treatment.
staining,
inhaled, ingested) Aerobic toxin Vaccination of
direct
Catalase • The other livestock
fluorescent
(live
Primary antibody toxin, lethal
attenuated
(DFA) testing toxin
habitat is soil vaccine)
on capsule • The capsule
Anthrax
antigen and of B.
Vaccine for
cell wall anthracis is
human
polysaccharid very unusual (killed
e.} vaccine)
Serologic
testing
Quantitative
serology