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Navarro, J. (2016) WORD: Hip-Hop, Language, and Indigeneity in the Americas.

Critical Sociology, 42(4-5): 567–581

The key idea is the rise of the hip hop music which is articular attributed with the

specific culture. However, songs that represent a refashioned form of the oral tradition in

which young rappers are learning their Indigenous language for the first time through

their musical lyrics; and, given the extent of linguistic and cultural genocide across the

Americas, this process is also critical to resisting settler colonial projects.

However, the concept of Indigenous artists using their own languages in the

process of decolonization is upheld. There are few artists who use these aesthetic

techniques. They fight post racial discourses, which are critical components of settler

colonialism and racism in the United States, by emphasizing racism and code flipping to

indigenous languages as part of a comprehensive decolonization process. Nevertheless,

through their music, they have acquired their ancestral tongue for the first time. Language

has been also used by these artists to bridge generational and cultural gaps created by

colonization.

There have been many theories surrounding this such as many people believing

ancestral language acquisition for each generation defies linguistic genocide and

preserves life in a variety of ways, including communication with elders and ancestors in

the Indigenous communities in their respective local and regional contexts. These

revolutionary cultural writings, such as hip-hop produced by politically conscious,

facilitating the process of decolonization through their medium.

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Highlighting on the argument based on the usage of ancestral languages in

Indigenous hip-hop should be regarded as a decolonization gesture. in order to

decolonize the Americas, the continent's "soil and life" must be restored.

The main theme is to concentrate on a few artists who use these aesthetic

techniques. Indigenous people are portrayed as vanishing and silent in this environment

hence more techniques are inoculated to speak up their mind. Songs that represent a

refashioned form of the oral tradition in which young rappers are learning their

Indigenous language for the first time through their musical lyrics; and, given the extent

of linguistic and cultural genocide across the Americas, this process is also critical to

resisting and encouraging the hip hop generation.

Noble, S.U. (2018). Critical Surveillance Literacy in Social Media: Interrogating

Black Death and Dying Online. Black Camera, 9(2): 147-160

The key idea is to highlight on how the new media has aided the spread of

surveillance recordings and photographs of African Americans murdered or arrested by

police and private security. Bringing into focus that Several surveillance recordings are used

to generate media spectacles in order to boost news ratings and advertising revenue at the

expense of national dialogues and public policy addressing racial inequalities.

In additional, the concept of spread and consumption of distressing pictures has

turned to be a big problem for Internet users as been highlighted. Rather it is good to note

that social media companies recruit armies of commercial content moderators which leads to

development of contextualize framework.

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The theory surrounding this is that expected intervention imagined proof may bring

forward, and apply it to the desire for video evidence of African Americans wounded or slain

by their existence to be delivered to justice, particularly those that go viral and attract

national and international attention. Presumably, recordings, and future records circulating in

social media could be used as a proof of fame.

However, it is argued that that monitoring measures have a discriminatory effect on

the basis of race and class, increasing the vulnerability of people of color to policing and

criminalization. Therefore, we must consider the challenges of media consolidation on the

Internet, similar to conventional media such as newspapers and radio, as well as the

implications of such records for public well-being and social action.

The main theme highlighted, is that recording a particular reality with an emphasis on

proof has been a primary focus of the push for wider use of policy cameras. According to the

mainstream media narrative around police body cams, these new state-controlled technology,

which are implanted.

Kanji, A. (2018). Framing Muslims in the “War on Terror”: Representations of

Ideological Violence by Muslim versus Non-Muslim Perpetrators in Canadian National News

Media. Religion, 9, 274: 1-27

The key idea here is to highlight on how the concept of the Muslim "terrorist" has been

formed and imbued with an air of special dread in the Canadian national news media, through a

comparative comparison of portrayals of ideological violence committed by Muslim.

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The main concept is to analyze several studies that have also examined the unique aspects

of media frames which relate terrorism with Islam and hence depict the terrorist threat as

targeting a collective Muslim identity.

Many theories have been highlighted one including, recognizing Muslims as terrorists has

surpassed the official classifications. Thus, this has led to right-wing and white supremacist

violence frequently defined as non-terrorism.

Raising the argument of why more terrorist cases are alleged tied to the Muslim faith are

common, this stereotyping has led to racial discrimination as well as discomfort among the

Muslim religion. No matter even if the leaders of the Muslim community or organizations

condemn “terrorism,” it serves to bolster the belief that Muslims are engaged in such atrocities

unless proven otherwise, necessitating further explicit distancing.

The main theme is to highlight on the social injustice that are articulated with a certain

group of people in the society. Political and ideological violence is an important factor shaping

public perceptions. Converging patterns of representation together focus on finding answers to

terrorism that meet unusual needs.

Discussion questions.

1.Why hip hop music bring the sense of language and originality?

2. What impact do the social media have in the society in Interrogating Black Death and

Dying Online?

3.Why many Muslims are articulated with terrorism in Canada?

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