SAFETY & FIRST AID

FIRST AID  Get consent before giving first aid

FIRST - preceding all others in time care.
or order
AID- to provide with what is useful or
necessary SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
FIRST AID
 an immediate care given to a WOUNDS - a break in the continuity of a
person who has been injured or GENERAL GUIDELINES IN tissue of the body either internal or
suddenly taken ill. ADMINISTERING FIRST AID external Classifications:
 includes self-help and home care if 1. Planning of Action 1. CLOSED WOUND
medical assistance is not available  Established based on anticipated  Break in the continuity of a body
or delayed. (Merriam and Webster Dictionary) needs and available resources. tissue without the skin being broken
(Philippine National Red Cross)
 Example: Getting to know where the down.
Goals of First Aid First Aid Kits are located as well  Causes:
as other emergency – Blunt object
equipment such as fire result in contusion
extinguishers, fire alarm or bruises
switches and fire exits. Also – Application of
by being aware of the external forces.
emergency numbers such as  Signs and Symptoms
Ambulance providers, Hospital – Pain and tenderness
emergency room, Fire – Swelling
department and police – Discoloration
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST stations. Getting Started – Hematoma
AIDER  Example: Contusion, bruise,
2. Gathering of needed materials – hematoma
Preparation of equipment and
personnel. Getting Started
 70% Isoprophyl Alcohol
 Povidone Iodine
 Cotton Balls
 Sterile Gauze
 Pads
 Tongue Depressors
 Penlight
 Band Aid
 Gloves
 Set of Scissors
 Forceps
SEEK FOR MEDICAL ADVICE
 Triangular
IF:
Bandage
– The pain is unbearable
 Elastic Bandage
– Hematoma is spreading
 Adhesive
– The affected area is the head
Plasters
(including face and neck)
– Involves the spine area.
– Bleeding is noted in mouth, ears and
nose.
– Coughing and vomiting of blood.

OPEN WOUND • is an injury involving an

external or internal break in body tissue,
usually involving the skin.
Classifications:
Puncture – wound

SAFETY FIRST!
SURVEY THE SCENE
 Is the scene safe? Safe for you and caused by sharp &
the injured person? – pointed object
 What happened? penetrating the skin. Abrasion – caused
 How many people are injured? by rubbing/scrapping of the skin against
 Is there someone who can help? rough surfaces.

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Laceration – the
skin is torn by
sharp objects
with irregular edges.
Avulsion – tissues are forcefully
separated from the body.
Incision – skin
and tissues are
cut by a sharp
bladed
instrument.
Dangers of an
Open Wound
• Hemorrhage – severe bleeding.
•Infection – introduction of
bacteria/parasites.
• Shock – decreased in circulatory (blood)
volume. (a fatal condition)
First Aid Management for Open Wounds •
FOR WOUNDS WITH SEVERE
BLEEDING,
INSPECT for foreign object lodged in
the wound area. It can be removed
manually by hand or using a pick up
forceps. Flushing with normal saline
solution or just clean water is also
applicable.
CONTROL BLEEDING by applying a
sterile absorbent gauze pad over the
bleeding site while applying a firm
pressure. Dressing can be secured
with a bandage and splints.
REFER TO A PHYSICIAN It is
essential in severe bleeding wounds.
Further medical/surgical
management may be needed like
suturing or administration of
medications that control bleeding.
CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT AND
OBSERVATION FOR SHOCK Signs
and Symptoms: Pale/Cyanotic. Cold
and Clammy Skin. Irregular
Breathing. Weak/Rapid Pulse.
Weakness. Thirsty sensation.
FOR WOUNDS WITH MILD TO
MODERATE BLEEDING.  area. Apply Burn Ointment if available.
CLEAN with mild soap and water.
DISINFECT Apply topical
antiseptics. Povidone Iodine or
Topical Antibacterials (Mupirocin,
Fusidic Acid)
DRESS Apply sterile gauze pad
with dressing. Secure with
adhesive tapes.
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SAFETY & FIRST AID
BURNS
 an injury involving the skin,
including muscles, bones, nerves
and blood vessels.
 results from exposure to direct
heat (fire), chemicals, electricity,
solar or other forms of radiation.
• Classifications:
THERMAL BURNS caused by
direct or indirect contact to flames and
other hot objects, steams or liquids.
FIRST AID CARE FOR THERMAL BURNS
• For First and Second Degree Burn.
RELIEVE PAIN by immersing burned area into
clean tap water/iced water for maximum of
5mins for iced water and 10mins for tap water.
Prolonged exposure to extremely cold
temperature may cause total numbness due to
extreme vasoconstriction.
COVER the burned area with clean cloth or
dressing (if available) and make sure that it is
non sticking. If blisters are forming, do not
attempt to pop it out to prevent infection.
Always maintain cleanliness on the burned
For Third Degree Burns.
COVER the burned area with a dry and non
sticking dressing. Do not apply anything unto
the skin. Immersing into water is not advisable.
PREPARE FOR EMERGENCY TRANSFER
Continuously monitor for signs of dehydration
and shock. Keep the victim warm by covering
with blankets during the transfer. Extend the
flexed burned extremities to avoid
contractures.
CHEMICAL BURNS • Burns caused
by direct contact of chemical into
skin.
– Car battery Solutions
– Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic)
– Bleach
– Ammonia
First Aid Care for Chemical Burns •
 Immediately remove the chemical by
flushing with water. Remove the victim’s
contaminated clothing. Use mild soap for
the final rinse
 Pat dry the area using clean cloth and
apply dressing into affected area.
 If the chemical is in the eye, flush for at
least 20minutes using low pressure.
 Seek medical attention immediately for
chemical burns.
Treating major burns
Until emergency help arrives:
Protect the burned person from further
harm. If you can do so safely, make sure
the person you're helping is not in
contact with the source of the burn. For
electrical burns, make sure the power
source is off before you approach the
burned person.
Make certain that the person burned
is breathing. If needed, begin rescue
breathing if you know how.
Remove jewelry, belts and other
restrictive items, especially from
around burned areas and the neck.
Burned areas swell rapidly.
Cover the area of the burn. Use a
cool, moist bandage or a clean cloth.
Don't immerse large severe burns in
water. Doing so could cause a
serious loss of body heat
(hypothermia).
Elevate the burned area. Raise the
wound above heart level, if possible.
Watch for signs of shock. Signs and
symptoms include fainting, pale
complexion or breathing in a notably
shallow fashion.
Treating minor burns
Cool the burn. Hold the burned area
under cool (not cold) running water or
apply a cool, wet compress until the pain
eases.
Remove rings or other tight items from
the burned area. Try to do this quickly
and gently, before the area swells.
Don't break blisters. Fluid-filled blisters
protect against infection. If a blister
breaks, clean the area with water (mild
soap is optional). Apply an antibiotic
ointment. But if a rash appears, stop
using the ointment.
Apply lotion. Once a burn is completely
cooled, apply a lotion, such as one that
contains aloe vera or a moisturizer. This
helps prevent drying and provides relief.
Bandage the burn. Cover the burn with a
sterile gauze bandage (not fluffy cotton).
Wrap it loosely to avoid putting pressure
on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off
KCG 2018
 SAFETY & FIRST AID

the area, reduces pain and protects another person is available, have that which can happen easily in young
blistered skin. person call for help while you perform first children.
If needed, take an over-the-counter pain aid. • Begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation
reliever, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin (CPR) if the object remains lodged and the
IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve) or
 If the person becomes unconscious, person doesn't respond after you take the
acetaminophen (Tylenol, others).
perform standard CPR with chest above measures. The chest compressions
compressions and rescue breaths . used in CPR may dislodge the object.
Remember to recheck the mouth
To perform abdominal thrusts (Heimlich periodically.
CHOKING occurs
maneuver) on yourself:
when a foreign
object becomes
• First, if you're ELECTRICAL
alone and SHOCK
lodged in the throat
choking and you  An electric
or windpipe, blocking
have a landline shock occurs
the flow of air.
phone, your when a person
UNIVERSAL SIGN local emergency comes into
FOR CHOKING: number
contact with an
HANDS CLUTCHED TO THE THROAT. immediately.
electrical
If the person doesn't give the signal, look Then, although
you'll be unable to energy source (www.emedicinehealth.com)
for these indications:  The danger from an electrical shock
• Inability to talk effectively deliver
back blows to depends on:
• Difficulty breathing or noisy
breathing yourself, you can  the type of current,
• Inability to cough forcefully still perform  how high the voltage is
• Skin, lips and nails turning blue or abdominal thrusts  how the current traveled through the
dusky to dislodge the item. body
• Loss of consciousness • Place a fist slightly above your navel.
 the person's overall health
• Grasp your fist with the other hand and
RED CROSS: ―Five-and-Five Approach bend over a hard surface — a countertop  how quickly the person is treated.
or chair will do. Call your local emergency number
• Give 5 back blows. First, deliver five • Shove your fist inward and upward. immediately if any of these signs or
back blows between the person's shoulder symptoms occur:
blades with the heel of your hand. Clearing the airway of a pregnant woman • Cardiac arrest
• Give 5 abdominal thrusts. Perform five or obese person: • Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias)
abdominal thrusts (also known as the • Position your • Respiratory failure
Heimlich maneuver). hands a little bit • Muscle pain and contractions
• Alternate between 5 blows and 5 thrusts higher than with a • Burns
until the blockage is dislodged. normal Heimlich • Seizures
maneuver, at the •Numbness and tingling
ABDOMINAL THRUSTS (HEIMLICH base of the • Unconsciousness
MANEUVER) on someone else: breastbone, just
• Stand behind the person. Wrap your above the joining While waiting for medical help, follow
arms around the waist. Tip the person of the lowest ribs. these steps:
forward slightly. • Proceed as with Look first. Don't touch. The person may
• Make a fist with one hand. Position it the Heimlich maneuver, pressing hard into still be in contact with the electrical source.
slightly above the person's navel. the chest, with a quick thrust. Touching the person may pass the current
• Grasp the fist with the other hand. Press • Repeat until the food or other blockage is through you.
hard into the abdomen with a quick, dislodged or the person becomes Turn off the source of electricity, if
upward thrust — as if trying to lift the unconscious. possible. If not, move the source away
person up. from you and the person, using a dry, non-
• Perform a total of Clearing the airway of an conducting object made of cardboard,
5 abdominal unconscious person: plastic or wood.
thrusts, if needed. • Lower the person on his Check for signs of circulation
If the blockage still or her back onto the floor. (breathing, coughing or movement). If
isn't dislodged, • Clear the airway. If there's absent, begin cardiopulmonary
repeat the five- a visible blockage at the resuscitation (CPR) immediately.
and-five cycle. back of the throat or high in Prevent shock. Lay the person down
and, if possible, position the head slightly
 If you're the only the throat, reach a finger
lower than the trunk with the legs elevated.
rescuer, perform into the mouth and sweep
 After coming into contact with
back blows and out the cause of the
electricity, the person should see a
abdominal thrusts blockage. Be careful not to
doctor to check for internal injuries,
before calling your push the food or object
even if he or she has no obvious signs
local emergency deeper into the airway,
or symptoms.
number for help . If Caution
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 SAFETY & FIRST AID

Don't touch the person with your bare

hands if he or she is still in contact with
the electrical current.
Don't get near high-voltage wires until
the power is turned off. Stay at least
20 feet away — farther if wires are
jumping and sparking.
Don't move a person with an electrical
injury unless the person is in
immediate danger.

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