MARIYAPPAN.

Ans

Q1

Derive the emf equation of dc generator?

As the armature rotates, a voltage is generated in its coils. In the case of a

generator, the emf of rotation is called the Generated emf or Armature emf and is
denoted as Er = Eg. In the case of a motor, the emf of rotation is known as Back emf
or Counter emf and represented as Er = Eb. .
Q2

Which are the types of dc machines ?

The magnetic flux in a d.c machine is produced by field coils carrying current. The
production of magnetic flux in the device by circulating current in the field winding is
called excitation.

There are two types of excitation in D.C machine. Separate excitation, and self-
excitation. In self-excitation, the current flowing through the field winding is supplied
by the machine itself, and in separate excitation, the field coils are energized by a
separate D.C. Source.

The types of D.C machine are:

1. Separately excited d.c. machine

2. Shunt wound or shunt machine.
3. Series wound or series machine.
4. Compound wound or compound machine.

Q3

which de machine is having field current equal to armature curcent & with the
help of diagram explain.

If that DC machine is a generator, armature will have AC through it, that is

converted into DC for the load,by commutators. If the DC machine is a motor,
armature will carry DC which is due to the commutator action, that converted AC
from supply to DC to flow through armature.

According to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, whenever a conductor is

placed in a varying magnetic field (OR a conductor is moved in a magnetic field), an
emf (electromotive force) gets induced in the conductor. The magnitude of induced
emf can be calculated from the emf equation of dc generator. If the conductor is
provided with a closed path, the induced current will circulate within the path. In a DC
generator, field coils produce an electromagnetic field and the armature conductors
are rotated into the field. Thus, an electromagnetically induced emf is generated in
the armature conductors. The direction of induced current is given by Fleming’s right
hand rule.

Q4
Explain the process of voltage build up with the help of occ.

In this post we will discuss how Voltage is Build up in DC Shunt generator at No

Load. Consider a DC Shunt Generator at no load as shown in figure below. The
switch in the field circuit is supposed open and the armature of DC Shunt Generator
is driven at rated speed
Because of presence of small residual flux in the field poles, DC Shunt Generator will
have a small voltage at its terminal even though the switch S is open when driven at
rated speed. Now suppose the switch S is closed.

As there is small voltage is there across the terminals of DC Shunt Generator and
Switch S is closed, therefore a small current will start flowing through the field circuit
of DC Shunt Generator which in turn will produce magnetic flux and if the produced
magnetic flux adds the residual magnetic flux then net flux will increase and the
generated voltage (Ea = KaØωm) will increase corresponding to point J on the
Magnetization curve as shown in figure below.
Since the generated voltage has increased, therefore the field current will also
increase to OK corresponding to which the Generated Voltage across the Terminals
of DC Shunt Generator will increase to point L. In the same manner the voltage will
continue to build up till the point of intersection of Field Resistance Line and
Magnetization curve / Open Circuit Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator. Beyond
point of intersection of Field Resistance Line and Magnetization curve / Open Circuit
Characteristics the voltage won’t build up as in that case the generated voltage Ea
will not be able to drive the required field current. Thus the stable point at which the
voltage will remain fix is the voltage Ea corresponding to point of intersection of Field
Resistance Line and Magnetization curve / Open Circuit Characteristics.

Q5
what is armatuce reaction ? What z are the effects ?

When the generator is loaded, the armature carries the current. The armature
current sets up its own magnetic field. The effect of this armature flux on the
distribution of main field flux is called Armature Reaction.

It reduces the generated voltage by distorting the main flux and it causes sparking at
the brushes.

The armature reaction will reduce the generated EMF due to decrease in value of
flux per pole.

The iron losses in the teeth and pole shoes are determined by the maximum value of
flux density at which they work. Due to distortion in main field flux the maximum
density at load increases above no load. Thus more iron losses are observed on
load than no load.

Due to this process the maximum value of gap flux density increases. This will
increase the maximum voltage between adjacent commutator segments at load. If
this voltage exceeds beyond 30V the sparking may take place between adjacent
commutator segments.
The armature reaction shifts brush axis from GNA. Thus flux density in the interpolar
axis is not zero but having some value. Thus there will be an induced emf in the coil
undergoing commutation which will try to maintain the current in original direction.
This will make commutation difficult and will cause delayed commutation.