Week 1-7 CM MDL Hum111

ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)
MODULE 1: THE REGIONAL APPROACH TO READING MODULE 4: HOW TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE LITERATURE?
Lesson 1: How to Contribute To The Development Local
Lesson 1: What is literature? …………………………………................... 2-3
Literature?...........................................................................................23-24
Lesson 2: The Regional Approach to Reading Philippine
Lesson 2: List of National Artist……………………………………………………………,24-28
literature …………………………………………………………………………………………….3-4
Activities and Assessment …………………………………………………….……29-30
Lesson 3: Literary Approach …………………………………………………………4
Lesson 4: 21st Century Filipino authors ……………………………….4-10
Activities and Assessment ……………………………………………………11 MODULE 5: LUZON: GENRES OF URBAN WRITINGS
Lesson 1: Luzon: Genres of Urban Writings………………………………………31-32
Lesson 2: Genres of Urban Writings…………………………………………………..32-37
MODULE 2: AN OVERVIEW OF PHILIPPINE LITERARY Lesson 3: Fiction and Nonfiction………………………………………………………….37-39
HISTORY
Activities and Assessment………………………………………………………..40-41
Lesson 1: An overview of Philippine literary history.…..…12-13
Lesson 2: 2 Way Relationship of Literature and History…….14
Lesson 3: The Survival of Philippine Literary Genres Are MODULE 6: VISAYAS: HYBRID MODES IN LOCAL COLOR
Contingent To History………………………………………………………………… 14-16 Lesson 1: Visayas: Hybrid Modes In Local Color………………………..42-43
Activities and Assessment…………………………………………………….17 Lesson 2: Romantic Novel As Popular Literature………………………43-44
Lesson 3: Metafiction……………………………………………………………………………..44-45
MODULE 3: ON NATIONAL LITERATURE AND ITS SOCIAL Activities and Assessment …………………………………………………………….46
DIMENSIONS
Lesson 1: National Literature and Its Social Dimension......18 MODULE 7: MINDANAO: LITERATURE OF CONFLICT
Lesson 2: CAVITE MUNITY………………………………………………………… 18-19 Lesson 1: Mindanao: Literature of Conflict………………………………….47-48
Lesson 3: MALOLOS CONSTITUTION……………………………………………19 Lesson 2: Filipino Muslim Literature……………………………………………..48-50
Lesson 4: PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT………………………………………20 Lesson 3: Literacy Anthologies…………………………………………………………51-52
Lesson 5: THE NATIONAL ARTSIT AWARD…………………………20-21 Activities and Assessment …………………...……….……………………………53
Activities and Assessment …………….………………...……………….22 1st Quarter Project ……………….…………………...……….……………………54-55
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THE REGIONAL APPROACH TO READING PHILIPPINE

UNIT ONE LITERATURE
MODULE At the end of this module, you are expected to:
 Appreciate local literary heritage
1  Writing a feature article
AUGUST 24-28, 2020  Compare and contrast the various 21st century literary
genres and the ones from the earlier genres/periods
citing their elements, structures, and traditions
literature seem to lord it over the rest of the country. Perhaps it is because the
central government, big universities, corporate headquarters, and the big
publishing houses are all found in Metro Manila. Literature from “the central” thus
appears to be more valid to the readers who do not question the dated Manila-
 How would you provide the
opportunity for a nature sense of centric view of Philippine literature.
pride to grow within us for being
part of this nation? While it is true that a lot of historically moving as well as entertaining works
 How can we help to build a bridge were produced by Metro Manila authors, they are merely one group in the
across the archipelago for us to constellation of the Philippine authors. So much can be discovered in the literatures
able to indulge in regional of regions that can help paint a better picture of who we are as a nation. Thus, it is
literature?
necessary for our national language, Filipino, or our other languages, English to
embrace as much as possible the literary output from the regions through
translations. The wider we can the disseminate literatures from the regions, the
bigger the possibility of understanding among the different ethnic groups.
Overview: WHAT IS LITERATURE?
21st century technology can help propel this goal into something It is an enduring expression of significant human experience in words well-
obtainable. With the help of the internet, many contemporary authors from the chosen and arranged. It comes from the Latin word “litera” which means an
regions are publishing their work online. Whether they are using their language, acquaintance with letters. Literature can be defined as everything in print. It is a
Filipino or English, these young authors are beginning to speak to a national body of literary productions, either oral, written, or visual, containing imaginative
audience about their reality. It is imperative that we Filipinos should read as much language that realistically portrays thoughts, emotions, and experience of the
literature as we can from other regions. There is a need for more works from human condition. Some loosely interpret literature as a faithful reproduction of
outside of manila to be read across the country. It is the sad reality that even 21st man’s manifold experiences blended into one harmonious expression. Because
century, Filipinos tend to privilege the popular and sophisticated literatures of NCR, literature deals with ideas, thoughts, and emotions of man, literature can be said
particularly Metro Manila. Whether it is comics or novels, Metro Manila to be the story of man. Man’s loves, grief, thoughts, dreams, and aspirations
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coached in the beautiful language is literature. Literature is a product of a culture cultures, and languages, the Filipinos of today must consciously choose to maintain
that concretizes man’s array of values, emotions, actions, and ideas. a united front for all of us to be truly equal and free as a people in one nation. How
can we do this? Perhaps our study of literature can help point us toward the
THE REGIONAL APPROACH TO READING PHILIPPINE LITERATURE direction of understanding different Philippine cultures across the country, and
hopefully this would provide the opportunity for a true sense of pride to grow
During a 2014 conference in Cebu City, Senator Alan Peter Cayetano within us for being part of this nation.
remarked that the national government should stop giving the bulk of its national
budget to Metro Manila alone. He said, 111 et us remember that Metro Manila is Very often, we hear people in coffee shops and in the academe talk about
not the Philippines, and the Philippines is not Metro Manila. We should not always
the state of Philippine literature. And almost as often, we hear them discuss what
build in Manila. Other provinces and regions should share in the resources such as
they describe as Philippine literature, its roots right in the national capital region
Clark, Zamboanga Peninsula, Caraga, Central Visayas, etc.” (“Metro Manila Gets
‘Fatter 2014). Providing equal resources to all regions of the country has been a and the surrounding provinces. That, to say the least, is a rather sad commentary
continuous problem in more than a century of our independence as a nation. on not just the state of Philippine literature but on the orientation many have had
Nature cannot be blamed for this condition. The archipelagic nature of the Republic for years and the focus of what really is literature that we can say truly and rightly
of the Philippines has made the country enjoy a rich biodiversity. Our topography, reflects the soul of this Southeast Asian archipelago of nearly 88 million people.
which consists of mountainous terrains, dense forests, plains, and coastal areas, Given the multi-racial, multi-ethnic society the Philippines has, is there really one
allow us to enjoy endemic flora and fauna. As a result of this diverse environment, brand that may truly be called Philippine literature to the unjust exclusion of the
our ancestors developed separate cultures and languages. others similarly strong in foundation and appreciated not the least by many
scholars a s well as students of history and culture?
Our country has a total of 182 living languages. With these languages our
ancestors communicated, built their communities, and created unique cultural Aside from a sympathetic understanding of the geographical divisions, we
products. And yet, our blessings from nature coupled with these multiple must as well note that the Philippines, heretofore called Las Islas Filipinas, had been
languages also provide a continuous challenge for us in addressing the needs of under different political rulers. And, in certain cases, the politics then included the
our different provinces and regions, along with its peoples. Separated by seas
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educational and the spiritual dimensions, not necessarily taken together. With this and followed in an historical course through its subsequent evolution and
given, we can immediately see the need for more scholars and chroniclers as well development.
as quality translators to compile and translate the native tunes and lyrics  Gender Approach – This approach “examines how sexual identity
indigenous to each or to more than one region. This is where any private effort influences the creation and reception of literary works.”
should be matched at once by the government, which has the logistics and will to  Mythological Approach - Explores how the imagination uses myths,
let one body, or committee, to work on and for the translation and dissemination symbols to different cultures and epochs. A central concept
of the various regional literatures. in mythological criticism is an archetype that analyses symbols and
characters to find a deeper meaning.
Some 21″ century literature of the Philippines can be found in blogs, online
 Readers Response Approach - At its most basic level, reader-response
newspapers, online magazines, online journals, etc. Also a good number of
criticism considers readers' reactions to literature as vital to interpreting
performances of songs, skits, and amateur films showcasing regional works can be
the meaning of the text.
found in video-sharing sites like YouTube. While it is true that regional literature
 Deconstructionist Approach - A philosophical movement and theory
has been overlooked for so long, perhaps 21st century technology, particularly the
of literary criticism that questions traditional assumptions about certainty,
Internet can help build bridges across the archipelago for us to be able to indulge
identity, and truth; asserts that words can only refer to other words; and
in regional literature.
attempts to demonstrate how statements about any text subvert their
LITERARY APPROACH own meanings.
 Formalistic Approach - In the field of literary criticism, a formalist 21ST CENTURY FILIPINO AUTHORS
approach is one that studies a text as a text and nothing more. For
example, a formalist reading of a poem would focus on its rhythms, REGION AUTHORS
rhymes, cadences, and structure. ... The text is a living, breathing MICHAEL M. COROZA – Is a
thing, critics say, and its meaning shifts over time. Philippine writer and translator
 Biographical Approach - This approach “begins with the simple but central writing in the language of Filipino,
insight that literature is written by actual people and that understanding S.E.A. Write Award laureate.
an author's life can help readers more thoroughly comprehend the work.” Born: 26 August 1969 (age
Hence, it often affords a practical method by which readers can better 50 years) in Metro Manila
understand a text. NCR Books: Mga Lagot na
Liwanag, Thomas in a Minor Key:
 Sociological Approach - This approach “examines literature in the
A Play in Three Acts
cultural, economic and political context in which it is written or received,” Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Poetry in
exploring the relationships between the artist and society. Filipino.
 Historical Approach - A technique of presenting information (as in teaching Education: University of Santo Tomas, Ateneo de Manila
or criticism) in which a topic is considered in terms of its earliest phases University, University of the Philippines System.
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JESSICA ZAFRA - Is a fiction writer, Books: The Best of This is a Crazy Planets: A Collection of
columnist, editor, publisher, and Essays from His Hit Spot.ph Blog, MORE
former television and radio show Education: Colegio de San Juan de Letran, University of
host. She is known for her sharp Santo Tomas
and witty writing style. Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Essay
Born: 1965 (age 55 years), Manila
Woks: Twisted, Chicken Pox for CHARLSON ONG – Is a multi-awarded
the Soul fictionist who has received, among
Education: Philippine Science High School System, St. other a Palanca award for his short
Theresa's College, University of the Philippines System story, The Trouble in Beijing; a
Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for second-place Philippine Centennial
Essay, Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Short Story Literary Prize for his novel, An
Embarrassment of Riches; and several National Book
NORMAN WILWAYCO - He also writes Awards for his works across the years.
for Filmless Films. He previously wrote
for the popular television Other Author’s in NCR:
show Batibot and has contributed ANA MARIA VILLANUEVA-LYKES
articles to Liwayway, Manila NAYA VALDELLON
Times and Inquirer. He was a fellow of ROSMON TUAZON
the UP Writers Workshop and won the first prize in the
Amado Hernandez Award for Literature in 1999.
Born: 2 October 1972 (age 47 years) PAUL B. ZAFARALLA – Born on June
Books: Mondomanila, Gerilya 22, 1983 in Upon, Pinili, Ilocos Norte.
Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Short Story He is a multilingual writer (Iluko,
in Filipino English, Filipino) on Ilocano and
LOURD DE VEYRA - Lourd Ernest Philippine culture and the arts for the
Hanopol de Veyra is a Filipino past 51 years.
musician, emcee, poet, journalist, REGION 1 Works: Bannawag, Rima, Iluko
TV host, broadcast personality and (ILOCOS REGION)
activist who became famous as
the vocalist of the Manila-based
jazz rock band Radioactive Sago
Project.
Born: 11 February 1975 (age 45 years), Quezon City
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ARIEL S. TABAG – He was born August Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for
16, 1978, He is a bilingual Ilokano Poetry, Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Essay
fictionist (he writes in Ilokano
language and Tagalog/Filipino), poet, Other Author’s in CAR:
editor, translator, and musician. He DION MICHAEL FERNANDEZ
has received the Palanca Awards for RACHEL PITLOGAY
his Ilokano short stories. He has also CHINEE SANCHEZ-PALATINO
been awarded the Talaang Ginto-Gantimpalang Collantes CHARISSE ACQUISIO
VIRGILIO ALMARIO - Virgilio
Other Author’s in REGION 1: Senadrin Almario, better known
SANRIAGO B. VILLAFRANCA by his pen name Rio Alma, is a
CLES B. RAMBAUD Filipino artist, author, poet, critic,
JAN MARC AUSTRIA translator, editor, teacher, and
cultural manager.
JUN LISONDRA - He REGION 3 Born: 9 March 1944 (age
was inspired by the (CENTRAL LUZON) 76 years), San Miguel
landscape paintings Literary movement: Philippine Modernism
REGION 2 of Boy Velara, a Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Poetry in
(CAGAYAN VALLEY native artist in Filipino, Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Essay in
REGION) Negros Oriental. Filipino
When his father Education: University of the Philippines
brought 3 landscape paintings from him (Boy Velara) and Diliman (1974), University of the Philippines
he saw it then decided to paint because it inspires him alot. Diliman, University of the East
He liked to paint Philippine landscapes and some
commission works. Other Author’s in REGION 3:
MA. LUISA AGUILAR-CARIÑO – She is ROLANDO F. SANTOS
a Filipina American poet and author of D.M REYES
CAR various award-winning collections, DANRO REMONTO
(CORDILLERA and is the current Poet Laureate of MARK ANTHONY CAYANAN
ADMINISTRATIVE Virginia.
REGION) Born: 3 September 1961 (age
58 years), Baguio
Education: University of Illinois at
Chicago, University of the Philippines
Baguio
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JOEL M TOLEDO - Toledo was the MERLINDA BOBIS - Merlinda Bobis

recipient of the 2006 NCCA is a contemporary Philippine-
Literary Prize and has won Australian writer and academic.
awards for his poetry in English, Born in Legazpi City, in the
including two Don Carlos Palanca Philippines province of Albay,
REGION 4-A Memorial Awards, The Merlinda Bobis attended Bicol
(CALABARZON) Philippines Free Press Literary University High School then
Award, The Meritage Press completed her B.A. at Aquinas
Poetry Prize in San Francisco, University in Legazpi City.
USA, and was the first Asian to Born: 25 November 1959 (age 60 years), Legazpi City
win the Bridport Prize for Poetry Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for
in Dorset, United Kingdom. He was the last Literary Editor Poetry, Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Poetry in
of the now-defunct Philippines Free Press magazine. Filipino
Education: University of Santo Tomas Graduate School
Other Author’s in REGION 4-A: RICARDO LEE - Ricardo Lee is a
FRANK G. RIVERA Filipino screenwriter,
JIMMUEL C. NAVAL journalist, novelist, and
REGION 5 playwright. He has written
JOSE DALISAY JR. - is a more than 180 film
(BICOL REGION) screenplays since 1973,
Filipino writer. He has
earning him more than 70
won numerous awards trophies from various award-
and prizes for fiction, giving bodies.
poetry, drama, non- Born: 19 March 1948 (age
REGION 4-B fiction, and 72 years), Daet
(MIMAROPA) screenwriting, Education: Camarines Norte Chung Hua High School
including 16 Palanca Foundation
Awards. Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Short
Born: 15 January 1954 (age 66 years), Romblon Story in Filipino
Genre: Fiction, poetry, drama, nonfiction, and
screenwriting
Other Author’s in REGION 5:
Movies: The Kite, Miguelito, Tayong Dalawa, Whore of a
VICTOR DENNIS TINO NIERVA
Mother, At the Breast of the Enemy, Forever
RIZALDY MANRIQUE
Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for
JASMIN BADONG
Poetry, MORE
LLANA MARNE L. KILANTES
Education: La Salle Green Hills
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ESTELITO BAYLON JACOB IAN ROSALES CASOCOT - Is a creative

KRISTIAN SENDON CORDERO writer and journalist from Dumaguete
ALVIN YAPAN City, Negros Oriental,
RICHARD MADRILEJOS Philippines. Wikipedia
JOHN IREMIL TEODORO - Is a Born: 17 August 1975 (age
Filipino writer, literary critic, and 44 years), Dumaguete
cultural scholar. He is also a Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Short
considered to be a leading pioneer Story, Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Short Story
in Philippine gay literature and the for Children
most published author in Kinaray- Education: Silliman University, International Christian
Books: Sommarblommor: Poems University
Written in Europe KARLO ANTONIO GALAY DAVID -
Education: University of San Agustin, De La Salle He writes Fiction, drama, and
University Manila translations in English, Cebuano,
Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Full-length NIR and the variety of Filipino in Davao.
Play in Filipino. (NEGROS ISLAND He has an AB in English from the
ALICE TAN-GONZALES - Her REGION) Ateneo de Davao University and a
remarkable goal is to continue to Master’s in Creative Writing from
REGION 6 be a regional writer, authoring Silliman University. He was a fellow
(WESTERN VISAYAS literary works in her native to the Ateneo de Davao Campus Writers Workshop in
REGION) tongue, Hiligaynon. ... Born and Davao, the Iyas Creative Writing Workshop in Bacolod,
bred in and the Silliman National Writers Workshop in
Bacolod, Gonzales recounted Dumaguete. He has a Nick Joaquin Literary Award for
how she began her literary career fiction and a Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Award for one
writing in English. However, she felt she was "more act play in English.
effective" when she started writing in Hiligaynon.
Other Author’s in NEGROS REGION:
Other Author’s in REGION 6:
ROGER GARCIA MARIANNE VILLANUEVA
FELINO GARCIA JR. GENEVIEVE L. ASENJO
ROSARIO CRUZ-LUCERO ISABEL D. SIBULLEN
MARK ANTHONY GREJALDO ISIDRO CRUZ
JEAN LEE C. PATINDOL
ALAIN RUSS DIMZON MELCHOR F. CICHON
JOHN EDISON TONDARES JOHN CARLO TIAMPONG
JOHN BARRIOS
MICHAEL OBENIENTA – HE has many honors and the
Bathalad Hall of Fame for writing grant for the NCCA-
sponsored UBOD New Author's Series, for a book of
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Cebuano poems titled “Iring-iring sa Tingbitay sa Iro” MIG ALVAREZ ENRIQUEZ - Emigdio
LAWRENCE LACAMBRA YPIL - He is a poet and essayist Alvarez Enriquez was born in the year
from Cebu, Philippines. He received an MFA in Creative 1925. He is a Filipino by birth. He
Writing (Poetry) from Washington University in St Louis on started writing at the age of 20. He is a
a Fulbright Scholarship, and has recently completed an REGION 9 novelist, story writer, and playing with.
REGION 7 MFA in Nonfiction Writing from the University of Iowa. (ZAMBOANGA Among his famous literary works are
(CENTRAL VISAYAS PENINSULA) Blood on the Moon, A tale of Two
REGION) Other Author’s in REGION 7: Houses, Cachil Kudarat (Sultan of Mindanao) or Cachil
RENE AMPER MARCEL NAVARRA Corrala, and Labaw, Donggon. All of this short stories won
MARJORIE EVASCO GODOFREDO ROPEROS palangca awards in the year.
JOSHUA CABRERA JANUAR YAP
CORAZON ALMERINO GERARD PAREJA Other Author in REGION 9:
ADONIS DORADO DELAROSALES SERVANDO D. HALILI JR.
ULYSSES APARECE RONALD VILLAVALDEZ
CATHY VIADO JENEEN R. GARCIA REGION 10 RALP SEMINO GALAN
(NORTHERN JUDITH R. DHARMAS
VOLTAIRE OYZON - Is a writer, teacher, and advocate for MINDANAO)
the Waray language. He teaches Waray at the Leyte CANDY GOURLAY
Normal University in Tacloban City. His first poetry REGION 11 MIGUEL LIZADA
collection entitled an Maupay ha mga Waray was (DAVAO REGION) SALUD M. CARRIDO
published by the Philippines National Commission for MARGARITA MARFORI
REGION 8 Culture & the Arts in 2008. RICKY VILLAFUERTE
(EASTERN VISAYAS TIMOTHY R. MONTES - Was a natural born Filipino who REGION 12 CHRITINE GODINEZ-ORTEGA
REGION) grew up in Borongan, Eastern Samar. He studied and (SOCCSARGEN) JAIME AN LIM
Creative Writing Program of Silliman University under the REGIO 13 JOEY AYALA
tutelage of Edilberto and Edith Tiempo during late 19980s (CARAGA REGION) TITA LACAMBRA-AYALA
and early 1990s. His numerous written works have been ARMM STEVE PRINCE PATRICK C. FERNANDEZ
published in various magazines and anthologies. (AUTONOMOUS MEHOL K. SADAIN
DARYLL DELGADO - Book Award for best book of short REGION IN THERESE P. ABONALES
fiction in English and was a finalist for the 2013 Madrigal- MUSLIM MINALANG K. BARAPANTAO JR.
Gonzales First Book Award. She also received a Philippines MINDANAO)
Free Press award for her fiction in 2010. She has received
writing residencies in Australia, Spain, and the Philippines
and holds degrees in journalism and comparative
literature from the University of the Philippines (Diliman).
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A FILIPINO cultural scholar urged writers to value regional literary works,

stressing that they are vital in organizing the historical information of the country.
Being a Filipino writers and scholars must develop works written in the regional
languages. “No Philippine literature will materialize if we will not value our regional
literature. It shouldn’t be English and Tagalog only,” Teodoro says, because
translating regional literary works into Filipino or English and gathering information
from veteran writers are some of the ways of preserving the history of Philippine
literature. Our Literature are expanded though this country, in a different form of
genres and possession of art. Being an individual living in modern society we didn’t
appreciate the local literacy in every region and forget a chance to understand
about their own culture and others. They learn to empathies with
characters, to feel their joys and pain.
Like other races of the world, we need to understand that we have a great
and noble tradition which can serve as the means to assimilate other cultures.
Through such a study, we will realize our literary limitations conditioned by certain
historical factors and we can take steps to overcome them. Above all, as Filipinos,
who truly love and take pride in our own culture, we have to manifest our deep
concern for our own literature and this we can do by studying the literature of our
country.
References:
Beyond borders Readong Lierature in the 21st Century Page 2
https://elcomblus.com/the-regional-approach-to-reading-philippine-literature/
https://www.slideshare.net/RheaPaulaBernales/unit-1-regional-approach-in-
reading-literature
https://www.unipronow.org/oldblog/philippine-literature
https://manilastandard.net/mobile/article/221962
https://www.slideshare.net/hersheyssa/phil-literature
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/biography
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_________________________________ ________________________________
Important Reminders _________________________________ _________________________________
 Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along with the _________________________________ _________________________________
other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a _________________________________ _________________________________
separate paper.
_________________________________ _________________________________
 If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation (s), pictures,
_________________________________ _________________________________
pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to my email at
____________________________________________ following this format: _________________________________ _________________________________
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME or send a digital copy from your _________________________________ _________________________________
flash drive together with this activity sheet. _________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
ACTIVITY 1: _________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
Self-Assessment _________________________________ _________________________________
COMPARE & CONTRAST: Describe and explain what is the similarities and _________________________________ _________________________________
difference of 21st Century literature to Regional Literature. _________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
21ST CENTURY LITERATURE VS REGIONAL LITERATURE
COMPARISON CONTRAST
MODULE 1: Assessment: (Interview)
________________________ __________________________
_______________________________ _________________________________ ENGAGING SCENARIO
_______________________________ _________________________________
_______________________________ _________________________________ I. Have an interview with 5 random people you know, and find out what
_______________________________ _________________________________ are there critical interpretation about “The Regional Approach of
_______________________________ _________________________________ Reading the Philippine Literature.” You may compose your own 3-5
_______________________________ _________________________________ questions about to the given topic.
_______________________________ _________________________________
_______________________________ _________________________________ II. Write a feature article about you gather your data. The feature article
_______________________________ _________________________________ must include the components below (2points per component for a
_______________________________ _________________________________ total of 15 points)
_______________________________ _________________________________
_______________________________ _________________________________
_______________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________
11
AN OVERVIEW OF PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY

UNIT 1

 Compare and contrast the various 21st century literary performing the role being
2 genres and the ones from the earlier genres/periods citing
their elements, structures, and traditions
shown to them. All these
factors constitute the three
SEPTEMBER 2-4, 2020  Understand the body of works we call “Philippine principal ingredients of
Literature” and its genres evolved in relation to our
historical experience. literature: Subject, Form,
and Point of view. Lastly,
since literature consists of
different types of genres,
you must know the manner
 What is Ideology mean? of distinguishing one
 How did the form of Rizal’s novel literary genre from the
bring about Ideology? other. The basis of our
distinction of the literary
genres will be the
presentation, the
relationship between the
Overview: author, work, audience,
and the structure or the artistic component parts of each of literary genres.
This notion of literature’s embeddedness in history as a set of
events undermines the claims thar literature is the product of writer’s creativity,
and that authorial intention is the most reliable guide for the interpretation of AN OVERVIEW OF PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY
literary work. Moreover, a consideration of literature’s abiding relationship to
Literature associated with the Philippines and includes the legends of
history can enlarge our understanding of how the literary, in its “symbolic
prehistory, and the colonial legacy of the Philippines, written in both Indigenous,
representation of human experience,” it can also effect changes in how we live out
or experience and interpret our realities, if not reality itself. Again, literature and Hispanic languages. Most of the notable literature of the Philippines was
presents human experience in various forms, sensations, feelings, moods, written during the Spanish period and the first half of the 20th century in Spanish
attitudes, thoughts, and events in an interrelated series. In presenting all this varied language. Philippine literature is written in Spanish, English, Tagalog, and other
human experience, the writer of literature chooses a specific vehicle or artistic native Philippine languages. Philippine literature is written in Spanish, English,
structure to convey this meaning or value of experience. Then he, selects a Tagalog, and other native Philippine languages. We designate as the body of work
particular angle of vision to present this human experience to his reader in such a called “Philippine Literature” envolved in relation to our historical experience,
way that his readers become truly and personally involved in the event, for, when emergence of the JOSE RIZAL’s Noli MeTangere as a reaction to the colonial
they assume this angle of vision, they actually feel that they are the people oppression during Spanish Period.
12
Dr. Jose P. Rizal wrote the novel to world, but there will always be good
open the eyes of our countrymen, to let people as well. And that when you
them truly see all the oppression our think all the world is left to is violence
country was going through and that it was and hatred, you are very much wrong
time to fight back. And he did such act because 1) Words are far stronger
fantastically. The novel was not heavy or than any gun and 2) Good will always
dreading nor was it sugar coated. It was prevail.
raw and real. It showcased abuse of
The Noli Me Tangere,
power, sorrow, and greed. It showcased
realism is reflation on the origin and
the truth. It showed us how the Spaniards
spread of nationalism, of how novel’s
twisted and turned the truth into
mode of narration enables its readers
something that would benefit them. It
to imagine themselves as member of united community, never mind that they will
showed the inner clockworks of their selfishness and abuse. But despite the dark
never meet all of its other members. And in this study, we can figure out the roots
themes, it described love, not entirely romantic love, but more importantly love of
of nationalism as an ideology, poses that the nation emerged as an imagined
country and family. Despite all the hardships and pain Ibarra went through, he kept
political community. This symbolic or ideological membership is precisely what the
on knocking down doors, he kept on trying to help. And in the sense of family love,
form of novel enacts. The novel, as exemplified by the Noli, presents a cast of
we can all point to the commonly parodied Sisa. She did everything in her power
characters who share a common past, present and future.
to find her children, and despite the fact that she did not live to see the day where
she finds her boys, she loved them until the last inch of her heart. Senor Ibarra also
had a deep love for his father. This is supported by the fact that he let Padre
Damaso‟s insults pass but when the priest tried to pick on his father, it took less
than a beat for Ibarra to rise to his father‟s defense. The story also presented
forgiveness. Ibarra was a very forgiving man. He forgave the man who tried to kill
him at the placing of the cornerstone of the school he wanted to build. And since
the man who attempted to murder him died in the placing of the cornerstone,
Ibarra even offered to pay for the burial of the man. Sacrifice also was an important
theme in the novel. If Elias did not sacrifice himself, then Ibarra would not have
lived and the uprisings in the sequel of Noli Me Tangere would most likely not take
place. For me there are 2 overall themes (themes that are carried on in to El IDEOLOGY it is a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the
Filibusterismo) is that war does not necessarily have to end through means of basis of economic or political theory and policy. Also known as a fundamental belief
violence, it could always be ended peacefully, through words and maybe even of a group and its members. work comes from the influences of the philosophy of
forgiveness. And the second being that there will always be evil people in this Enlightenment. The political and social reforms that he espoused embodies general
ideas of tolerance, more liberty, and the need for civil government.
13
THE SURVIVAL OF PHILIPPINE LITERARY GENRES ARE CONTINGENT

TO HISTORY
Literature is a body of written works. Originated from oral traditions, are
imaginative works deals with stories and poetry. The content depends on the
author three Points of Literature portrays human experience the authors interpret
these human experiences it is an art form and a style of expression. The Pre-
Colonial Period - This existed before the Spanish occupation in the 1500s. It is oral
in nature and is full of lessons and ideas about life, its blessings, and its
consequences, it contains ideas from birth to the grave. The oral characteristic of
pre-colonial literature gives the possibility for many alterations. In the Philippine
context, no matter how it may be considered as altered, pre-colonial literature is
still revered to by many Filipinos. The sources are usually the local native town folk.
2 WAY RELATIONSHIP OF LITERATURE AND HISTORY
Literature and history are closely related, in discovering the history of a
GENRE IN PHILIPPINES
race, feelings, aspirations customs and traditions of a people are surely to be a. Riddles f. Songs of Death k. Fables
included and these feelings, aspirations, customs, and traditions, that are written
is literature. The history of literature is the historical developments of writings in b. Lullabies g. Religious Songs l. Epics
prose and poetry which attempts to provide Entertainment, enlighten, or
instruction to the reader/listener/observer. c. Proverbs h. Folk Tales
d. Drinking Songs i. Myths

Here are some literary compositions that have influenced the world:
1. The Bible or the sacred heart e. Love Songs j. Legends
2. Koran
RIDDLES (MGA BUGTONG) - These are statements that contain superficial words,
Literature and history, however, also have differences, Literature may be but they function figuratively and as metaphors, and are in the form of questions.
figments of the imagination or events devoid of truth that have been written down,
Examples: Bisaya Baboy sa lasang, (A wild pig of the forest,) Ang tunok puro
while history is made up of events that really happened. Literature is present
lansang. (Is covered with spikes.) Answer: Nangka (Jackfruit) Meranaw Chabacano
during the era of the ancient world. Even without the invention of words and
language, literature was already manifested in the earliest human civilizations. Sominub lawiyan, (It dived,) Tagia que tagia, (You keep on slashing it,) Mbowat
Carvings and paintings on walls inside caves of stone give evidence about the lives lawitan. (It rose.) Hende ta penetra. (But it does not penetrate) Answer: Ragum
of prehistoric people. They explain their way of life. (Needle) Answer: Agua (Water)
14
PROVERBS (MGA SALAWIKAIN) - These are statements that are considered as USUAL THEMES
wise. These are usually given by parents or elders of the community.
• Ceremonies needed to appease the deities.
Examples: Mandaya on Viriginity Yang ataog aw madugdug, (An egg once broken,)
Di da mamauli. (Will never be the same.) Tausug on Secret Affairs Ilocano on Guilt • Pre and Post apocalypse
In lasa iban uba, (Love and cough,) Ti agutak, (He who cackles Di hikatapuk. (Cannot • Life and Death
be hidden.) Isut nagitlog. (Laid the egg.)
• Gods and Goddesses
FOLK SONGS - These are folk lyrics that are usually chanted. These usually contain
ideas on aspirations, hopes, everyday life and expressions of love for loved ones. • Heroes and Heroines
FORMS OF FOLK SONG • Supernatural beings
• Lullabies- these is locally known as the Hele. These are sung to put to sleep • Animals
babies. The content varies, but usually, parents sing these with ideas on how hard MYTHS - These tackle the natural to strange occurrences of the earth and how
life is and how they hope that their child will not experience the hardships of life. things were created with an aim to give an explanation to things. -There is Bathala
• Drinking Songs- these are locally known as Tagay and are sung during drinking for the Tagalogs and the Gueurang for the Bikolanos. - Paradise is known as Maca,
sessions. while Hell is Kasanaaan
• Love Songs- to many Filipinos, these are known as the Harana. It can also be LEGENDS - Through legends, the natives understood mysteries around them. These
called Courtship Songs and are used by young men to capture the heart of the girl stories usually come with a moral lesson that give credit to supernatural powers,
that they love. supernatural occurrences, and other out-of- this-world native imagination.
• Religious Songs- are songs or chants that are usually given during exorcisms and FABLES - Are short or brief stories that cater the children of the native Filipinos and
thanksgiving during good harvest. • Songs of Death- are lamentations that contain are usually bounded by good manners and right conduct. These stories use animals
the roll of good deeds that the dead has usually done to immortalize his or her as characters that represent a particular value or characteristic.
good image.
EPICS - Are very lengthy narratives that are based on oral traditions. These contain
FOLK TALES (MGA KWENTONG BAYAN) - These are stories of native Filipinos. encounters of fighters, stereotypical princes or heroes that save a damsel in
These deal with the power of nature- personified, their submission to a deity- distress.
usually.
One of the most striking aspects of classical literature is its highly
developed sense of genre. Of course, a literary work’s genre remains an important
factor today. We too distinguish broad categories of poetry, prose, and drama, but
also sub-genres (especially within the novel, now the most popular literary form)
15
such as crime, romantic or historical fiction. We do the same in other creative genre is a source of dynamism and creativity, not a straitjacket, unless the writer is
media, such as film, with thrillers, horrors, westerns, and so on. But classical rubbish, i.e. unimaginative and unoriginal.
authors were arguably even more aware than writers of genre fiction are today
what forms and conventions applied to the genre they were writing in. All ancient
literary texts are written in a particular genre, such as epic, tragedy, or pastoral.
This doesn’t mean that one genre can’t interact with another, and they often do,
References:
as in ‘tragic history’, that is, history written in the style of tragedy, as when
https://blog.oup.com/2014/05/why-literary-genres-matter/
Thucydides presents the Athenian empire’s disastrous attempt to conquer Sicily as
https://prezi.com/p/pkjdm04kplcn/the-literary-forms-in-philippine-literature/
a typically tragic story of hybris and ruin. Some modern theorists would argue that
https://pediaa.com/difference-between-history-and-literature/
every text belongs to a genre and that it is impossible not to write in one: thus even
https://www.unipronow.org/oldblog/philippine-literature
those nifty writers who try to break free of convention and write the wackiest stuff
https://manilastandard.net/mobile/article/221962
are still caught up in ‘experimental’ literature. The invention of the major literary
https://www.slideshare.net/hersheyssa/phil-literature
genres and their norms is the most significant effect of classical literature’s https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/biography
influence.
But what is a genre? The first thing to observe is that a genre is not a rigid
mould which works must fit into, but a group of texts that share certain similarities
– whether of form, performance context, or subject matter. For example, all the
texts that make up the ancient genre of tragedy share certain ‘family resemblances’
(they are theatrical texts written in a particular poetic language, they reflect on
human suffering, they show gods interacting with humans, and so on) that allow
us to perceive them as a recognizable group. But although certain ‘core’ features
characterize any given genre, the boundaries of each genre are fluid and are often
breached for literary effect.
As can still be seen in modern literature and film, a genre comes with
certain in-built codes, values, and expectations. It creates its own world, helping
the author to communicate with the audience, as she deploys or disrupts generic
expectations and so creates a variety of effects. Genres appeal to writers because
they give a structure and something to build on, while they offer audiences the
pleasure of the familiar and ingenious diversion from it. The best writers take what
they need from the traditional form and then innovate, leaving their own imprint
on the genre and changing it for future writers and audiences. In other words,
16
Important Reminders Assessment: Essay writing

 Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along with the
 How did the form of Rizal’s novel bring about Ideology?
other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a
separate paper.  Explain how do you understand the body of works we call “Philippine
 If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation (s), pictures, Literature” and its genres evolved in relation to our historical experience?
pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to my email at  In your own observation and gained information, what is the relationship
____________________________________________ following this format: of our Literature to our national history?
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME or send a digital copy from your  And list down and explain what traits of our literature you really believe it
flash drive together with this activity sheet. is a part of history.
 Explain your idea about “The Noli Me Tangere, realism is reflation on the
ACTIVITY 1: origin and spread of nationalism.”
Poster Making RUBRIC
Engage Scenario:
 Draw a symbolism you can that you can relate to the word
“IDEOOGY”
 Make your poster colorful and creative.
 Draw it in on short bond paper
POSTER MAKING CRITERIA
RELEVANCE TO THE THEME – 5
ORIGINALITY – 5
CREATIVITY – 4
COLOR HARMONY – 3
VISUAL IMPACT – 3
TOTAL = 20 POINTS
17
ON NATIONAL LITERATURE AND ITS SOCIAL

UNIT 1
DIMENSIONS

3 Appreciate the contributions of the canonical Filipino
writers to the development of the national literature
SEPTEMBER 14-18, 2020  Analyze the figure of speech and other literary
techniques and devices in the text.
 How do literary works

intervene in rather independence-day-2020-books-to-revisit-that-pay-homage-to-philippine-history-and-culture.
than just illuminate
the process of history NATIONAL LITERATURE AND ITS SOCIAL DIMENSION
making?
Does it refer to literary texts written by Filipino authors? Does it describe a
variety of literature that is, in some measure, "nationalistic"? Is national literature
Overview: definable only in contrast to regional literature? Are there literary works that fall
short of the standards it assumes? "Harnessing Regional Literature for National
In order to know the history of a nation’s spirit, one must read its literature. Literature" by Bienvenido Lumbera, the national artist & critic offers an account of
Hence it is, that to understand the real spirit of a nation, one must “trace the little the term in relation to its changing political value. Lumbera observes that if
rills as they course along down the ages, broadening and deepening into the great "national" is a particular Filipino consciousness or sentiment, then, following
ocean of thought which men of the present source are presently exploring.” historian Teodoro Agoncillo's lead, one may trace its emergence to the Cavite
Brother Azurin, said that “literature expresses the feelings of people to society, to Mutiny in 1872. By 1898, however, after the ratification of the Malolos Constitution,
the government, to his surroundings, to his fellowmen and to his Divine Creator.” the national consciousness is thus identified as "Filipino" that took shape was
The expression of one’s feelings, according to him, may be through love, sorrow, conditioned by the native landed elite, members of the ilustrado class who
happiness, hatred, anger, pity, contempt, or revenge. benefited from the educational policies introduced by the Americans. In fact, Rizal
What is the National Literature? And what Social Dimensions is national is an ilustrado.
literature have? This module will be discussing about the development of our CAVITE MUNITY
national literature based on literary language and written works. This topic helps us One hundred and forty years ago, on January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino
to analyze what was the Social Dimensions of Literature we had in our Country and military personnel of Fort San Felipe Arsenal in Cavite, Philippines, staged a mutiny
it is also a way of appreciation of what our history has. Let’s Figure out the National which in a way led to the Philippine Revolution in 1896. The 1872 Cavite Mutiny
Literature and our history in one topic. was precipitated by the removal of long-standing personal benefits to the workers
18
such as tax (tribute) and in Cavite. As for me, the 1872 Cavite Mutiny bolstered the stereotypical belief that
forced labor exemptions on Caviteños were the most courageous of my fellow Filipinos.
order from the Governor
General Rafael de MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
Izquierdo. He replaced
Governor General Carlos
Maria de la Torre some
months before in 1871 and
immediately rescinded
Torre’s liberal measures
and imposed his iron-fist
rule. He was opposed to any
hint of reformist or
nationalistic movements in
the Philippines. He was in
office for less than two
years, but he will be remembered for his cruelty to the Filipinos and the barbaric kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/7/1899
execution of the three martyr-priests blamed for the mutiny: Fathers Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, later collectively called “Gomburza.” The A committee headed by Felipe Calderon and aided by Cayetano Arellano,
mutineers were led by Sgt. Fernando La Madrid; they seized the Fort and killed the the constitution was drafted, for the first time by representatives of the Filipino
Spanish officers. Fearing a general uprising, the Spanish government in Manila sent people and it is the first republican constitution in Asia. The constitution was
a regiment under General Felipe Ginoves to recover the Fort. The besieged mutiny inspired by the constitutions of Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil, Belgium and
was quelled, and many mutineers including Sgt. La Madrid were killed. Later, others France. After some minor revisions (mainly due to the objections of Apolinario
were sentenced to death or hard labor. Mabini), the final draft of the constitution was presented to Aguinaldo. This paved
the way to launching the first Philippine Republic. It established a democratic,
The three priests were stripped of their albs, and with chained hands and republication government with three branches - the Executive, Legislative and the
feet were brought to their cells after their sentence. They received numerous visits Judicial branches. It called for the separation of church and state. The executive
from folks coming from Cavite, Bulacan, and elsewhere. Forty thousand Filipinos powers were to be exercise by the president of the republic with the help of his
came to Luneta to witness and quietly condemn the execution, and Gomburza cabinet. Judicial powers were given to the Supreme Court and other lower courts
became a rallying catchword for the down-trodden Filipinos seeking justice and to be created by law. The Chief justice of the Supreme Court was to be elected by
freedom from Spain. In the dedication page of his second book, El Filibusterismo, the legislature with the concurrence of the President and his Cabinet.
published in 1891, Dr. Jose Rizal wrote, “I dedicate my work to you as victims of the
evil which I undertake to combat.”It is well to remember that the seeds of
nationalism that was sown in Cavite blossomed to the Philippine Revolution and
later to the Declaration of Independence by Emilio Aguinaldo which took place also
19
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT Philippines was low and offered mostly in Spanish (which Filipino did not know that
well), many young people followed their education path abroad. After seeing what
is happening in other countries, how free people seem to be in Europe, they wanted
to do something about the bad conditions in their homeland. This is how the
Propaganda Movement was created. The Propagandist used literature to create
change and in this way provide people with knowledge.
PASYON AND REVOLUTION: POPULAR MOMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES,

1840-1910 By Reynaldo Ilento, Philippine history is a consequence of its privileging
the perspective and the initiatives of the educated elite in its narrative of the
Philippine revolution. Next to the events of Rizal’s written works, the birth of
Katipunan and Propaganda movement, the Rizals execution, the Spanish and
American war and the Malolos Republic. Based on these facts we could say that the
images and the language could not but draw a meaningful resonance for everyone
who noted relevant parallels between the world of Pasyon and their own.
salirickandres.altervista.org/propaganda-period/
Moreover, lowland Filipinos saw in Christ an alternative figure of leadership in that
The conditions in the Philippines after 1872 worsened, the Filipino leaders he himself was poor and he questioned the significance of wealth and education
were deported to Spanish disciplinary districts and the intellectuals were put on the while criticizing the powerful and influential Pharisee, whose high social status is
trails. As the assaults done by Spanish became unstoppable, many Filipino students incommensurate to his sense of morality and justice.
gathered in different places all around the world, such as London, Singapore and
Madrid. Their established goal was to bring happiness to their homeland and THE NATIONAL ARTIST AWARD
encourage social security. The campaign, called “Propaganda Movement”, which
they had created, fought aggressively, but peacefully at the same time, with the
Spanish system, by the use of words in form of speeches as well as pieces of writing.
It has begun in 1872, at the time when 3 men – Burgos, Zamora and Gomez were
killed and lasted for 24 years. The main goals of the Propaganda Movement were
to create reforms in the Philippines. Students, who created the movement, wanted
the Philippines to be acknowledged as a province of Spain and to be represented in
the Spanish Cortes. Status of the Filipinos and Spaniards was supposed to be equal
as well as the human rights, for example freedom of speech and press. One of the
main goals was also to secularize parishes of the Philippines.
Filipinos used the Propaganda Movement as a medium in their pursuit for Established in 1972, Confers the rank or title of National Artist to Filipino
independence from Spain. The whole movement began as gentle actions and citizens who have made distinct significant contributions in the field of arts and
advices created by students from the Philippines, who attended universities in letters namely, music, dance, theater, visual arts, literature, film, broadcast arts,
Europe. Because of the fact that the level of education provided at that time in the and architecture. The award is said to represent the nation's highest ideals in
20
humanism and aesthetic expression. The social dimension attempts to create National Artist Award renews and galvanizes, this time more formally, the
policies that helps every individual to success with consideration of social relationship between nationalism and literary production.
background. Social dimensions have a main goal which is to provide flexible Along with this notion of national literature, the selection of national artist
pathway within higher education to increase the participation from a variety of derives from particular value of judgement about literature, namely that literature
socio-economic group. can serve as a mediation in imagining politico-cultural collective known as the
We have a designation of national literature which is the best problematic nation. One thus may establish a continuity between Rizal’s two novels and the
one of the ongoing discourse on national literature was given ample elaboration by works of our national artist for literature.
two political dimension which is the Republic Act No. 1425 or the Rizal Bill which
passed on 1956 amid controversy. It is the bill which is an interesting commentary
on relationship between literature and history. The another one is the National
Artist Award which is established in 1972. This represent the nation’s highest ideal
in humanism and aesthetic expression and also it has a criterion in considering
National Artist as follows; References:

https://gistwithinlinesblog.wordpress.com/2017/01/25/national-literature
 Living artists who are Filipino citizens at the time of nomination, as well as https://www.slideshare.net/EksDhiee/the-philippine-literature
those who died after the establishment of the award in 1972 but were http://www.traveltrilogy.com/2015/10/whang-od-for-national-artist.html
Filipino citizens at the time of their death; https://www.jstor.org/stable/2142663?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
salirickandres.altervista.org/propaganda-period/
kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/7/1899
 Artists who through the content and form of their works, have contributed independence-day-2020-books-to-revisit-that-pay-homage-to-philippine-
in building a Filipino sense of nationhood. historyand-culture.
 Artists who have pioneered in a mode of creative expression or style, thus,

earning distinction and making an impact on succeeding generations of
artists.
 Artists who have created a substantial and significant body of

work/consistently displayed excellence in the practice of their art form thus
enriching artistic expression and style.
By this nature as a form of entitlement, which seeks to enlist and constitute

cultural practices and norms as matters of national interest and necessity, the
21
Important Reminders Assessment: Word Collage

 Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along with the
other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a Engaging Scenario:
separate paper.  Create a word collage by giving a word that related to the topics from Module 3.
 If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation (s), pictures,  By creating this word collage will closely analyze the simple idea about the lesson.
pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to my email at  You can be creative by doing this activity like the example below.
____________________________________________ following this format:  The collage will be composing of 50 words in any font or sizes do you want to put
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME or send a digital copy from your on.
flash drive together with this activity sheet.  Make it on Short Bond paper.
ACTIVITY 1: Example:
Narrative Report
ENGAGING SCENARIO:
1. Make a Narrative Report about the Propaganda Movement. and choose

one of their works that moves you.
2. The your narrative repot must compose of 500 words, providing your
supporting idea about the works of the Propaganda Movement.
RUBRIC:
22
HOW TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF

UNIT 1 LOCAL LITERATURE?
 Appreciate the contributions of the canonical Filipino
4 writers to the development of the national literature.
SEPTEMBER 21-30,  Compose a poem about the Contemporary Local
2020 Literature;
 How can I help to enrich

and preserve my
town/province/region’s
literary culture?
HOW TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT LOCAL LITERATURE?

Overview: This is the land they sought and found. Every inch of shore that their eyes
first set upon, every hill and mountain that beckoned to them with a green-and-
That is to say the literature may of course follow tradition that dates back purple invitation, every mile of rolling plain that their view encompassed, every
to precolonial period. Peoples of Cordillera, the the Mangyan, and Tagbanwa of river and lake that promised a plentiful living and the fruitfulness of commerce, is a
Palawan are some of the ethnic groups of the Philippines that have a long hallowed spot to me. By the strength of their hearts and hands, by every right of
storytelling tradition. If you come from the place where oral literature is practiced law, human and divine, this land and all the appurtenances thereof–the black and
or performed, you should grab the opportunity to learn more about it and help to fertile soil, the seas and lakes and rivers teeming with fish, the forests with their
preserve your local culture. The Filipino storytellers and poets began to write down inexhaustible wealth in wild life and timber, the mountains with their bowels
their works following the modes that the West introduced to us. With the swollen with minerals–the whole of this rich and happy land has been, for centuries
domination of printed word that came with the age of modernity, Filipinos have to without number, the land of my fathers. This land I received in trust from them and
grow adept in writing novels, short stories, dramatic scripts and poetry. From the in trust will pass it to my children, and so on until the world is no more.
colonial age of Spanish to present, there are written works by Fililpino people that
have gained national prominence and have joined the canon of Philippine I am a Filipino–inheritor of a glorious past, hostage to the uncertain future.
Literature. As such I must prove equal to a two-fold task–the task of meeting my responsibility
to the past, and the task of performing my obligation to the future. I sprung from a
hardy race, child many generations removed of ancient Malayan pioneers. Across
the centuries the memory comes rushing back to me: of brown-skinned men
23
putting out to sea in ships that were as frail as their hearts were stout. Over the sea LIST OF NATIONAL ARTIST
I see them come, borne upon the billowing wave and the whistling wind, carried
upon the mighty swell of hope–hope in the free abundance of new land that was
 Francisco Arcellana Virgilio
to be their home and their children’s forever. Literary writers have enriched our
S. Almario
Filipino culture, and their works introduce something vital in exploring the
Better known by his pen
humanity. As a reader, it is our turn to discover the writers our places produced, for
name, Rio Alma, is a Filipino artist, poet,
in so doing we preserve the heritage of our country’s literary arts.
critic, translator, editor, teacher, and
cultural manager. He is a National Artist
That is to say the literature may of course follow tradition that dates back
of the Philippines. A prolific writer, he
to precolonial period. Peoples of Cordillera, the the Mangyan, and Tagbanwa of
spearheaded the second successful
Palawan are some of the ethnic groups of the Philippines that have a long
modernist movement in Filipino poetry
storytelling tradition. If you come from the place where oral literature is practiced
together with Mangahas and Antonio.
or performed, you should grab the opportunity to learn more about it and help to
His earliest pieces of literary criticism
preserve your local culture. The Filipino storytellers and poets began to write down
were collected in Ang Makata sa
their works following the modes that the West introduced to us. With the
Panahon ng Makina (1972), now
domination of printed word that came with the age of modernity, Filipinos have to
considered the first book of literary
grow adept in writing novels, short stories, dramatic scripts and poetry. From the
criticism in Filipino. Later, in the years of martial law, he set aside modernism and
colonial age of Spanish to present, there are written works by Fililpino people that
formalism and took interest in nationalism, politics and activist movement. As a
have gained national prominence and have joined the canon of Philippine
critic, his critical works deal with the issue of national language.
Literature.
THE ROSTER OF NATIONAL ARTISTS CATEGORIES Rio Alma’s Poetry Collection:
National Artists of the Philippines
(Filipino: Pambansang Alagad ng Sining ng Pilipinas) is an order bestowed  Palipad-Hangin. (1985)
by the Philippines on Filipinos who have made significant contributions to the
 Katon Para sa Limang Pandama. (1987)
development of Philippine art. Originally instituted as an Award, it was elevated to
 Sentimental. (2004)
the status of Order in 2003.
 Estremelenggoles. (2004)
Categories under which National Artists can be recognized originally
 Memo Mulang Gimokudan. (2005)
included:
 Dust Devils. (2005)
1. Music 5. Literature
 Sonetos Postumos, book of poems with translation by Marne Kilates and
2. Dance 6. Film and Broadcast Arts
paintings by National Artist Ang Kiukok. (2006)
3. Theater 7. Architecture, Design
4. Visual Arts  Tatlong Pasyon sa Ating Panahon, poems for children with illustrations by
Mark Justiniani, Neil Doloricon, Ferdinand Doctolero. (2006)
 Buwan, Buwang, Bulawan. (2009)
24
 UP Diksyunaryong Filipino  Pedagogic (2008)

 Kulo at Kolorum  Amado V. Hernández Nick
Joaquín
 Cirilo F. Bautista N. V. M.
His writings gained the attention of
Gonzalez Tagalog literati and some of his stories and
Cirilo F. Bautista (July 9, 1941 – May poems were included in anthologies, such
6, 2018) was a Filipino poet, critic and as Clodualdo del Mundo's Parolang
writer of nonfiction. A National Artist of Ginto and Alejandro Abadilla's Talaang
the Philippines award was conferred on Bughaw. In 1922, at the age of 19,
him in 2014. Aside from his teaching, Hernandez became a member of the literary
creative and research activities as society Aklatang Bayan which included
a Professor Emeritus of Literature at the noted Tagalog writers Lope K.
College of Liberal Arts, De La Salle Santos and Jose Corazon de Jesus.
University-Manila, Bautista was also a
columnist and literary editor of In 1932, he married the Filipino
the Philippine Panorama, the Sunday Supplement of the Manila Bulletin. He was actress Atang de la Rama. Both of them would later be recognized as National
also a member of the Board of Advisers and Associate, Bienvenido Santos Creative Artists: Hernandez for Literature, de la Rama for Theater, Dance and Music.
Writing Center of De La Salle University-Manila and Senior Associate, The Center Amado’s Written Works
for Creative Writing and Studies of the University of Santo Tomas. The following is POETRY
his written poetry.  Isang Dipang Langit
 Panata sa Kalayaan
 Summer suns (with Albert Casuga, 1963)  Ang Mga Kayamanan ng Tao
 The Cave and Other Poems (1968)  Ang Dalaw Kay Silaw
 The Archipelago (1970)  Bartolina
 Charts (1973)  Kung Tuyo Na ang Luha Mo Aking Bayan
 Telex Moon (1981)  Bayang Malaya
 Sugat ng Salita (1985)  Ang Taong Kapos
 Kirot Ng Kataga (1995),  Bayani
 Sunlight On Broken Stones (2000)  Sa Batang Walang Bagong Damit
 Tinik Sa Dila: Isang Katipunan Ng Mga Tula (2003)  Isang Sining ng Pagbigkas
 The Trilogy Of Saint Lazarus (2001)  Ang Panday
 Believe and Betray: New and Collected Poems (2007)  Inang Wika
 Third World Geography  Ang Tao
25
 Pamana 4. Platinum: Ten Filipino Stories (1983) (now out of print, its stories
 Ang Aklasan are added to the new version of Olvidon and Other Stories)
ESSAY 5. Waywaya: Eleven Filipino Short Stories (1980)
 Si Atang at ang Dulaan (Atang and the Theater) 6. Asian PEN Anthology (as editor) (1966)
 Si Jose Corazon de Jesus at ang Ating Panulaan (Jose Corazon de Jesus and 7. Short Story International (SSI): Tales by the World's Great
Our Poetry) Contemporary Writers (Unabridged, Volume 13, Number 75) (co-
author, 1989)
 F. Sioníl José Bienvenido
Lumbera  Alejándro R. Roces Carlos P.
José attended the University of Santo Rómulo
Tomas after World War II, but dropped out
and plunged into writing and journalism Carlos Peña Romulo, QSC, CLH, NA (14
in Manila. In subsequent years, he edited January 1898 – 15 December 1985) was
various literary and journalistic publications, a Filipino diplomat, statesman, soldier,
started a publishing house, and founded the journalist and author. He was a reporter at 16,
Philippine branch of PEN, an international a newspaper editor by the age of 20, and a
organization for writers. José received publisher at 32. He was a co-founder of
numerous awards for his work. The the Boy Scouts of the Philippines, a general in
Pretenders is his most popular novel, which the US Army and the Philippine Army,
is the story of one man's alienation from his university president, President of the UN
poor background and the decadence of his General Assembly, was eventually named one
wife's wealthy family. José Rizal's life and of the Philippines' National Artists in
writings profoundly influenced José's work. The five volume Rosales Saga, in Literature, and was the recipient of many
particular, employs and integrates themes and characters from Rizal's work. other honors and honorary degrees. He was born in Camiling, Tarlac and he studied
Throughout his career, José's writings espouse social justice and change to better at the Camiling Central Elementary School during his basic education.
the lives of average Filipino families. He is one of the most critically acclaimed
Filipino authors internationally, although much underrated in his own country ROMULO’S BOOKS
because of his authentic Filipino English and his anti-elite views.
 I Saw the Fall of the Philippines.
JOSE’S SHORT STORIES
 Mother America
1. The God Stealer and Other Stories (2001)  My Brother Americans
2. Puppy Love and Thirteen Short Stories (March 15, 1998)  I See The Philippines Rise
3. Olvidon and Other Stories (1988)  I am a Filipino
26
 The United  His Native Coast (1979)

 Crusade in Asia (The John Day Company, 1955; about the 1953 presidential  The Alien Corn (1992)
election campaign of Ramon Magsaysay)  One, Tilting Leaves (1995)
 The Meaning of Bandung  The Builder (2004)
 The Magsaysay Story (with Marvin M. Gray, The John Day Company 1956,  The Jumong (2006)
updated re-edition by Pocket Books, Special Student Edition, SP-18,
December 1957; biography of Ramon Magsaysay, Pocket Books edition  Lázaro Francisco
updated with an additional chapter on Magsaysay's death)
In 1958, he established
 I Walked with Heroes (autobiography)
the Kapatiran ng mga Alagad ng Wikang
 Last Man off Bataan (Romulo's experience during the Japanese Plane
Pilipino, roughly translated as
bombings.)
"Brotherhood of the Disciples of the
 Romulo: A Third World Soldier at the UN Filipino Language", a society that
 Daughters for Sale and Other Plays campaigned the use of Tagalog as the
national language of the Philippines. He
 Edith L. Tiempo José received other distinguished awards and
García Villa accolades in literature in his lifetime,
including the Balagtas Award (1969),
Tiempo was born in Bayombong,
Nueva Vizcaya. Her poems are the Republic Cultural Heritage
Award (1970) and the Patnubay ng
intricate verbal transfigurations of
significant experiences as revealed, in Sining at Kalinangan Award from the
two of her much anthologized government of Manila. In 2009, former president Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo awarded the National Artist of the Philippines for Literature to Francisco,
pieces, "Halaman" and "Bonsai." As
fictionist, Tiempo is as morally posthumously, for his significant contribution to Philippine literature.
profound. Her language has been LAZARO’S NOVELS
marked as "descriptive but
unburdened by scrupulous detailing." She is an influential tradition in Philippine  Binhi at Bunga (Seed and Fruit), 1925
Literature in English. Together with her late husband, writer and critic Edilberto K.  Cesar, 1926
Tiempo, they founded (in 1962) and directed the Silliman National Writers  Ama (Father), 1929 - translated to French by poet Jean-Paul Potet as Maître
Workshop in Dumaguete City, which has produced some of the Philippines' best Tace (Master Tace).
writers She was conferred the National Artist Award for Literature in 1999.  Bayang Nagpatiwakal (Country That Committed Suicide), 1931-1932
EDITH’S NOVELS  Sa Paanan ng Krus (At the Cross' Foot), 1934
 Ang Pamana ng Pulubi (Beggar's Heritage), 1935
 A Blade of Fern (1978)  Bago Lumubog ang Araw (Before the Sun Sets), 1936
27
 Singsing na Pangkasal (Wedding Ring), 1939-1940

 Tatsulok (Triangle), 1946
 Ilaw sa Hilaga (North Light), 1946-1947
 Sugat ng Alaala (Wound of Memory), 1951
 Maganda pa ang Daigdig (The World is Still Beautiful), 1956
 Daluyong (Wave), 1961
Then, there are works written by lesser known writers, perhaps these were
ignored during the writer’s lifespan, but who knows, these works may provide
necessary information to us living in this period. Therefore, in this lesson we need
to keep an open mind and a desire to discover as we go on a literary tour of our
community in search of some literary gem.
Reference:
Beyond Boarders (Reading Lietrature in 21st Century Page 24-25)
https://gistwithinlinesblog.wordpress.com/2017/01/25/contributing-to-the-
development-of-literature-to-the-local-community/
https://prezi.com/if8cbesqbwke/how-to-contribute-to-the-development-of-local-
literature/?fallback=1
https://www.google.com/search?q=Francisco+Arcellana+Virgilio+S.+Almario&sou
rce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1vt3PoInrAhWaMd4KHb-
tB0UQ_AUoAXoECA4QAw#imgrc=EMCkJmwbn1lGpM
https://www.google.com/search?q=Cirilo+F.+Bautista+N.+V.+M.+Gonzalez&tbm=i
sch&ved=2ahUKEwjyn7qPpInrAhUC7JQKHWbdDnQQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Cirilo+F.+Bautista+N.+V.+M.+Gonzalez&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1C
UBliZKGDmNWgAcAB4BIABggSIAfMQkgEJMC4xLjQtMS4zmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXd
pei1pbWewAQDAAQE&sclient=img&ei=WWItX7KPEILY0wTmurugBw
28
Important Reminders
 Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along ________________________________________________________________
with the other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the ________________________________________________________________
students to do on a separate paper. _______________________________________________________________
 If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS ________________________________________________________________
presentation (s), pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send
them to my email at ____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
following this format: (SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME or send a ________________________________________________________________
digital copy from your flash drive together with this activity sheet. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 1:
________________________________________________________________
Poem Writing! ________________________________________________________________
Instruction: Compose a 3-6 stanza of poem about Filipino Local Literature. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________________ ________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
29
MODULE 2: Assessment: Reflection Paper Reflection paper format is familiar for everyone who has written at
least one academic paper.
ENGAGING SCENARIO:
FORMAT FOR REFLECTION PAPER
Choose one of Amado V. Hernández written works and have a Reflection
Paper.  Standard A4 paper.
This reflection paper composes of 500 words  1-inch margins on each side.
Make sure to follow the outline of writing a reflection paper.  12-point text size.
Reflection paper Outline:
1. Start with brief information about the author.
 Readable font (Arial, Times New Roma, Calibri, Helvetica, etc.)
2. Give a summary with a minimum of spoilers.
 Double spaces between the lines.
3. Focus on the main characters
 Citation according to APA, Chicago style, etc. (defined by a teacher).
4. Explain what issues a writer touches upon.
 Word count 500 words
5. Explain the allusions and influences.
6. React to reading, share your impressions.
The given activity will be graded using the following rubric.
30
UNIT 2
LUZON: GENRES OF URBAN WRITINGS

5 writers to the development of the national literature
OCTOBER 1-9, 2020  Infer literary from literary language based on usage
 Analyze the figure of speech and other literary
techniques and devices in the text.
 How do literary works

intervene in rather than
just illuminate the
process of history
making?
Overview: LUZON: GENRES OF URBAN WRITINGS

Today, the internet is connecting the people of our archipelago in so many
This module is intended to appeal to both English Literature and Creative ways. Filipinos have now begun using social media platforms, not only for
Writing Students. The module will focus on contemporary literature, exploring 21st entertainment but also for social awareness. The internet has also allowed writers
Century Literary forms, modes and genres including game writing, auto fiction, to experiment with other forms for expressing their literary skills. In the Philippines
speculative fiction, specialist poetry, Hypertext, and experimental fiction. These will especially in Luzon where a good percentage of the population is wired, some new
be considered alongside traditional modes such as Realism, Romance, and genres forms of creative output mediated by new technologies and devices are being
such as Travel Writing and Historical Fiction. The module will provide students with created. Like for example are the web log or the Blog, online novels, and the mobile
a grounding in 21stC literary innovations that may be explored from critical and phone text Tula. Although these forms are still not included in our national literary
creative perspectives. The all-group lectures/seminars will be used to introduce the canon, we cannot deny that such works are opening new horizons for today’s
formal aspects of the literary forms, modes, while the tailored workshops will generation of Filipino authors in Luzon and around the country.
consist of practical exercises and discussion designed to show how literary critics
and creative writers engage respectively with the forms, modes, and genres As of 2014 the Internet and mobile Marketing Association of the Philippines
introduced. (IMMAP) recorded that there are 38 million Internet users of this country of the
estimated 100 million Filipinos in 2015. IMMAP expects that in the next few years,
Internet use would dramatically increase in the country as internet access becomes
31
more widespread and the prices of devices used to access the internet gets more at times impromptu long poem delivered in a sing-song manner.
affordable (Montenegro 2014). Another important feature of IMMAP’s report is
that two-thirds of Filipino internet users are below 30 years old. Therefore, putting ILOCOS AREA LITERARY ARTIST
together the information in the functional literacy rate of people residing in Luzon 1. Pedro Bucaneg (March 1592 – c.
with the rising internet use in country, we can surmise that the functional internet 1630)
literacy (that is, literacy in the use of internet technology) is also on the rise today. He is a Father of Ilokano Literature,
Functional internet literacy, after all is necessary skill today especially for this new Bukaneg was a foundling, who shortly after his
generation of Filipinos who should be able to compare intellectually with people of birth already floating in a basket between
other nations, hopefully, with discipline, our functional literacy as a people would Bantay and Vigan in the Banaoang River was
bring its own social and economic rewards to the country. found by an old woman. They brought him to
the Bantay Augustiner priest who baptized him
Urban genres have taken a good hold in the awareness of participants of as Pedro Bucaneg and he took lessons in Latin
literary communication in 21st century along with the development of the bourgeois and Spanish and also learned the local
lifestyle and press. It would take many years and bear fruits of multi-volume languages and Ilocano Isneg.
monographs to reconstruct the progress of urban themes entering into popular
literature and, later, into high literature. After all, a 19th-century novel, being itself Literary Works
a vast research field, is to great extent an urban novel. Hence, not undertaking
 Ilocano epic Biag ni Lam-ang (Life
interpretation of obvious examples, a title of one of the publications dedicated to
of Lam-ang).
this phenomenon.
 Collaborated with Lopez in the
translation of the Doctrina Cristiana into
GENRES OF URBAN WRITINGS Iloko.
 He was also largely responsible
Luzon is the largest and most important island of the Philippines. The for Arte de la Lengue Iloca, the first
following are the regions in Luzon in which every region has its own literary works grammar book of the Ilocano of Brother
that flourish and become famous even up to this day. Francisco Lopez, which was printed in 1927
by the UST.
Region 1
Ilocos literature is one of the most active tributaries to the general 2. Leonora FLorentino (1849 - 1884)
Philippine literature, next to Tagalog (Filipino) and Philippine Literature in English. A Mother of Philippine Women's Literature, she was a Filipino poet in the
The history of Ilokano Literature, During the pre-colonial Spanish Period. Prior to Spanish and Ilocano languages. Born to a wealthy and prominent family in Vigan,
Spanish colonial period, the Ilocano literature is purely alive in form of written and Ilocos Sur, Florentino began to write her first verses in Ilocano at a young age. Due
oral literature. to the feminist nature of her writings, Florentino was shunned by her husband and
Ancients poets expressed their works through folk and war songs, Riddles, son; she lived alone in exile and separately from her family. She died at the age of
Proverbs, Lamentation called "Dung-aw" and Dallot (an improvised, versified and
32
35. Her lyrical poetry in Spanish, and especially that in Ilocano, gained attention in  Mariquit the Tramp
various international forums in Spain, Paris and St. Louis, Missouri.  Sing sing ni Diego
 Ang Singsing ng Dalagang Marmol
Literary Works  Biblia Filipina
Her literary contributions - particularly 22
preserved poems - were recognized when she was Region 2
included in the Encyclopedia Internationale des Cagayan Valley (Ilokano: Tanap ti Cagayan; Ibanag: Tana' na Cagayan;
Oeuvres des Femmes (International Encyclopedia of Itawit: Tanap yo Cagayan; Gaddang: Tanap na Cagayan; Tagalog: Lambak ng
Women’s Works) in 1889. Cagayan) (designated as Region II) is an administrative region in the Philippines
Some of her works include: located in the northeastern portion of Luzon.
 “Rucrunoy” (Dedication)
 “Naangaw a Cablaw” (Good Greetings) CAGAYAN VALLEY LITERARY ARTIST
 “Leon XIII” which was dedicated to Pope Leo XIII.
1. Florentino Hornedo (1938 -
2015)
3. Isabelo de los Reyes (1864 - 1938) He was born in Savidug, Sabtang,
Known as a Father of Philippine Batanes on October 16, 1938. He
Folklore, He is also known as "Father of the received his BSE from the University of
Philippine Labor Movement" and the "Father Santo Tomas in 1961, his MAs in English
of Filipino Socialism". He was a prominent and Philosophy from St. Louis University
Filipino politician, writer and labor activist in in 1966 and 1972 respectively, his Ph.D.
the 19th and 20th centuries. He also was active in Literature from UST in 1977, and a post
in seeking independence from the United doctorate in History and Political Science
States. After serving in the Philippine Senate in from UST completed in 1985-88. He also
the 1920s, he settled into private life and has training in Journalism and Cultural
religious writing. de los Reyes wrote on diverse Anthropology. Dr. Hornedo has authored
topics in history, folk-lore, language, politics, 13 books in Philosophy, Education,
and religion. Culture and History.
Literary Works Literary Works

 El Ilocano He has been editor of Ad Veritatem , a Journal of Research at the UST Graduate
 La Lectura Popular School, and Ivatan Studies Journal , a Graduate School Research Journal at the
 La Iglesia Filipina Independente: Revista Catolica Saint Dominic College of Batanes.
 El Folk-lore Filipino He has garnered several awards , among them the Don Carlos Palanca Memorial
33
Awards for Literature, National Catholic Authors Award and Pilak Award for founded (in 1962) and directed the Silliman National Writers Workshop in
Service to Culture. Dumaguete City, which has produced some of the Philippines' best writers.
Taming the wind : ethno-cultural history on the Ivatan of the Batanes isles
The glitter of gold in Batanes cultural heritage – a book Literary Works
Culture and community in the Philippine fiesta and other celebrations  A Blade of Fern (1978)
Ideas and ideals : essays in Filipino cognitive history  His Native Coast (1979)
 The Alien Corn (1992)
2. Fernando Maramag (1893-1936)  One, Tilting Leaves (1995)
Fernando Maramag was an excellent  The Builder (2004)
poet and journalist in English. He had a rich  The Jumong (2006)
style and deep understanding of human  Abide, Joshua, and Other Stories (1964)
nature – qualities which made his poetry  The Tracks of Babylon and Other Poems (1966)
appealing to all readers. On the other hand,  The Charmer's Box and Other Poet (1993)
his editorial writings “exerted great influence  Marginal Annotations and Other Poems
on the various phases of the Filipino way of
life, particularly in its government, Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
economics, education and politics,”according
In 1908, the Cordillera region was organized as one administrative region
to a critic.
called the Mountain Province, with an American governor at helm. The post-
Literary Works
colonial period saw the political reorganization of the Cordillera into separate
Maramág translated Ibanag folk songs into English, such as the “Cagayanon Labor provinces and the shifting provincial and regional boundaries. Cordillera Literature
Song,” “A Translation of an Orphan’s Song,” and “Cagayano Peasant Song”. is in the oral tradition and may be classified into ritualistic and non-ritualistic.
His poems include “To a Youth,” “The Aetheist,” and “Moonlight on Manila Bay”.
His essays were anthologized in Leopoldo Yabes’ Filipino Essays in English 1910-
1954 (1954).
CORDILLERA LITERATURE
Ritualistic Literature
3. Edith Tiempo (1919 - 2011)
• consists of songs, chants, and narratives which can only be performed or recited
Received National Artist Award for
in a religious context in the observance of certain rituals or ceremonies in divine or
Literature in 1999. She is a poet, fiction writer,
supernatural intervention in human affairs are invoked.
teacher and literary critic was a Filipino writer in the
English language. Her poems are intricate verbal
Non-ritualistic literature
transfigurations of significant experiences as
• consists of secular forms which can be performed on any occasion, during
revealed, in two of her much anthologized pieces,
festivities or moments of leisure, to express communal sentiments or personal
"Halaman" and "Bonsai." Together with her late
yearning.
husband, writer and critic Edilberto K. Tiempo, they
34
Epic Poetry ritual myth, recited be mediums, meant to explain the origin of the particular rituals
Like other Philippine folk epics, Cordillera epic poetry revolves around the daring and how these rituals should be conducted. Examples of Cordillera myths are How
feats and adventures of a folk hero who possesses extraordinary attributes and Balitok and Bugan Obtained Children (Ifugao), Lumawig and Kabigat and Balitok and
embodies the beliefs and ideals held by the community. Kabigat (Ibaloy).
Hudhud (Aliguyon) Diam

a mythical figure known for wealth and prowess. It is sung: during the wake for the Legends are considered as truthful accounts although the events they
member of the upper class, at weeding time when women work the rice fields, and narrate often takes place at a time that is more recent than the mythological past.
during the harvest season. The principal characters are human and not supernatural being, and they are not
recited as part of ritual or sacrifice.
Ullalim Examples
are long ballads chanted either by men or women during feats and other social  The Origin of Man (Kankanay)
occasions such as peace pact assembles. It represents the epic tradition of Southern  The Legend of Magat River
Kalinga.
Region 3 (AURORA)
Gawan Legend or known as Alamat in tagalog, was a great piece of literacy in
In the northern part of the province the main hero is Gawan, a human being who Region 3. One of Legends there is “Alamat ng Bundok Pinatubo.”
has supernatural attributes. Called gasumbi these epic songs are sung at night
during the harvest time and are all about headhunting and courtship, with the REGION 3 AUTHORS
narrative being enlivened by elements of magic and supernatural.
Notable Author and his contributions
Alim 1. Rommel N. Angara
has ritual connections and its principal’s characters are divine beings, not mortal. It
 Why do they cut me, Lord?
also exclusively by men. It may be performed on other occasions, e.g., during the
 Pa’no and Pasko
conduct of prestige feasts and at harvest time.
 Ituro nyo sakin ang magpakababa
 Ako’y tunay na pangahas
Examples of Cordillera epic poetry are The Harvest Song of Aliguyon (Ifugao) and
The Heroic Exploits of Banna (Kalinga).  Ang mga Griego at ang mga Judio pagdating ni Kristo
CORDILLERA MYTHS Region 3 (BATAAN)

Cordillera myths talk of a very remote past when the world had not yet Notable Author and his contributions
taken its present form and human affairs went on with a lot of divine intervention. 2.Francisco Balagtas
Their myths are of a sacred nature, hence there are restrictions as to when and  Alamansor at Rosalinda – a komedya stages at Udyong during the town’s
where they can be told. They are recited to affirm the propriety of ceremonies, to feast
summon the spirits, or to validate certain belief.  La India elegante y el negrito amante – a short play in one part
35
 Nudo gordeano
 Rodolfo at Rosemonda Region 3 (NUEVA ECIJA)
 Mahomet at Constanza Notable authors and their contributions
 Claus (translated into Tagalog from Latin) Heber Gonzales Bartolome
 Florante at Laura, an awit (metrical narrative poem with dodecasyllabic  “Pasahero” or “Passenger’ (1977)
quatrains [12 syllables per line, 4 lines per stanza]). Balagtas’ masterpiece.  Almusal or Breakfast
 Inutil na Gising or an an awake fool (1985) – “Karaniwang tao” or ‘ordinary
Tomas Pinpin person (1985). He was the songwriter of the tune for Bulwagang
 Arte y Reglas de Lengua Tagala,1610, by Padre Blancas Gantimpala’s “Ibong Adarna”, a 1989 musical drama with a libretto written
 Librong Pagaaralan nang manga Tagalog nang Uicang Castilla, 1610 by Rene O. Villanueva.
 Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala, 1612, by Pedro de San Buenaventura
 Relacion de Martirio, 1625 Damiana Eugenio
 Triunfo by Carreras, 1626  Philippine Proverb Lore (1975)
 Arte Ilocano by Lopez, 1627  Awit and Korido: A study of Fifty Philippine Metrical Romances in Relation
 Vocabulario de Japon, 1630 to Their Sources and Analogues (1965)
 Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology (1981)
Region 3 (BULACAN)  Philippine Folk Literaturilippine Folk Literature, (May 31, 2008)
Notable authors and their contributions
Levi Celerio Rogelio R. Sikat
 Christmas Songs: Pasko na Naman, Maligayang Pasko at Manigong Bagong  Impeng Negro
Taon (Ang pasko ay Sumapit), and Misa de Gallo.  Dugo sa Bukang Liwayway
 His more popular love songs include: Saan Ka Man Naroon?, Kahit konting  Tatlo sa Tanghalan
Pagtingin, Gaano ko ikaw Kamahal, Kapag Puso’y Sinugatan, and Ikaw, O
Maliwanag na Buwan, Dahil sa Isang Bulaklak, Sa Ugoy ng Duyan, Bagong Region 3 (PAMPANGA)
Pagsilang, and Sapagkat Kami’y Tao Lamang. Notable authors and their contributions
Macaria Garcia
Nicanor Abelardo  Alang Dios (There is No God)
 Ang Unang Buko  Perlas quing Burac
 Nasaan ka Irog  Anac ning Katipunan
 Magbalik ka Hirang  Lydia and many others Zarzuelas and Playwrights
 Himutok
 Butuing Marikit Juan Crisostomo Sotto
 Ang kahapong nagbalik
 Juan Dela Cruz
36
 Parity  I See the Philippines Rise

 Viva la Pepa  The United
 Crusade in Asia (The John Day Company, 1955; about the 1953 presidential
Amado Yuzon election campaign of Ramon Magsaysay)
 Ing Catuliran  The meaning of Bandung
 La Libertad
FICTION AND NONFICTION
Anselmo Fajardo It is a classification of writings, which you could find an exact description
 Moro-Morong Vida de Gonzalo de Cordova about the book or any literary form.
 Comedia “Don Gonzalo de Cordoba”
Don Ziolo Hilario

 Adelfas
 Ang Bayong Sunis (Bagong Simponiya)
Anico Pascual
 Juan Manalaksan
Macaria Garcia
*Juan Suan, The Good Guesser
REGION 3 (TARLAC) FICTION – A story was created by the author’s imagination, A story are pretend
Notable authors and their contributions as animals or objects that can talk, wear clothes have jobs. Or the people in the
Gregorio C. Brillantes story can do things people cannot do in real world.
 Looking for Rizal in Madrid
 Chronicles of Interesting Times GENRES OF FICTION
 The Cardinal’s Sins
 The General’s Cross 1. MYSTERY – A typical story involves the investigation of a crime, most
 The Martyr’s Testimony and other Affirmations often one or more murders.
2. HORROR – This story aims to frighten or disgust its readers.
Carlos Romulo 3. FANTASY – Stories use magic or the supernatural as a primary plot
 I Saw the Fall of the Philippines element, theme or setting.
 Mother America 4. SCIENCE-FICTION – Although it’s difficult to define, generally refers to
 My brother Americans plausible, futuristic stories, ranging from the rigorous hard science fiction,
37
to social science fiction and space opera. The science fantasy occupies a SETTING - Is the physical and social context in which the action of a story occurs.
middle ground between fantasy and science. The major elements of setting are the time, the place, and the social environment
that frames the characters. These elements establish the world in which the
3 FORMS OF FICTION character’s act. Sometimes the setting is lightly sketched, presented only because
1. NOVEL – long work of fiction, that contains the basic elements of fiction it the story has to take place somewhere and at some time. Often, however, the
may have a subplot along with the main plot. setting is more important, giving the reader the feel of the people who move
2. NOVELLA – Shorter than a novel but longer than a short story. through it. Setting can be used to evoke a mood or atmosphere that will prepare
3. SHORT STORY – A brief work of fiction that contains basic elements of the reader for what is to come.
fiction one main plot, a conflict and most can read in one sitting.
POINT OF VIEW – It is referring to who tells the story and how it is told. The
ELEMENTS OF FICTION possible ways of telling a story are many, and more than one point of view can be
worked into a single story.
PLOT - The action element in fiction, is the arrangement of events that make up a
story. Many fictional plots turn on a conflict, or struggle between opposing forces, STORY THEMES – it is the central idea or meaning of a story. Theme in fiction is
that is usually resolved by the end of the story. Typical fictional plots begin with an rarely presented at all; it is abstracted from the details of character and action that
exposition, that provides background information needed to make sense of the compose the story. It provides a unifying point around which the plot, characters,
action, describes the setting, and introduces the major characters; these plots setting, point of view, symbols, and other elements of a story are organized. Be
develop a series of complications or intensifications of the conflict that lead to a careful to distinguish them from plot – the story’s sequence of actions – and from
crisis or moment of great tension. The conflict may reach a climax or turning point, subject – what the story is generally about.
a moment of greatest tension that fixes the outcome; then, the action falls off as
the plot’s complications are sorted out and resolved (the resolution or
dénouement). Be aware, however, that much of twentieth-century fiction does not
exhibit such strict formality of design.
CHARACTERS - In fiction can be conveniently classified as major and minor, static

and dynamic. A major character is an important figure at the center of the story’s
action or theme. The major character is sometimes called a protagonist whose
conflict with an antagonist may spark the story’s conflict. Supporting the major
character are one or more secondary or minor characters whose function is partly NONFICTION – A story is true and factual, it is about the real people the book gives
to illuminate the major characters. Minor characters are often static or unchanging: information and might have maps or real pictures. The pictures have captions
they remain the same from the beginning of a work to the end. Dynamic characters, describing photograph and an index in the back that helps the readers to find an
on the other hand, exhibit some kind of change – of attitude, purpose, behavior, as information and have glossary which defines some words.
the story progresses.
38
TYPES OF NONFICTION LITERATURE FEATURES OF NONFICTION
I. Scholastic News 1. Table of Contents 6. Graphs

II. Magazines 2. Headings 7. Charts
III. Encyclopedia 3. Bold Words 8. Illustrations
IV. Textbooks 4. Captions 9. Glossary
V. Newspapers 5. Photographs 10. Index. A
VI. Dictionaries
And a verso page is found in the beginning of the book.
2 FORMS OF NONFICTION
1. LITERARY NONFICTION – Has an elements of fiction, like for example it

might use vivid descriptions, a dramatic writing style or poetic language.
EXAMPLES:
AUTOBIOGRAPIES AND MEMORIES- to tell the story of the authors life.
BIOGRAPHY- Tell the story about someone’s life from the perspective of another
writer.
LETTERS- Written communication from person to person.
ESSAY AND ARTICLE- Brief work about a specific topic. Reference:
REVIEWS- Tell what is good and what is bad about a work of art or performance. http://msad49bes.ss5.sharpschool.com/resources/staff_resources/non-
REPORT- Give information about a topic explored through research. _fiction_text_features#:~:text=Examples%20of%20Nonfiction%20Text%20Feature
s,Illustrations%2C%20Glossary%2C%20and%20Index.&text=A%20verso%20page%
2. FUNTIONAL TEXT – It gives instructions, show directions, explain, rules, 20is%20found%20in%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20book.
provide other information that helps your complete procedures, often use https://prezi.com/nmniwg6qdya9/luzon-genres-of-urban-writing/?fallback=1
illustrations or graphics. https://prezi.com/if8cbesqbwke/how-to-contribute-to-the-development-of-local-
EXAMPLES: https://gistwithinlinesblog.wordpress.com/2017/01/25/contributing-to-the-
RECIPES MENUS APPLICATION development-of-literature-to-the-local-community/
DIRECTION BROCHURES https://www.slideshare.net/JadedeGuzman/region-1-philippine-literature
SCHEDULES MAPS https://catalogue.surrey.ac.uk/2020-1/module/ELIM049
https://www.slideshare.net/romilynh13/fiction-and-nonfiction-44711684
39
Important Reminders SOCIO-POLITICAL

 Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along
with the other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the
students to do on a separate paper.
 If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS
them to my email at ____________________________________________
following this format: (SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME or send a
digital copy from your flash drive together with this activity sheet.
ACTIVITY 1:
List Down
 How do the following affect the developments of our cultural forms?
 List down at least 10 sentence in every given word.
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
HOW DOES THE FOLLOWING AFFECT OUR CULTURAL FORM?
ECONOMICS
40
MODULE 2: Assessment: Text Tula
Engaging Scenario:
 Make a 3-4 Stanza of Text Tula about “Literary works intervene in rather than
just illuminate the process of history.”
 Your Text tula may be hand written.
 Write your Text tula in the provided lines below.
_______________________________________________
41
UNIT 2
VISAYAS: HYBRID MODES IN LOCAL COLOR

WHAT FOLK ELEMENTS MAKE

TODAY’S POPULAR FORMS
WIDELY APPEALING?
VISAYAS: HYBRID MODES IN LOCAL COLOR

One of the longest known epics in the world is the ethno-epic “Hinilawod”
Overview:
of the ancient people of sulod in Central Panay, the only epic record in the Visayas.
Recorded in the 1950s by anthropologist F. Landa Jocano who hails from the
The first literary works in Visayas, the immensely popular Lagda sa pagca province of IloIlo, HINILAWOD is more than 53,000 lines long and takes thirty hours
maligdon sa tauong Bisaya (1734) and another Cebuano work, Fr. Blas Cavada de to recite. Segments of the epic have been adapted at festival (the Hirinugyaw –
Castro’s Ang Suga nga Magadan-ag sa napayupo sa Cangingitan sa Sala Suguidanonay in Calinog, Central Panay). During the Spanish colonial period when
(1879), combine into one books several dialogues,maxims,tales,meditation,and natives were indigenizing the pasyon and koridolcorrido (metrical romances),
ajemplos (pananglitan). A new set of economic and social conditions prepared the Spanish and native aspiring writers were also looking to the available literary
ground not just for the revolution at the end of the century “Spanish rule 19th” but models at that time. The first literary works in Visayas, the immensely popular
also the rise of the vernacular writing in the Visayas. Relative prosperity in Iloilo, Lagda sa pagca maligdon sa tauong Bisaya (1734) and another Cebuano work, Fr.
Negros, and Cebu Where large haciendas grew export crops like sugar helped Blas Cavada de Castro’s Ang Suga nga Magadan-ag sa napayupo sa Cangingitan sa
create a middle class who could send to Manila or Abroad to Study. Sala (1879), combine into one books several dialogues,
maxims,tales,meditation,and ajemplos (pananglitan). A new set of economic and
social conditions prepared the ground not just for the revolution at the end of the
century “Spanish rule 19th” but also the rise of the vernacular writing in the Visayas.
42
Relative prosperity in Iloilo, Negros, and Cebu Where large haciendas grew export HINILAWOD
crops like sugar helped create a middle class who could send to Manila or Abroad
to Study. Is an epic poem orally transmitted from early inhabitants of a place called
Sulod in central Panay, Philippines. The term "Hinilawod" generally translates to
Philippines only changing colonial master rather than gaining long terms "Tales from The Mouth of the Halawod River". The epic must have been commonly
independence, the liberal atmosphere that Filipino-led movement helped create known to the Visayans of Panay before the conquest, since its main protagonists,
led to the burst of provincial journalism and native language writing. It also helped like Labaw Donggon, were noted in the accounts of the Islanders' beliefs and
that the Spanish language was already losing favor, and the English language had recorded by early Spanish colonizers. One of these Westerners' accounts says that
not yet taken root at this time of early American colonial period. The golden age of the adventures of this ancient hero of Panay were recalled during weddings and in
vernacular literature in the 20th Century would not have been possible without the songs. It was noted that there were still native Mondos of Dingle, Iloilo who
rise of provincial journalism. Before the turns of century, the dominance and pro- worshipped Labaw Donggon even until the last years of the Spanish rule in the
Spanish periodical was already being eclipsed by native language paper El Porvenir Philippines. These worshippers would stealthily enter a certain cave in Dingle in the
de Visaya (1884-1989) of Iloilo and El Bolitin de Cebu. The creation of the native evening of a certain day of the year, in order to render homage and to offer
language periodicals continued., in Cebu, Iloilo. Serialized fiction that dramatized chickens, doves, rice, bananas, and pigs to the ancient Visayan god. It is recorded
popular sentiments become such a hit especially in 1930s that periodical heavily by F. Landa Jocano more than 53,000 lines long and it takes 30 hours to recite
dependent on them for sales. The first Visayan Novel, Hiligaynon Angel M. Hinilawod of the ancient people of Sulod in Central Panay.
Magahum’s Benjamin (1907), was one such hybrid that combined the Spanish-era
ex emplum (novel of manners) and the modern chronicle (short historical account). ROMATIC NOVEL AS POPULAR LITERATURE
POETRY AND METRICAL ROMANCES Some forms of poetry are, Dialogo

(dialogue), Manual de Urbanidad (conduct book) Ejemplo (exemplum) and Tratado
(tratado). (The most well-known are Modesto de Castro's "Pagsusulatan ng
Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at si Feliza" (Correspondence between the Two
Maidens Urbana and Feliza) in 1864 and Joaquin Tuason's "Ang Bagong Robinson"
(The New Robinson) in 1879, an adaptation of Daniel Defoe's novel.) The most
notable of the secular lyrics followed the conventions of a romantic tradition: the
languishing but loyal lover, the elusive, often heartless beloved, the rival. The
leading poets were Jose Corazon de Jesus (Huseng Sisiw) and Francisco Balagtas.
Some secular poets who wrote in this same tradition were Leona Florentino, Jacinto
Kawili, Isabelo de los Reyes and Rafael Gandioco.
Another popular secular poetry is the metrical romance, the awit and
korido in Tagalog. These are colorful tales of chivalry from European sources made
for singing and chanting such as Gonzalo de Cordoba (Gonzalo of Cordoba) and
43
Ibong Adarna (Adarna Bird). There are numerous metrical romances in Tagalog, the modernist questioning of consciousness and 'reality.' Attempting to defend
Bicol, Ilongo, Pampango, Ilocano and in Pangasinan. The awit as a popular poetic twentieth century metafiction, theorists link metafictional technique to older
genre reached new heights in Balagtas' "Florante at Laura" (ca. 1838-1861), the literary works. Some supporters trace self-reflexivity as far back as Miguel
most famous of the country's metrical romances. Corridos – Were widely read Cervantes' fifteenth century novel, DON QUIXOTE. Employing the term
during the Spanish period that filled the populace's need for entertainment as well "metafiction" to refer to modern works that are radically self-reflexive as well as to
as edifying reading matter in their leisure moments. Set in octosyllabic quatrains. works that contain only a few lines of self-consciousness creates ambiguity. In her
Awit –it is set in dodecasyllabic quatrains like corridos, these were also widely read review of Patricia Waugh's METAFICTION: THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SELF-
during the Spanish period as entertaining, edifying, reading manner in their leisure CONSCIOUS FICTION (1984), Ann Jefferson argues that "the trouble is that Waugh
time. It is also a fabrication of the writer’s imagination although the characters and cannot have it both ways, and present metafiction both as an inherent
the setting may be European. The structure is rendered dodecasyllabic quatrains. characteristic of narrative fiction and as a response to the contemporary social and
cultural vision" (574). Other theorists often employ the same double definition of
Again, the winds of change began to blow in 19th century Philippines. metafiction, which makes it difficult to know whether his or her definition refers to
Filipino intellectuals educated in Europe called ilustrados began to write about the contemporary metafiction or to all works containing self-reflexivity. John Barth
downside of colonization. This, coupled with the simmering calls for reforms by the contributes a short blanket definition of metafiction as being a "novel that imitates
masses gathered a formidable force of writers like Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, a novel rather than the real world" (qtd. in Currie 161).
Mariano Ponce, Emilio Jacinto and Andres Bonifacio. This led to the formation of
the Propaganda Movement where prose works such as the political essays and Patricia Waugh also provides a comprehensive definition by describing
Rizal's two political novels, Noli Me Tangere and the El filibusterismo helped usher metafiction as "fictional writing which self-consciously and systematically draws
in the Philippine revolution resulting in the downfall of the Spanish regime, and, at attention to its status as an artifact in order to pose questions about the
the same time planted the seeds of a national consciousness among Filipinos. But relationship between fiction and reality". Metafictional works, she suggests, are
if Rizal's novels are political, the novel Ninay (1885) by Pedro Paterno is largely those which "explore a theory of writing fiction through the practice of writing
cultural and is considered the first Filipino novel. Other Filipino writers published fiction". Mark Currie highlights current metafiction's self-critical tendency by
the essay and short fiction in Spanish in La Vanguardia, El Debate, Renacimiento depicting it as "a borderline discourse, a kind of writing which places itself on the
Filipino, and Nueva Era. The more notable essayists and fictionists were Claro M. border between fiction and criticism, which takes the border as its subject". Yet,
Recto, Teodoro M. Kalaw, Epifanio de los Reyes, Vicente Sotto, Trinidad Pardo de he too encompasses works that are marginally metafictional by proposing that, "to
Tavera, Rafael Palma, Enrique Laygo (Caretas or Masks, 1925) and Balmori who see the dramatized narrator or novelist as metanarrative devices is to interpret a
mastered the prosa romantica or romantic prose. substantial proportion of fiction as meta-fiction". Despite the subtle differences
between their definitions, most theorists agree that metafiction cannot be
METAFICTION classified as a genre nor as the definitive mode of postmodern fiction. They suggest
that metafiction display "a self-reflexivity prompted by the author's awareness of
Although implicit in many other types of fictional works, self-reflexivity the theory underlying the construction of fictional works," without dividing
often becomes the dominant subject of postmodern fiction. The narrator of a contemporary metafiction from older works containing similar self-reflexive
metafictional work will call attention to the writing process itself. The reader is techniques (Waugh 2).
never to forget that what she is reading is constructed--not natural, not "real." She
is never to get "lost" in the story. Explicit use of metafictional technique stems from
44
Spectrum of Metafictional Techniques
Further individuating the differences between metafictional characteristics

present in post-modern fiction becomes even more complicated because some self-
reflexive works also fall under more radical definitions. Some contemporary
metafiction can also be called surfiction, antifiction, fabulation, neo-baroque
fiction, post-modernist fiction, introverted narrative, irrealism, or as the self-
begetting novel (Waugh 13).
Characteristics:
Although characteristics of metafiction vary as widely as the spectrum of
techniques used within them, a pattern of several common traits can be traced.
These techniques often appear in combination, but also can appear singularly.
Metafiction often employs intertextual references and allusions by examining Reference:
fictional systems incorporating aspects of both theory and criticism creating http://msad49bes.ss5.sharpschool.com/resources/staff_resources/non-
biographies of imaginary writers presenting and discussing fictional works of an _fiction_text_features#:~:text=Examples%20of
imaginary character. %20Nonfiction%20Text%20Features,Illustrations%2C%20Glossary%2C%20and%20
Index.&text=A%20verso%20page%20is%20found%20in%20the%20beginning%20o
f%20the%20book.
https://prezi.com/nmniwg6qdya9/luzon-genres-of-urban-writing/?fallback=1
https://prezi.com/if8cbesqbwke/how-to-contribute-to-the-development-of-local-
https://gistwithinlinesblog.wordpress.com/2017/01/25/contributing-to-the-
development-of-literature-to-the-local-community/
https://www.slideshare.net/JadedeGuzman/region-1-philippine-literature
https://catalogue.surrey.ac.uk/2020-1/module/ELIM049
https://www.slideshare.net/romilynh13/fiction-and-nonfiction-44711684
45
Important Reminders
MODULE 2: Photo Essay
 Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along Engaging Scenario:
with the other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the  Capture a photo that may use to relate in Visayas Culture.
students to do on a separate paper.  You may use old photos or can capture a new one.
 If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS  No words needed for this activity, only your creative shots
presentation (s), pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send will describe the story about your photo.
following this format: (SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME or send a Example and Meaning of Photo Essay
ACTIVITY 1:
Essay
Engage Scenario:
 Explain what folk elements make today’s popular forms widely
and appealing?
 What form of literature is popular widely appealing?
A photo-essay is a set or series of photographs that are made to create series of emotions
in the viewer. A photo essay will often show pictures in deep emotional stages. Photo
essays range from purely photographic works to photographs with captions or small
comments to full text essays illustrated with photographs.
RUBRIC FOR PHOTO ESSAY
46
UNIT 2
MINDANAO: LITERATURE OF CONFLICT

 WHY IT IS IMPORTANT
TO REMEMBER THE
HISTORY OF THE PAST?
MINDANAO: LITERATURE OF CONFLICT

The Mindanao has its hidden literature that everybody doesn’t know. Their
Overview: literature is a diverse culture which displays the features and culture of the Muslim
people in the Philippines. Mindanao has thirty-three ethno-linguistic groups, which
The Mindanao has its hidden literature that everybody doesn’t know. Their
literature is a diverse culture which displays the features and culture of the Muslim thirteen of them are Islamized; nineteen are Lumads and third and fourth are
people in the Philippines. Mindanao has thirty-three ethno-linguistic groups, which Christian settlers. It was then the Americans colonize the region, and the lands of
thirteen of them are Islamized; nineteen are Lumads and third and fourth are the Lumads and Muslims have been taken by the colonialist, so they had lost a large
Christian settlers. It was then the Americans colonize the region, and the lands of area of their ancestral lands. The land ownership comes from Muslim is Tawhid
the Lumads and Muslims have been taken by the colonialist, so they had lost a large which means “oneness” or unit. Literature in Mindanao especially the folk
area of their ancestral lands. The land ownership comes from Muslim is Tawhid literature in cultural communities as in other Filipino groups follow the oral
which means “oneness” or unity. It is said that the cultural products of Mindanao tradition in that folktales, myths, legends, epics, poems, riddles and proverbs are
are fast vanishing and the people themselves are not aware of this. Literary handed down by word of mouth from generation to generation. The epic “Blue
preservation and development have seemingly taken the back seat. Maybe Blood of the Big Astana”, of Ibrahim A. Jubair, is a story which there is a twist of
because people are seemingly preoccupying to the considerations such as politics romance and history. It also demonstrates the severe transformation that occurred
and economics. While this is more important, the Filipino Muslim cultural when the Americans started to combine the colony under their governance. Both
communities must realize the significance of their literature in their lives in that it the parents and the husband of the princess, who Jafaar refers to us Dayang-
helps preserve the richness and uniqueness of their respective cultural identities. Dayang meaning noblewoman are dispossessed of land that has been theirs ever
since Sulu had established itself as a sultanate an autonomous state. The story
47
reflects the life of the Muslims, which experienced loss of lands because the FILIPINO MUSLIM LITERATURE
Americans and the Government ushered a number of foreign business that
includes illegal mining and illegal logging which altered the regions landscape. Filipino Muslim Literature is an inventory of diverse cultures that displays
Other than this, there are many more literary forms from the different places in features and cultures of the Muslims in the Philippines. These distinctions
Mindanao. One of it is “Prince Batugan”, from Maranao, is an epic story told in the distinguish one Muslim cultural community from another. Yet, all these
great oral tradition of the Maranao tribe. It is a story about the great Prince communities are unified by their Islamic faith, which has already pervaded many
Bantugan, the greatest warrior of the kingdom of Bantugan. Other epics are; in aspects of their folk literature since Islam is a way of life. Regardless of cultural
Maguindanao, Indarapatra at Solayman; and the Tausug, Parang Sabil hi Abdulla community, all Filipino Muslims belong to one Ummah Muslimah. Yet, it has been
iban hi Isara, “The Flood Story, “THEY SAY FILIPINA IS ANOTHER NAME FOR MAID”, distinguished as Filipino Muslim Literature so as to differentiate it from other
“ANY WOMAN SPEAKS”,” DEAD STARS” and “Disquisition.” Muslim countries that have different cultures from us. In general, the folk literature
of Muslim cultural communities in Mindanao, the Philippines, may be in prose or
It is said that the cultural products of Mindanao are fast vanishing and the in verse. But the style and form of expression may vary from one Muslim cultural
people themselves are not aware of this. Literary preservation and development community to another, what with the various languages that the people speak.
have seemingly taken the back seat. Maybe because people are seemingly These oral literary forms may be didactic, hortatory, entertaining, instructive, or
preoccupying to the considerations such as politics and economics. While this is informative.
more important, the Filipino Muslim cultural communities must realize the
significance of their literature in their lives in that it helps preserve the richness and Folk literature in Mindanao Muslim cultural communities as in other
uniqueness of their respective cultural identities. Filipino groups follow the oral tradition in that folktales, myths, legends, epics,
poems, riddles and proverbs are handed down by word of mouth from generation
to generation.
Moreover, as is true of
folk literature of other
people, folk literature
in the Muslim cultural
communities has a
participatory
audience. The
audience listens,
reacts, and retells
what he or she hears
to another audience,
thereby ensuring the
transmission of the folk literary material to others. Authorship is not individual; it
is collective. Apparently, what the Muslim cultural communities must build and
develop eventually is a body of written literature just like other Filipinos.
48
ORAL LITERARY FORM IN MINDANAO EPIC - a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the
deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation.
THE FOLKTALES - A story originating in
popular culture, typically passed on by word Example of Epic in Mindanao:
of mouth.  Agyu: The Ilianon Epic of
Mindanao (of the Manobos of
Example of Folktales in Mindanao: North Cotabato)
 The Epic of Nalandangan:
 The Vengeful Mantiyanak from Matabagka Searches for the
Mindanaoan Folklore Deity of the Wind (of the
 Biraddali, Angels from Above | Philippine Talaandig people of Central
Myth & Folklore Bukidnon)
 Tigbanua, the Terrible Ogre | Philippine  The Guman of Dumalinao (of
Myth & FolkloreTAMBANOKANO: The Giant the Suban-on tribe of
Crab, Mandaya Folklore Northwestern Mindanao)
 The Kingdom of Keboklagan (of
the Suban-on tribe of
MYTHS & LEGEND - A Northwestern Mindanao)
traditional story, especially one  The Maiden of the Buhong Sky
concerning the early history of a (an epic of Manuvu hero,
people or explaining some "Tuwaang")
natural or social phenomenon,  Tulalang Slays the Dragon (of the Ilianen Manobo of North Central
and typically involving Cotabato)
supernatural beings or events.  Tuwaang Attends a Wedding (the second song of the Manuvu Ethnoepic
Tuwaang cycleUlahingan: The Visit of Lagaba’an to Nelendangan (of the
Example of Myths & Legend in Manobos of North Cotabato)
Mindanao:
 Gods and Demons of the
Bagobo People
 THE BUKIDNON TRINITY: POEMS - a piece of writing that partakes of the nature of both speech and song
Creation of the Universe that is nearly always rhythmical, usually metaphorical, and often exhibits such
 Mebuyan, Mother of the formal elements as meter, rhyme, and stanza structure.
Underworld: BAGOBO BELIEFS
 MINOKAWA | Mindanao’s Eater of the Sun & Moon
49
Example of Poem in Mindanao: PROVERBS - a short pithy saying in general use, stating a general truth or piece of
 The Land of Promise advice.
 I Love Camiguin
 THE CRAFT CAN CAPTURE IT Example of Proverbs in Mindanao:
 THE NAME THEY HAVE
RIDDLES - a question or statement intentionally phrased so as to require ingenuity

in ascertaining its answer or meaning, typically presented as a game.
Example of Riddles in Mindanao:

The people themselves are not seemingly aware that their cultural products
are fast vanishing. Literary preservation and development have seemingly taken
the back seat. At present, what seemingly preoccupy the people are mundane
considerations such as politics and economics. While these are indeed important,
the Filipino Muslim cultural communities must realize the significance of their
literature in their lives in that it helps preserve the richness and uniqueness of their
respective cultural identities. Another sad reality is the difficulty in locating literary
cultural bearers. Many are getting older each day; others have moved out of their
original cultural communities for one reason or another. Others are dead. The
earlier the indigenous peoples realize this, the better.
50
LITERACY ANTHOLOGIES The anthology’s 366-page, 4th volume of the Mindanao Harvest series
features 63 writers, majority of them belonging to today’s generation of writers
from the country’s second largest island. It answers the need for resource materials
close to home, as it were, and to hopefully promote understanding among students
of the island’s three main groups of peoples: lumad, moro and the present, 3rd and
4th generations of Christian settlers. The book’s 38 poems, 17 short stories, 14
essays and 3 plays in English, Filipino, Cebuano, and translations to Filipino or to
English of original works in Binukid, Maranao, Maguindanao and in Mandaya
showcase Mindanao’s diverse cultures and languages.
The first two volumes of Mindanao Harvest featured fiction and poetry by
Mindanao writers published in 1995 and in 1996 respectively by New Day
Publishers. These were compiled and edited by An Lim and Godinez Ortega. The
third volume of Mindanao Harvest is a retelling of Mindanao tales edited singly
by Godinez Ortega and published by the MSU-IIT and the National Commission for
Culture and Arts (NCCA) in 2014. After the Mindanao Harvest 4 book launch, the
one-day seminar on how to teach the contemporary Mindanao literatures follows.
Edited by Jaime An Lim, Christine F. Godinez Ortega, and Ricardo M. de The lecturers are MSU-IIT alumnus Ralph Semino Galan, faculty and Associate
Ungria, the anthology is a new addition to the ever-evolving development of Director of the University of Santo Tomas Center for Creative Writing and Literary
Philippine Literature. Published by the Far Eastern University (FEU) Publications Studies; Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan English Department Chair, Dr.
(2018) it will be launched at the MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT) Lilia Abregana Cotejar and, XU faculty and Xavier University Press Manager, Dr.
CASSALIDA Theater in Iligan City on September 17, 2019 as part of the Iligan City’s Arlene J. Yandug. Galan will discuss his translations of Cebuano poems to English
Fiesta Celebration, the Diyandi Festival. The book launching and the Seminar on from the book, while Yandug will give an overview of the poems in English and a
the Teaching of Contemporary Mindanao Literatures is spearheaded by the brief review of the book. Cotejar will give a teaching-demonstration of selected
Mindanao Creative Writers Group-Multi-Media Arm and hosted by the MSU-IIT fiction from the book using primarily Ateneo de Davao University’s Dr. Macario D.
Department of English and the Department of Filipino & Other Languages, the Tiu’s nascent theory on lumad literature. The book’s cover art design called the
Culture & Arts Studies Center, the Office of Publication & Information, in “Messenger of Peace” on the other hand is by Mandaya artist and writer from
cooperation with Xavier University Press and the Iligan City Government Diyandi Davao City, Danny Castillones Sillada.
Festival. Other book launchings are scheduled in Manila during the 40th Manila
International Book Fair on September 12, 2019 and in Davao City in November,
2019.
51
Mindanao Harvest 4: A 21st Century Literary Anthology is the first comprehensive literary
anthology on Mindanao’s contemporary literatures featuring 63 Mindanao writers.
The FEU Publications Manager Melany Lance Caperal, the book’s References:
contributors based in Central and Northern Mindanao, and the three editors, An https://msuiit.edu.ph/news/news-detail.php?id=1204
Lim, Godinez Ortega, and de Ungria will be present during the Iligan book launch https://grantcraft.org/content/takeaways/understanding-the-
to answer questions about the production of the book and on literature and on marginalization-of-indigenous-peoples/
creative writing. https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-
on-cultural-communities-and-traditional-arts-sccta/central-cultural-
communities/folk-literature-of-the-muslim-cultural-communities/
https://prezi.com/s5w1hd-clwyy/mindanao-literature/?fallback=1
https://www.kapitbisig.com/philippines/english-version-of-epics-mga-
epiko-philippine-epics_1178.html
https://www.aswangproject.com/myths/mindanao-myths-folklore/
52
Important Reminders essays range from purely photographic works to photographs with captions or small
 Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along comments to full text essays illustrated with photographs.
with the other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the
RUBRIC FOR PHOTO ESSAY
students to do on a separate paper.
 If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS
following this format: (SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME or send a
ACTIVITY 1:
Photo Essay
Engaging Scenario: Narrative Report
 Capture a photo that may use to relate in Mindanao Culture. Engaging Scenario:
 You may use old photos or can capture a new one.  Choose 1 Literary Form in Mindanao, Narrate and describe
 No words needed for this activity, only your creative shots your chosen topic.
will describe the story about your photo.  The your narrative repot must compose of 500 words,
providing your supporting idea about the literature of
Example and Meaning of Photo Essay Mindanao.
RUBRIC FOR
NARRATIVE
REPORT
A photo-essay is a set or series of photographs that are made to create series of emotions
in the viewer. A photo essay will often show pictures in deep emotional stages. Photo
53
GENERAL PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS: 11. Your output will be graded based on this rubric.
5 – Excellence 4 – Good 3 – Fair or Average
WHAT IS THE PROJECT ABOUT?
2 – Poor or Needs Improvement (s) 1 – Very Poor 0 – Not Observed
DO IT YOUR SELF DICTIONARY is one of the best ways for students to
understand how dictionaries work is to make one themselves. This project is CRITERIA 5 4 3 2 1 0
designed to get students to create a dictionary on a subject of their choice, A. PLANNING TOOLS (Script and Storyboard) – 30 POINTS
collecting words that are unique to that subject. In doing so they will conduct 1. Planning documents show evidence of extensive
research that give students a good grasp of the topic.
their own original research.
If students were examined on this topic, they would
pass the test.
1. PROJECT: DO IT YOUR SELF DICTIONARY 2. The Dictionary provides an information in every
vocabulary words.
2. Your DIY DICTIONARY may be sort of vocabulary words in unusual area of
3. The Project are neat and designed based on the
Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. student creativity
3. Base on the discussed regions in the Philippines you have to gather a 4. Each part of the words is explicitly and clearly to
understand by the readers.
regional vocabulary words. 5. The dictionary is described in sufficient details that if
4. Students will collect and record words in specific area in the Philippines. they were given to another student, this person could
5. Decide which words merit an entry in their dictionary. produce the word and achieve a product similar to the
one originally envisioned.
6. write definitions for those words. 6. The documents are submitted in a professional
7. Provide any other information that has been agreed upon for each entry, manner. The pages are bound together, numbered,
and organized; the names of the author(s) is clearly
such as its pronunciation, part of speech, and etymology provide each indicated; the words is either typed or hand-written in
dictionary entry with examples of its use, i.e. illustrative quotations. clear penmanship.
8. Every vocabulary word is organizing in Alphabetize and sort of 50 words
in one region. TOTAL POINTS
9. Design your cover. There are many different ways that you can make a
cover, so allow your imagination to run wild. You could design one with B. FINAL VIDEO (OUTPUT) – 70 POINTS 5 4 3 2 1 0
markers and construction paper, or you could make one on your computer 1. Accuracy
and print it out. - All of the information provided in the dictionary is
correct, as verified by trusted sources of information
10. Any forms of cheating are prohibited and punishable by 3 - 5 days suspension and (these sources must be listed in the citations at the
invalidation of your final exam results and project grades as stipulated in the Senior glossary).
High School Policies and Standard Operating Procedures for Students. A committee 2. Academic Rigor
or the subject instructor himself should investigate and deal with the said - The authors of the dictionary show good grasp of the
misdemeanor accordingly. information. There is evidence of depth of research and
54
readers learn a reasonable amount of new information

by reading the dictionary. The information is
challenging to peers but not incomprehensible.
SUGGESTED COMPUTATIONS:
3. Clarity PLANNING TOOLS: 24 / 30, let’s assume the student(s) got 4 points for each criterion.
- Information is communicated clearly and logically and
FINAL VIDEO OUTPUT: 28 x 2 = 56 / 70, let’s assume the student(s) got 4 points for each
criterion.
is disclosed progressively to build on the previous
foundation and provide a richer understanding. The TOTAL SCORE: 24 + 56 = 80 / 100
organization of the words is coherent and flows from (80 / 100 * 50) + 50
one part to the next into a seamless narrative. = 90, this should reflect on the final grade.
4. Ability to Engage the Viewer

- The Dictionary is interesting to read. It elicits curiosity
and a desire to know more. The video shows evidence
of creative and original thinking in presenting the
information.
5. Completeness
- The dictionary meets the following submission criteria
(instructors may wish to indicate the weight of each
element on the final grade): a) Submitted by the
deadline, b) Submitted in the expected format, c)
Complies with 50 words length in every regions.
(instructors may wish to list the ones required for their
assignment, such as including a vocabulary words,
interviews, citations, etc.)
6. Content and Design
- Written clearly. The design does not detract by the
text written on your paper.
7. Relevant Visuals
- Include subheadings or tag lines to emphasize new
vocabulary or to introduce someone. Avoids distractors
such as fancy transitions, tangents, and
overstimulation.
TOTAL POINTS X2
FINAL GRADE:
Source: http://static.nsta.org/connections/college/201601CaseStudyFigures1-4.pdf
55

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ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

THE REGIONAL APPROACH TO READING PHILIPPINE

JOEL M TOLEDO - Toledo was the MERLINDA BOBIS - Merlinda Bobis

ESTELITO BAYLON JACOB IAN ROSALES CASOCOT - Is a creative

A FILIPINO cultural scholar urged writers to value regional literary works,

AN OVERVIEW OF PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY

MODULE At the end of this module, you are expected to:

THE SURVIVAL OF PHILIPPINE LITERARY GENRES ARE CONTINGENT

d. Drinking Songs i. Myths

FORMS OF FOLK SONG • Supernatural beings

Important Reminders Assessment: Essay writing

POSTER MAKING CRITERIA

RELEVANCE TO THE THEME – 5

ON NATIONAL LITERATURE AND ITS SOCIAL

 How do literary works

PASYON AND REVOLUTION: POPULAR MOMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES,

National Artist as follows; References:

 Artists who have pioneered in a mode of creative expression or style, thus,

 Artists who have created a substantial and significant body of

By this nature as a form of entitlement, which seeks to enlist and constitute

Important Reminders Assessment: Word Collage

1. Make a Narrative Report about the Propaganda Movement. and choose

HOW TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF

 How can I help to enrich

HOW TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT LOCAL LITERATURE?

 UP Diksyunaryong Filipino  Pedagogic (2008)

 The United  His Native Coast (1979)

 Singsing na Pangkasal (Wedding Ring), 1939-1940

MODULE At the end of this module, you are expected to:

 How do literary works

Overview: LUZON: GENRES OF URBAN WRITINGS

Literary Works Literary Works

Hudhud (Aliguyon) Diam

CORDILLERA MYTHS Region 3 (BATAAN)

 Parity  I See the Philippines Rise

Don Ziolo Hilario

CHARACTERS - In fiction can be conveniently classified as major and minor, static

TYPES OF NONFICTION LITERATURE FEATURES OF NONFICTION

I. Scholastic News 1. Table of Contents 6. Graphs

1. LITERARY NONFICTION – Has an elements of fiction, like for example it

Important Reminders SOCIO-POLITICAL

MODULE 2: Assessment: Text Tula

MODULE At the end of this module, you are expected to:

WHAT FOLK ELEMENTS MAKE

VISAYAS: HYBRID MODES IN LOCAL COLOR

POETRY AND METRICAL ROMANCES Some forms of poetry are, Dialogo

Spectrum of Metafictional Techniques

Further individuating the differences between metafictional characteristics

RUBRIC FOR PHOTO ESSAY

MODULE At the end of this module, you are expected to:

MINDANAO: LITERATURE OF CONFLICT

RIDDLES - a question or statement intentionally phrased so as to require ingenuity

Example of Riddles in Mindanao:

readers learn a reasonable amount of new information

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