SUB – DISCIPLINES

OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Structural engineering is a field of engineering dealing with the design of structures
that support or resist loads. Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty
within civil engineering, but it can also be studied in its own right. Structural engineering
theory is based upon physical laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance
of different geometries and materials. Structural engineering design utilizes a relatively
small number of basic structural elements to build up structural systems than can be
very complete. Structural engineers are responsible for making creative and efficient
use of funds, structural elements, and materials to achieve these goals.

Structural engineers are responsible for engineering design and analysis. Entry-level
structural engineers may design the individual structural elements of a structure, for
example the beams, column, and floor of a building. More experienced engineers would
be responsible for the structural design and integrity of an entire system, such as a
building. The role of a structural engineer today involves a significant understanding of
both static and dynamic loading, and the structures that are available to resist them.
 (Sydney Opera House, designed by Ove Arup & Partners, with the architect John Utzon)

The Sydney Opera House, located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, is one of the most famous performing arts venues in the
world. Designed by Jørn Utzon, a Danish architect, the Sydney Opera House is one of the most distinctive and famous twentieth-
century buildings. Opened in 1973, it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site as of June 27, 2007. Situated on Bennelong Point
in Sydney Harbor, with park land to its south and close to the equally famous Sydney Harbour Bridge, the building and its surroundings
form an iconic Australian image. It is also famous for lengthy delays in its completion, huge cost overruns, and a stormy relationship
between designer and client which led to Utzon's resignation from the project in 1966 before its completion.

The Sydney Opera House is an expressionist modern design, with a series of large precast concrete "shells," each taken from the
same hemisphere, forming the roofs of the structure. The Opera House covers 4.5 acres of land and is 605 feet long and about 388
feet wide at its widest point. It is supported by 580 concrete piers sunk up to 82 feet below sea level. Its power supply is equivalent
to that of a town of 25,000 people and is distributed by 401 miles of electrical cable. The roofs of the House are covered with 1.056
million Swedish-made tiles, glossy-white and matte-cream in color.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to protect and enhance
the quality of the environment—air, water, and land resources—to sustain the health of humans and other
living organisms. Environmental engineers work on projects to conserve the environment, reduce waste,
and clean up sites that are already polluted. In so doing, they have to deal with a variety of pollutants—
chemical, biological, thermal, radioactive, and even mechanical. In addition, they may become involved
with public education and government policy-setting.

Environmental engineers deal with the protection of people from the effects of adverse environmental
effects such as pollution. Environmental engineers use the principles of engineering, soil science, biology,
and chemistry to develop solutions to environmental problems. You will also work on improving the quality
of the environment, recycling, waste disposal, public health as well as water and air pollution control.

The goal of environmental engineering is to ensure that societal development and the use of water, land
and air resources are sustainable. This goal is achieved by managing these resources so that environmental
pollution and degradation are minimized.
 (Jaisalmer Wind Park)
Developed by Suzlon Energy, the Jaisalmer wind park is the country’s second-largest onshore wind project. The 1,064MW project,
which is in Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan, features a cluster of wind farm sites within the Jaisalmer district including
Amarsagar, Badabaug, Baramsar, Tejuva and Soda Mada among others.

The wind park development started in 2001 and its current capacity was achieved in April 2012. Suzlon’s entire wind portfolio,
ranging from the earliest 350Kw model to the latest S9X – 2.1MW series, has been used in the project. Renewable energy solutions
provider Suzlon built the wind farms for a range of customers, including private and public sector firms, independent power
producers and power utility providers.
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
Hydraulic engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, particularly water. Hydraulic
engineers design structures for water collection and distribution networks, storm water management
systems, sediment movements, and transportation systems. The structures include bridges, dams,
channels, canals, culverts, levees, and storm sewers. Hydraulic engineers design these structures using
the concepts of fluid pressure, fluid statics, fluid dynamics, and hydraulics, among others.

Hydraulic engineering is related to environmental engineering, transportation engineering,

and geotechnical engineering. Related branches include hydrology, hydraulic modeling, flood mapping,
catchment flood management plans, shoreline management plans, estuarine strategies, coastal
protection, and flood alleviation.
 (Hoover Dam)

Hoover Dam, formerly called Boulder Dam, dam in Black Canyon on the Colorado River, at the Arizona-Nevada border, U.S.

Constructed between 1930 and 1936, it is the highest concrete arch dam in the United States. It impounds Lake Mead, which

extends for 115 miles (185 km) upstream and is one of the largest artificial lakes in the world. The dam is used for flood and silt

control, hydroelectric power, agricultural irrigation, and domestic water supply. It is also a major sightseeing destination, with some

seven million visitors a year, almost one million of whom go on tours through the dam.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Geotechnical engineering is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of

earth materials. It includes investigating existing subsurface conditions and materials; determining their

physical/mechanical and chemical properties that are relevant to the project considered, assessing risks

posed by site conditions; designing earthworks and structure foundations; and monitoring site conditions,

earthwork, and foundation construction. It largely involves defining the soil's strength and deformation

properties. Clay, silt, sand, rock, and snow are important materials in geotechnics.

Geotechnics is applied when planning infrastructure such as roads and tunnels as well as buildings and

other constructions onshore and offshore. The discipline also involves performing numerical calculations,

analyzing the stability of slopes and cliffs, and assessing load-bearing capacity, settlement and

deformation in man-made structures.

 (Boston's Big Dig presented geotechnical challenges in an urban environment)

The Big Dig, or Central Artery Project, was a massive feat of human engineering, designed to alleviate traffic on the

overburdened, elevated highway which ran l-93 through downtown Boston. This elevated highway was replaced by

an underground one, adding for a beautiful park above the tunnel. This construction project became one of the most

expensive and complicated in the world. Construction began in 1991 and was completed in 2006, meaning that if the

Big Dig was a person, it would be almost old enough to drive a car through the tunnels by the time they opened. In

addition to being 8 years behind schedule, it was way over budget, costing 15 billion dollars instead of the projected

2.6 billion. In the end, the Big Dig was a success and worth the wait.
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Transportation engineering is a branch of civil engineering that is involved in the planning, design,

operation, and maintenance of safe and efficient transportation systems. These systems include

roadways, railways, waterways, and intermodal operations. Typically, the demand is the amount of

traffic (people, cars, railcars, barges) that is expected to use a particular transportation facility, while

the supply is the quantity and type of infrastructure components (roadways, bridges, pavements, etc.).

These systems are typically large and expensive.

The field of transportation engineering utilizes the latest developments in transportation and uses them to

create the most efficient and effective systems possible for various locales. Transportation engineering applies

to major terminals as well as the networks that connect them. Any product or system that moves people and

goods from one place to other falls under the scope of transportation engineering.
 (Millau Viaduct)
The Millau Viaduct is an enormous cable-stayed road-bridge that spans the valley of the river Tarn near Millau in southern France.
It is the tallest vehicular bridge in the world, with the highest pylon’s summit at 343 meters (1,125 ft) — slightly taller than the Eiffel
Tower. The speed limit on the bridge was reduced from 130 km/h (81 mph) to 110 km/h (68 mph) because of traffic slowing down,
due to tourists taking pictures of the bridge from the vehicles. Shortly after the bridge opened to traffic, passengers were stopping
to admire the landscape and the bridge itself.