BÀI GIẢNG

TOÁN 2
6.3 POLAR

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Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 1 / 13

6.3 Polar coordinates

Polar coordinates: The pole (a

point) O and polar axis (a ray
from O). The point M associate
with the pair (r, θ), where:
\ −−→
r = OM, θ = (Ox, OM )

Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 2 / 13

Between Oxy and Polar:

Set the pole be the origin O and polar axis be Ox, then

r = x2 + y 2 , tan θ = y
p
x
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ.

Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 3 / 13

Between Oxy and Polar:

Set the pole be the origin O and polar axis be Ox, then

r = x2 + y 2 , tan θ = y
p
x
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ.

Web: desmos.com/calculator

Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 3 / 13

Ex: Changing to polar
√
1 The point M (x = −1; y = 3).
p
Then r = x2 + y 2 = 2,
√
cos(θ) = x/r = −1/2, sin(θ) = y/r = 3/2 ⇒
θ = 2π/3

Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 4 / 13

Ex: Changing to polar
√
1 The point M (x = −1; y = 3).
p
Then r = x2 + y 2 = 2,
√
cos(θ) = x/r = −1/2, sin(θ) = y/r = 3/2 ⇒
θ = 2π/3
2 The circle (C) : x2 + y 2 = 10 is changed to
√
r = 10

Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 4 / 13

Ex: Changing to polar
√
1 The point M (x = −1; y = 3).
p
Then r = x2 + y 2 = 2,
√
cos(θ) = x/r = −1/2, sin(θ) = y/r = 3/2 ⇒
θ = 2π/3
2 The circle (C) : x2 + y 2 = 10 is changed to
√
r = 10
3 The line (d) : y = x, (x ≥ 0) is changed to
θ = π/4
Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 4 / 13
Ex: Changing to Descartes

1 The point A(r = 4; θ = π/6) has polar-pair

√
xA = r cos θ = 2 3; yA = r sin θ = 2

Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 5 / 13

Ex: Changing to Descartes

1 The point A(r = 4; θ = π/6) has polar-pair

√
xA = r cos θ = 2 3; yA = r sin θ = 2

2 The curve (L) : r = 10 sin θ is changed to

r2 = 10r cos y ⇒: x2 + y 2 = 10y ⇔
x2 + (y − 5)2 = 52 (that is a circle)

Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 5 / 13

Ex: Changing to Descartes

1 The point A(r = 4; θ = π/6) has polar-pair

√
xA = r cos θ = 2 3; yA = r sin θ = 2

2 The curve (L) : r = 10 sin θ is changed to

r2 = 10r cos y ⇒: x2 + y 2 = 10y ⇔
x2 + (y − 5)2 = 52 (that is a circle)

Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 5 / 13

Ex: Changing to Descartes

1 The point A(r = 4; θ = π/6) has polar-pair

√
xA = r cos θ = 2 3; yA = r sin θ = 2

2 The curve (L) : r = 10 sin θ is changed to

r2 = 10r cos y ⇒: x2 + y 2 = 10y ⇔
x2 + (y − 5)2 = 52 (that is a circle)

Note: Print some curves in polar (in the file contained

table of antiderivetives)
Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 5 / 13
The area in polar coordinates

Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 6 / 13

The area in polar coordinates

The region bounded by the curve r = r(θ) and the rays

θ = α, θ = β (β − α ≤ 2π) has the area:

1 β
Z
2
S(D) = r(θ) dθ.
2 α

Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 7 / 13

Ex1: Find the area of one-leaved
rose r = 4 sin(3θ)

Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 8 / 13

Ex1: Find the area of one-leaved
rose r = 4 sin(3θ)

Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 8 / 13

Ex1: Find the area of one-leaved
rose r = 4 sin(3θ)
origin of the leaved: r = 0 so
4 sin(3θ)0 ⇒ θ = kπ/3. The lea-
ved in the first quater:

1 π/3
Z
S= 16 sin2 (3θ)dθ
2 0

Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 8 / 13

Ex2: The area of the region: inside
the circle r = a and outside the
cardioid r = a(1 − cos θ)

Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 9 / 13

Ex2: The area of the region: inside
the circle r = a and outside the
cardioid r = a(1 − cos θ)

Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 9 / 13

Ex2: The area of the region: inside
the circle r = a and outside the
cardioid r = a(1 − cos θ)
The shading area: 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2
and a(1 − cos θ) ≤ r ≤ a. So

Z π/2 
1
a2 − a2 (1 − cos2 θ) dθ

S = 2.
2 0

Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 9 / 13

Phạm Văn Hiển Calculus 2 10 / 13