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1.1 Introduction To TD
1.1 Introduction To TD
Specifying the
directions of
heat and work.
Open System
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Adiabatic System
• The word adiabatic comes from the Greek word
adiabatos, which means not to be passed.
There are two ways a process can be adiabatic:
Either the system is well insulated so that only a negligible
amount of heat can pass through the boundary
both the system and the surroundings are at the same
temperature and therefore there is no driving force
(temperature difference) for heat transfer
Energy transfer by work
• Work: The energy transfer associated with a force acting through a distance.
– A rising piston, a rotating shaft, and an electric wire crossing the system boundaries are all
associated with work interactions
• Formal sign convention: Heat transfer to a system and work done by a system are positive;
heat transfer from a system and work done on a system are negative.
• Alternative to sign convention is to use the subscripts in and out to indicate direction. This is
the primary approach in this text.
Work done
per unit mass
A closed mass
involves only
heat transfer and
work.
For a cycle ∆E = 0,
The energy thus Q = W.
content of a
control volume can
be changed by
mass flow as well
as heat and work
interactions.
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Conservation of Mass Principle
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Total Energy of a Non-Flowing Fluid &
Flowing Fluid
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Reversible and Irreversible Processes
Reversible process: A process that can be reversed without leaving any trace on the
surroundings.
Irreversible process: A process that is not reversible.
All the processes occurring in nature are irreversible.
Why are we interested in reversible processes?
(1) they are easy to analyze and (2) they serve as
idealized models (theoretical limits) to which actual
processes can be compared.
Two familiar reversible Reversible processes deliver the most and consume the 20least
processes. work.
Irreversibilities
The factors that cause a process to be irreversible are
called irreversibilities.
Friction They include friction, unrestrained expansion, mixing of
renders a two fluids, heat transfer across a finite temperature
process difference, electric resistance, inelastic deformation of
irreversible. solids, and chemical reactions.
The presence of any of these effects renders a process
irreversible.
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What is entropy?
Boltzmann relation
Some entropy is generated or created during an irreversible process, and this generation
is due entirely to the presence of irreversibilities.
The entropy generation Sgen is always a positive quantity or zero. 24
The entropy change of an isolated
system is the sum of the entropy
changes of its components, and is
never less than zero.
A system and its surroundings
form an isolated system.
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THE ENTROPY CHANGE OF IDEAL GASES
From the first T ds relation From the second T ds relation
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Entropy Balance
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2 Entropy transfer by work :
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3 Entropy Transfer by Mass Flow
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Entropy Generation, Sgen
Entropy generation outside
system boundaries can be
accounted for by writing an
entropy balance on an
extended system that includes
the system and its immediate
surroundings.
The entropy change of a closed system during a process is equal to the sum
of the net entropy transferred through the system boundary by heat
transfer and the entropy generated within the system boundaries.
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Entropy change for a Closed Systems
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Control Volumes
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