Study Guide in DT 120: HAND AND MACHINE TOOLS IN GRAPHIC ARTS Module 4

Module No. 1

STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. ___

4

Unit 4- HAND AND MACHINE OF REPRODUCING PRINTED MATERIALS

MODULE OVERVIEW

Printing is a process mass reproducing text and images using a master form or
templates. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and
movable type allowed for much more flexible processes than hand copying or blocking
printing.
This module will enable you to understand about the origin of Printing and the
function of Hand and Machine of Reproducing Printed Materials

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this module you are expected to:

1.Identify the different types of printing.
2.Emphasize the importance of the history of printing.
3.Explain the uses and functionality of the printing.

LEARNING CONTENT I- (HAND AND MACHINE OF REPRODUCING PRINTED MATERIALS)

To begin with the brief discussion on Hand and Machine of Reproducing Printed Materials
you need to know “The history of Printing”
HISTORY OF PRINTING
The history of printing starts as early as 3500 B.C when the Protoelamite and Sumerian civilizations used
cylinder seals to certify documents written in clay. Other early forms include block seals, hammered coinage,
pottery imprints, and cloth printing. Initially a method of printing patterns on cloth such as silk, woodblock
printing originated in china around 200 ad, and was transferred to paper by the 7th century, leading to the
spread of book production in Asia. Movable type was invented in the song dynasty in the eleventh century but
it received limited use compared to woodblock printing. Woodblock printing was also used in Europe until the
fifteenth century when a process for mass-producing metal type and the printing press were invented to
support an economical book publishing industry. This industry enabled the communication of ideas and
sharing of knowledge on an unprecedented scale. Alongside the development of text printing, new and lower-
cost methods of image reproduction were developed, including lithography, screen printing and photocopying.

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Study Guide in DT 120: HAND AND MACHINE TOOLS IN GRAPHIC ARTS Module 4
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SERIES OF PRINTING
hand stencils, made by blowing pigment over a
hand held against a wall, have been found in asia
and europe dating from over 35,000 years ago,
and later prehistoric dates in other continents.[1]
[2] after that stencilling has been used as a
historic painting technique on all kinds of
materials. Stencils may have been used to colour
cloth for a very long time; the technique probably
reached its peak of sophistication in katazome
and other techniques used on silks for clothes
during the edo period in japan. In europe, from
about 1450 ad they were commonly used to
colour old master prints printed in black and white,
usually woodcuts. [3] this was especially the case
with playing-cards, which continued to be coloured by stencil long after most other subjects
for prints were left in black and white.[4] stencils were used for mass publications, as the
type did not have to be hand-written.

Seals
In china seals were used since at least the shang
dynasty. In the western zhou, sets of seal stamps
were encased in blocks of type and used on clay
moulds for casting bronzes. By the end of the 3rd
century bc seals were also used for printing on
pottery. In the northern dynasties textual sources
contain references to wooden seals with up to 120
characters.[5]

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Study Guide in DT 120: HAND AND MACHINE TOOLS IN GRAPHIC ARTS Module 4
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Woodblock printing (diaoban yinshua 雕 版 印
刷 ), known as xylography today, was the first
method of printing applied to a paper medium. It
became widely used throughout east asia both as
a method for printing on textiles and later, under
the influence of buddhism, on paper. As a
method of printing on cloth, the earliest surviving
examples from china date to about 220 ad.
Ukiyo-e is the best known type of japanese
woodblock art print. Most european uses of the
technique on paper are covered by the term
woodcut (see below), except for the block-books
produced mainly in the fifteenth century.[12

Movable type is the system of printing and

typography using individual pieces of type.
Printing press is a mechanical device for
applying pressure to an inked surface resting
upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth),
thereby transferring the ink.

Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or

mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface
to create a design in intaglio (incised) in the metal.[14] in
modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on
other types of material. As a method of printmaking, it is,
along with engraving, the most important technique for old
master prints, and remains in wide use today. In a number
of modern variants such as microfabrication etching and
photochemical milling it is a crucial technique in much
modern technology, including circuit board

Mezzotint is a printmaking process of

the intaglio family, using a drypoint
method.[2] it was the first tonal method
to be used, enabling half-tones to be
produced without using line- or
dotbased techniques like hatching,

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cross-hatching or stipple. Mezzotint achieves tonality by roughening a metal plate with
thousands of little dots made by a metal tool with small teeth, called a "rocker". In printing,
the tiny pits in the plate retain the ink when the face of the plate is wiped clean. This
technique can achieve a high level of quality and richness in the print.

Aquatint is an intaglio printmaking technique, a variant of

etching that produces areas of tone rather than lines. For this
reason it has mostly been used in conjunction with etching,
to give both lines and shaded tone.[1] it has also been used
historically to print in colour, both by printing with multiple
plates in different colours, and by making monochrome prints
that were then hand-coloured with watercolour.

Lithography (from ancient

greek λίθος, lithos 'stone',
and γράφειν, graphein 'to write')[1] is a method of printing
originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water.[2] the
printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal
plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by
german author and actor alois senefelder as a cheap
method of publishing theatrical works.[3][4] lithography
can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other
suitable material.[5]

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Study Guide in DT 120: HAND AND MACHINE TOOLS IN GRAPHIC ARTS Module 4
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Chromolithography is a unique method for
making multicolour prints. This type of colour
printing stemmed from the process of
lithography, [1] and includes all types of
lithography that are printed in colour.[citation
needed] when chromolithography is used to
reproduce photographs, the term
photochrome is frequently used.
Lithographers sought to find a way to print on
flat surfaces with the use of chemicals instead
of raised relief or recessed intaglio techniques.[2]

Rotary printing press is a printing press in

which the images to be printed are curved
around a cylinder. Printing can be done on
various substrates, including paper, cardboard,
and plastic. Substrates can be sheet feed or
unwound on a continuous roll through the
press to be printed and further modified if
required (e.g. Die cut, overprint varnished,
embossed). Printing presses that use
continuous rolls are sometimes referred to as
"web presses".

The hectograph, gelatin duplicator or

Jellygraph is a printing process that involves
transfer of an original, prepared with special inks,
to a pan of gelatin or a gelatin pad pulled tight on
a metal frame.[1]

Offset printing is a common printing technique

in which the inked image is transferred (or

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"offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket and then to the printing surface. When used in
combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water,
the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier. Ink rollers transfer ink to
the image areas of the image carrier, while a water roller applies a water-based film to the
non-image areas.

Hot metal typesetting (also called mechanical

typesetting, hot lead typesetting, hot metal, and
hot type) is a technology for typesetting text in
letterpress printing. This method injects molten type
metal into a mold that has the shape of one or
more glyphs. The resulting sorts or slugs are later
used to press ink onto paper. Normally the
typecasting machine would be controlled by a
keyboard or by a paper tape.

A mimeograph machine (often

abbreviated to mimeo, sometimes called a
stencil duplicator) is a lowcost duplicating
machine that works by forcing ink through
a stencil onto paper.[1] the process is
mimeography. A copy made by the
process is a mimeograph.

Photostat machine, or photostat, was an

early projection photocopier created in the
decade of the 1900s by the commercial
camera company, which became the photostat
corporation. The "photostat" name, which was
originally a trademark of the company, became

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genericized, and was often used to refer to similar machines produced by the rectigraph
company.

Screen printing is a printing technique where a

mesh is used to transfer ink onto a substrate,
except in areas made impermeable to the ink by a
blocking stencil. A blade or squeegee is moved
across the screen to fill the open mesh apertures
with ink, and a reverse stroke then causes the
screen to touch the substrate momentarily along a
line of contact. This causes the ink to wet the
substrate and be pulled out of the mesh apertures
as the screen springs back after the blade has
passed. One colour is printed at a time, so several
screens can be used to produce a multi-coloured
image or design.

Spirit duplicator (also referred to as a rexograph

or ditto machine in north america, banda machine
or roneo in the uk,[1] australia, france and south
africa) is a printing method invented in 1923 by
wilhelm ritzerfeld that was commonly used for much
of the rest of the 20th century. The term "spirit
duplicator" refers to the alcohols that were a major
component of the solvents used as "inks" in these
machines.[2][3][4] the device coexisted alongside
the mimeograph.

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Study Guide in DT 120: HAND AND MACHINE TOOLS IN GRAPHIC ARTS Module 4
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Dot matrix printing, [1] sometimes called impact matrix
printing, is a computer printing process in which ink is
applied to a surface using a relatively low-resolution dot
matrix for layout. Dot matrix printers typically use a print
head that moves back and forth or in an up-anddown
motion on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-
soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like the print
mechanism on a typewriter or line printer. However, a dot
matrix printer is able to print arbitrary patterns and not just
specific characters.

Xerography is a dry photocopying technique.[1]

originally called electrophotography, it was renamed
xerography—from the greek roots ξηρός xeros, "dry"
and -γραφία - graphia, "writing"—to emphasize that
unlike reproduction techniques then in use such as
cyanotype, the process of xerography used no liquid
chemicals. [2]

Inkjet printing is a type of computer printing that

recreates a digital image by propelling droplets
of ink onto paper and plastic substrates.[1] inkjet
printers are the most commonly used type of
printer,[2] and range from small inexpensive
consumer models to expensive professional
machines.

Dye-sublimation printing (or dye-sub printing) is a computer

printing technique which uses heat to transfer dye onto
materials such as a plastic, card, paper, or fabric

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Study Guide in DT 120: HAND AND MACHINE TOOLS IN GRAPHIC ARTS Module 4
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Laser printing is an electrostatic digital

printing process. It produces high-quality text
and graphics (and moderate-quality
photographs) by repeatedly passing a laser
beam back and forth over a negatively
charged cylinder called a "drum" to define a
differentially charged image.[1] the drum then
selectively collects electrically charged
powdered ink (toner), and transfers the image
to paper, which is then heated in order to
permanently fuse the text, imagery, or both, to
the paper. As with digital photocopiers, laser
printers employ a xerographic printing
process. Laser printing differs from traditional
xerography as implemented in analog
photocopiers in that in the latter, the image is formed by reflecting light off an existing
document onto the exposed drum.

Thermal printing (or direct thermal printing) is

a digital printing process which produces a
printed image by selectively heating coated
thermochromic paper, commonly known as
thermal paper, when the paper passes over the
thermal print head. The coating turns black in the
areas where it is heated, producing an image.[1]
two-color direct thermal printers can print both
black and an additional color (often red) by
applying heat at two different temperatures.
[original research?]

Solid ink (also referred to as hot melt ink[1][2]) is a

type of ink used in printing. Solid ink is a waxy resin-
based polymer that must be melted prior to usage,
unlike conventional liquid inks[1] . [3] the technology
is used most in graphics and large format printing
environments, where color vividness and cost
efficiency are important.[4][5]

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Study Guide in DT 120: HAND AND MACHINE TOOLS IN GRAPHIC ARTS Module 4
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3d printing, or additive manufacturing, is

the construction of a three-dimensional object
from a cad model or a digital 3d model. [1] the
term "3d printing" can refer to a variety of
processes in which material is deposited,
joined or solidified under computer control to
create a threedimensional object,[2] with
material being added together (such as
liquids or powder grains being fused
together), typically layer by layer.

is a method of printing from a digital-based image

directly to a variety of media.[1] it usually refers to
professional printing where small-run jobs from
desktop publishing and other digital sources are
printed using largeformat and/or high-volume laser
or inkjet printers. Digital printing has a higher cost
per page than more traditional offset printing
methods, but this price is usually offset by avoiding
the cost of all the technical steps required to make
printing plates. It also allows for on-demand
printing, short turnaround time, and even a
modification of the image (variable data) used for
each impression.[2] the savings in labor and the
ever-increasing capability of digital presses means
that digital printing is reaching the point where it
can match or supersede offset printing
technology's ability to produce larger print runs of
several thousand sheets at a low price.[3]

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LEARNING ACTIVITY ( Study Questions)

1. What changes are made playing cards one of the most printed items of the 15th
century?
2. Who is the first invented printer?
3. What is the difference of early printing from today?
4. What is the oldest method of printer?
5. How did the printing press changed history?

REFERENCES

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_printing

https://www.britannica.com/topic/printing-publishing

https://www.google.com/search?
q=printing+history+picture&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH874PH874&sxsrf=ALeKk00LHsfK3tgz5JfM
qhoaFwd-
dlpLog:1614664521417&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwizyuuJ9pDvAhUEM
94KHbPuB38Q_AUoAXoECAkQAw&biw=1360&bih=600

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