Practical Research 2: (With Learning Activity Sheets) Quantitative Research For Senior High School

Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) (Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2
PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2
(with Learning Activity
Sheets)
Quantitative Research for

Senior High School
NAME: Jamaila A. Pagal

STRAND/SECTION: HUMSS 12-1
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MODULE 1
NATURE OF INQUIRY AND
RESEARCH
NAME: _______________________________________
STRAND/SECTION: ______________________________
INTRODUCTION
To the Learners
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There are many things you want to know in this world. People, things, places, events 2. Illustrates the importance of quantitative research across fields. (CS_RS12-Ia-c-2)
– their characteristics or qualities make you wonder continuously, frequently or 3. Differentiates kinds of variables and their uses. (CS_RS12-Ia-c-3)
intermittently. Marveling at them, you tend to immerse yourself in a situation where you
seem to be dealing with a problem or a puzzle.
Questions after questions on the many aspects of the object of your curiosity prod
you to move, act or do something to find answers to your questions or to discover truths
about your inferences or speculations on such object. Behaving like an investigator, asking,
and seeking answers to some questions about the thing you find puzzling indicates the true
nature of inquiry or research.
As human beings, it is natural for us to observe what is happening around us and
explain why things transpire in certain ways. However, we do these things indiscriminately or
arbitrarily. Scientists, on the other hand, make every effort as objective and systematic as
possible.
Our decision points, systematic or unsystematic, are reached based on what we know
about the reasons of certain occurrences. We must admit though that poor elucidation of why
things emerge may likely result to poor decisions and eventually, inappropriate actions.
To the Parents/Guardians
This LEARNING MODULE is created with Filipino students in mind. We aim to
help our students keep abreast with their learning, despite the global pandemic that plagues
our society today. COVID-19 puts a halt to all normal modes of education; therefore, this
Learning Module is designed to reach out to them through alternative ways in the comfort
and safety of their homes.
The learning objectives and activities of this module is aligned with MELC (Most
Essential Learning Competencies) of the Department of Education.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST IN MODULE 1

(Nature of Inquiry and Research)
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ______________________
Grade and Section: ________________________ Teacher: ___________________
LEARNING OBJECTIVES/ OUTCOMES
I. Read the following questions carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is focused on acquiring numerical data using research instruments such as surveys,
polls, and experiments.
After the end of this LEARNING MODULE, you should be able to:
a. Action Research c. Quantitative Research
b. Social Research d. Qualitative Research
1. Describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative research. 2. Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?
(CS_RS12-Ia-c-1) a. The results taken from a sample can be generalized to the population.
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b. It delivers an in-depth understanding of the problem or study. a. Survey Research c. Comparative Research
c. It provides a more credible and reliable result. b. Correlational Research d. Experimental Research
d. Statistical analysis of numerical data. 11. It tests for the relationships between two or more variables. What kind of non-
3. In an experiment, which group does not receive intervention? experimental research is this?
a. The treatment group c. The control group a. Quasi-Experimental Research c. Survey Research
b. The participant group d. The experimental group b. Correlational Research d. Action Research
4. When we think of quantitative methods, we refer to _____. 12. Juliana is a Grade 11 student and she wants to conduct a study entitled, “A
a. Words, perceptions and insights Sketchbook of Memories.” Do you think her title is an example of quantitative
b. Numbers, values and amounts research?
c. Experiments, opinions and analysis a. Yes, because it is an example of a phenomena.
d. None of the above b. No, because the said title is an example of qualitative research.
5. Which statement below illustrates a weakness of quantitative research? c. Yes, because the title is an example of survey research.
a. The responses of the participants are limited to what has been asked and the d. None of the above
choices given.
13. The following are characteristics of quantitative research except
b. The researcher's perspective can influence interpretation of results.
a. It uses numbers or figures to denote a particular thing.
c. Data gathering takes too much time. b. It is described as objective research wherein it is real or factual.
d. Low degree of subjectivity c. It happens in HARD SCIENCES like physics, chemistry, biology, and
medicine.
d. It uses words and expressions to explain the concept.
14. The following are the strengths of quantitative research except
6. Which of the following is an example of CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE a. Study findings can be generalized to the population about which
RESEARCH? information is required.
a. Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic to the Mental Health of Senior Citizens b. Data analysis is relatively less time consuming.
b. Challenges of Grade 10 Students on COVID-19 c. Self-reported information obtained from questionnaires may be inaccurate
c. The Use of Zoom as a Learning Platform for Grade 12 Learners or incomplete.
d. Effectiveness of Microsoft Teams in Tracking Students’ Attendance d. Samples of individuals, communities or organizations can be selected to
7. Which of the following is NOT a strength of quantitative research? ensure that the results will be a representative of the population studied.
a. Speedy data analysis c. Replicate 15. A student who has incurred many absences got low grades. What kind of correlation
b. Less expensive d. Objective is this?
8. It is designed to give “answers to the questions of WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE a. Positive Correlation c. No Correlation
and HOW which are linked with a research problem.” What kind of non- b. Negative Correlation d. Zero Correlation
experimental research is this? 16. The following are the steps involved in doing quantitative research except
a. Correlational Research c. Survey Research a. Using Mathematics to Analyze the Data Collected
b. Descriptive Research d. Action Research b. Exploration of events caused by membership in a certain group
9. Which of the following is an example of CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH? c. Observing and explaining occurrences
a. Effects of COVID-19 to the Psychological Health of Medical Front liners d. Focus on numerical information also known as data
b. The Relationship of High Grades and Having Tutors of Grade 7 Learners 17. The following are the weaknesses of quantitative research except
c. Effectiveness of Fruit Cocktail in Preparing Maja Blanca a. Standardized approaches permit the study to be replicated in different areas
d. Attitudes and Behavior of Commuters on Face Shields or over time with the production of comparable findings.
10. It encompasses any measurement procedures that involves asking receive b. The researcher’s categories that are used might not reflect local
intervquestions of respondents. What kind of non-experimental research is this? constituencies’ understandings.
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c. The researcher’s theories that are used might not reflect local
constituencies’ understandings. 25. It exists between two variables when an increase in one variable leads to an increase
d. Research methods are inflexible because the instruments cannot be in the other hand and a decrease in one lead to a decrease in the other.
modified once the study begins. a. Positive Correlation c. No Correlation
18. As weather gets colder, air conditioning costs decrease. What kind of correlation is b. Negative Correlation d. Zero Correlation
this? 26. Why is it important to measure during quantitative research?
a. Positive Correlation c. No Correlation a. A measure provides a consistent device for making distinctions.
b. Negative Correlation d. Positive-Negative Correlation b. A measure allows for precise estimates of the degree of relationship
between concepts.
19. Anna is a Grade 12 STEM student. She had an experiment regarding the use of c. It allows us to explain fine differences between people in terms of the
liquid detergent soap as a medium to become a safe insecticide. She was able to characteristics in question.
apply this experiment because she follows the steps of scientific method and when d. All of the above
she applies to insects like cockroaches, they died. Which of the following describes 27. Why has quantitative research been criticized?
his experiment? a. Quantitative research fails to distinguish people and social institutions from
a. It restructures a more complex problem to a limited number of variables. the natural science world.
b. It is more reliable and objective. b. Quantitative research’s reliance on instruments and procedures hinders the
c. It uses statistics to generalize a finding. connection between research and everyday life.
d. It tests theories and hypothesis. c. The quantitative research measurement process possesses an artificial sense
20. It is a systematic and scientific approach to research in which the researcher of accuracy and precision.
manipulates one or more variables and controls and measures any change in other d. All of the above
variables. What kind of quantitative research is this? 28. It exists when all points on the scatter plot lie on the straight line. What correlation is
a. Survey Research this?
b. Correlational Research a. Perfect Correlation c. Low Negative Correlation
c. Causal-Comparative Research b. High Positive Correlation d. Low Positive Correlation
d. Experimental Research 29. The more you take a bath, the more kittens die of unexplained death. What kind of
21. It tries to uncover the cause-and-effect relationship. What kind of quantitative correlation is this?
research is this? a. Positive Correlation c. No Correlation
a. Survey Research b. Negative Correlation d. Positive-Negative Correlation
b. Correlational Research 30. A quantitative research presents findings in this manner.
c. Causal-Comparative Research a. Many prefer to study with textbooks.
d. Experimental Research b. Students find textbooks indispensable or necessary.
22. Is there significant difference between the reading level and the reading c. Perhaps, 30% consider textbook unnecessary in their studies.
comprehension? What type of causal-comparative research is this? d. Out of 100 college students, 90 find textbooks beneficial to their studies.
a. Exploration of the consequences of an intervention. 31. Some think of quantitative research as complex because of its use of _____
b. Exploration of causes of group membership. a. Hypotheses c. factual data
c. Exploration of effects caused by membership in a given group. b. numerical data d. theories
d. All of the above.
23. It is called as the manipulated variable.
a. Independent Variable c. Dependent Variable 32. It absolutely uses random selection in determining who among the participants
b. Categorical Variable d. Extraneous Variable should compose the experimental group or the control group. What kind of
24. A variable that is made up of different types or categories of a phenomenon. quantitative research is this?
a. Categorical Variable c. Independent Variable a. True Experimental Research
b. Numerical Variable d. Dependent Variable b. Quasi-Experimental Research
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c. Ex-post facto Research c. Causal-Comparative Research
d. Comparative Research d. Experimental Research
33. The one on which the treatment or influence is applied. 41. These refers to measurements with fractional values.
a. Control Group c. Treatment Group a. Discrete Variables
b. Experimental Group d. None of the above b. Continuous Variable
34. It also called as RANKING that refers to order sequences. c. Discontinuous Variable
a. Nominal c. Interval d. None of the above
b. Ordinal d. Ratio 42. Discrete data is from qualities that can be _______________
35. What causes absenteeism among Grade 12 students? What type of causal- a. measured c. both
comparative research is this? b. counted d. None of the above
a. Exploration of the consequences of an intervention. 43. It authorizes researchers to control the situation which allows them to answer the
b. Exploration of causes of group membership. question, “What causes something to occur?”
c. Exploration of effects caused by membership in a given group. a. Experimental Research c. Action Research
d. All of the above b. Survey Research d. Comparative Research
36. It absolutely uses random selection in determining who among the participants 44. Examine this example below:
should compose the experimental group or the control group. How do you feel right now?
a. True Experimental Research () 1 – VERY UNHAPPY
a. Quasi-Experimental Research () 2 – UNHAPPY
b. Ex-post facto Research () 3 – OK
c. Comparative Research () 4 – HAPPY
37. A correlation between two variables exists when an increase in one variable leads to () 5 – VERY HAPPY
an increase in the other and a decrease in one lead to a decrease in the other. What type of scale based on measurements is shown on the given example?
a. Positive Correlation c. No Correlation a. Nominal Scale c. Interval Scale
b. Negative Correlation d. Zero Correlation b. Ordinal Scale d. Ratio Scale
38. It is the act of comparing two or more things with a view to discovering something 45. Continuous data is from qualities than can be ______
about one or all the things being compared. a. Measured c. both
a. True Experimental Research b. Counted d. None of the Above
b. Quasi-Experimental Research
c. Ex-post facto Research
d. Comparative Research 46. Examine this example below:
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
() Primary
39. A type of quasi-experimental research wherein giving them series of pre-test and () Elementary
post-tests. () Junior High School
a. Matched Comparison () Senior High School
b. Single Subject Quasi-Experimental Research () College
c. Time Series Quasi-Experimental Research
d. True Experimental Research What type of scale based on measurements is shown on the given example?
40. It is a quantitative research that treats or deals with the object or subject of the a. Nominal Scale
research in a definite or exact manner. b. Ordinal Scale
a. Survey Research c. Interval Scale
b. Correlational Research d. Ratio Scale
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47. This refers to changing qualities or characteristics of persons or things that are mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, division and multiplication to study and
involved in your research study. express relationships between quantities or magnitudes shown by numbers or symbols.
a. Condition  When you think of quantitative methods, you will probably have specific things in mind.
b. Variables You might be thinking about numbers, statistics, values, and amount.
c. Attribute  Some might have a little apprehension with regards to this method since it will deal with
d. Problem numbers. Yes, it is true that numbers are involved in this method, but this will also give
you a better understanding of the phenomena being studies.
48. Which of these is not discrete data?  According to Aliga and Gunderson (2000), they describe QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
a. height of sunflower as measured each day as “explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using
b. how many student are absent from school each day
mathematically-based methods (in particular STATISTICS).”
c. The number of people who drive through a red light each hour during rush
 The first part of definition is PHENOMENA.
hour.
d. None of the above o PHENOMENON – in scientific usage, it is any event that is observable,
49. It is also known as “ex post facto” research. however common it might be, even if it requires the use of instrumentation to
a. Causal-Comparative Research observe, record or compile data concerning it.
b. Comparative Research  In natural science, it can be question like, “WHY THE SKY IS BLUE?”
c. Correlational Research or in social sciences, it can be, “WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF
d. Quasi-Experimental Research TELEVISION VIEWING TO THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF
50. Daily rainfall is an example of what sort of data? A CHILD?”
a. discrete  The second part of the definition is the heart of quantitative research.
b. continuous o It is essentially about collecting numerical data to explain a particular
c. both phenomenon.
d. None of the above o It is more logical and data-led approach which provides a measure of what
people think from a statistical and numerical point of view.
o The data gathered are not based on intuition or gut feelings but rather on
actual observation based on measurable facts.
LESSON PROPER (LESSON 1) o It can gather a large amount of data that can be easily organized, analyzed, and
interpreted.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE PARADIGM
QUESTION ANSWER
WHAT IS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH? What is the nature of reality? Reality is objective, singular, and separate from the
 Expressions like numerical forms, objective thinking, statistical methods, and researcher.
measurement signal the existence of quantitative research. What is the relationship of the Researcher is independent from the subject of research.
 One word that reflects the true nature of this type of research is numerical. This term is a researcher to the subject of
descriptive word pertaining to or denoting several symbols to express HOW MANY, research?
HOW MUCH or WHAT RANK things and or HAVE in this world. What is the role of values? Research is value-free and unbiased.
 Expressing meaning through numerals or a set of symbols indicates specificity, What is the language of Formal, based on set definitions, impersonal voice and
particularity, or exactness of something. It makes you focus your mind on specific things research? uses accepted quantitative words.
by means of STATISTICS that involve collection and study of numerical data. You use What is the process of research?  Deductive process
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 Cause and effect
 STATIC DESIGN – categories isolated before 3. SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
study.  Quantitative researchers believe that social science phenomena can be studied
 Generalizations leading to prediction, explanation similarly to natural science phenomena. They adopt research procedures,
and understanding. measurements, analytical techniques, and rigorous testing that approximate those
 Accurate and reliable through validity and used by scientists in disciplines like physics, chemistry and biology.
reliability.  Social scientists emphasize the need to adopt a standardized set of procedures for
collecting and analyzing data. They may also demand that social science projects
DESCRIPTIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH should meet the STANDARD OF REPLICABILITY. This means that other
1. It is either DESCRIPTIVE wherein subjects are measured once, or EXPERIMENTAL, researchers should be able to conduct a similar study on the same subject
wherein subjects are measured before and after. following the same steps and expect to get similar results.
2. Data is gathered using STRUCTURED INSTRUMENTS. The results are based on
large sample sizes that are representative of the population and can be replicated. EXAMPLES OF QUANTITATIVE SITUATIONS
3. It has clearly defined research questions to which objective answers are sought.  If you wish to make the society to be run effectively, hunches or trials and errors have no
4. It aims to classify features, count them, and construct statistical models to explain what is place in it.
observed.  So, in business, to know if certain products are acceptable in the market, it must depend
on correct analysis of data collected. Basically, this data is in numerical form because of
FEATURES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH the survey done.
1. MEASUREMENT AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  Even in the field of medicine, the effectivity of antibiotics depends so much on the
 The quantitative research approach is best for addressing research problems or number of bacteria it can kill.
questions that require quantification of measurement. It is most suitable for  Applying mathematical investigation in your studies will have a wider benefit than
investigating human, social, behavioral, or organizational aspects or helping you towards a qualification. Once you have mastered the language and some of
characteristics that can be measured. the techniques in order to make sense of your investigation, you will have supplied
 For example, you are interested in studying DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS. yourself with knowledge and understanding that will enable you to cope with the
Certain traits can be empirically (characteristics) observed, measured, and information you will encounter in your everyday life.
represented using a number – A GROUP OF 18 YEAR OLDS; PUPILS IN  Statistical thinking permeates all social interaction. For example, if you wanted to know
GRADE 11; SELF-EMPLOYED PEOPLE WHO EARN PHP 20,000/MONTH. how many of the population supports a proposed change in the educational system and
 However, not all aspects or characteristics of people can be easily quantified. For how strongly (on a scale), they support it, a statistical analysis of the people’s response
example, PERSON’S EXPERIENCES, DREAMS, INSIGHTS, FEELINGS or will help arrive at the right decision. Even a national survey is being done to determine
THOUGHTS cannot easily be measured. possible candidates for elected position in the country.
2. EMPIRICISM AND POSITIVISM: The Philosophies of Quantitative Research CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 POSITIVISM – authoritative (confident) knowledge is believed to come from 1. It uses numbers or figures to denote a particular thing.
empirical (experiential) observation and the use of logic. The job of quantitative 2. It is described as objective research wherein it is real or factual.
researcher is to discover the patterns, frameworks and laws that govern social 3. It is analogous to scientific or experimental thinking because you just do not identify
phenomena through objective, careful and systematic observation, and problems but theorize, hypothesize, analyze, infer, and create as well.
verification. 4. It happens in HARD SCIENCES like physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine.
 EMPIRICISM – what cannot be observed using the five senses cannot
reasonably studied. Thus, such researchers promote objective investigation as it
provides a common reference for evaluating data or evidence.
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1. In your own words, how do you define research?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITIES/ EXERCISES _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 1 2. In what ways can a student like you engage in research?
(Concept Explanation) _________________________________________________________________
I. Circle the letter of the correct word to complete the sentence. _________________________________________________________________
1. You tend to inflate something in a quantitative research because of your _________________________________________________________________
___________. _________________________________________________________________
a. Objective Views c. Personal Traits _________________________________________________________________
b. Teacher’s Influence d. Mathematical Skills 3. What is quantitative research?
2. This line, “The truth is out there” is true for __________. _________________________________________________________________
a. Qualitative Research c. All Research Designs _________________________________________________________________
b. Quantitative Research d. Any Research Type _________________________________________________________________
3. People inclined to do a quantitative research wants to discover truth in _________________________________________________________________
__________. 4. What are the characteristics of quantitative research?
a. An exact manner c. An indirect way _________________________________________________________________
b. A careful way d. A personal way _________________________________________________________________
4. Some think of quantitative research as complex because of its use of _________________________________________________________________
__________. _________________________________________________________________
a. Hypotheses c. Factual Data _________________________________________________________________
b. Numerical Data d. Theories 5. What are the features of quantitative research?
5. A quantitative research presents research findings in this manner. _________________________________________________________________
a. Many prefer to study with textbooks. _________________________________________________________________
b. Students find textbooks indispensable or necessary. _________________________________________________________________
c. Perhaps, 30% consider textbook unnecessary in their studies. _________________________________________________________________
d. Out of 100 college students, 90 find textbooks beneficial to their studies. _________________________________________________________________
6. What are the advantages of studying quantitative research?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 2 _________________________________________________________________
(Review Questions) _________________________________________________________________
I. Answer the following questions: _________________________________________________________________
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7. What are the disadvantages of studying quantitative research? Technique
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ 2. A Geography of Connections: Networks
_________________________________________________________________ of Humans and Materials in
8. In what ways is research important in engineering, agriculture, medicine and Mathematics Classrooms Using
social sciences like psychology or education? Handheld Technology
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ 3. A Historical and Comparative Note on
_________________________________________________________________ the Relationship Between Analytic
9. Is research confined to a school setting? Why or why not? Induction and Grounded Theorizing
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ 4. A Narrative-Developmental Approach to
_________________________________________________________________ Early Emotions
10. Give some other examples of your own quantitative situations.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
5. A Sketchbook of Memories
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 3
(Help Me To Decide)
I. Analyze the following research titles. State your reason why you will use or will not use 6. Design and Analysis of the Student
quantitative type of research Strength Index (Ssi) for Non-traditional
RESEARCH TITLE REASON Graduate Student
1. A Cultural-Psychological Approach to
Analyze Intercultural Learning: Potential
and Limits of the Structure Formation
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7. The Effectiveness of Home Visits by

Specialist Nurses in Preventing
Infections for Patients Undergoing
Home Immunoglobulin Therapy As
Opposed to Those Not Receiving Such
Home Visits
8. Anti- Lipidemic Activity of

Garciniamangosteen Linn Pericarp
CLASSIFICATION OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

9. Production of Trash-Based Charcoal for 1. EXPERIMENTAL
Community Development a. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
b. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
i. MATCHED COMPARATIVE
ii. TIME SERIES
iii. COUNTER BALANCED
iv. SINGLE-SUBJECT
10. Trichoderma viride as Biofungicidefor c. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL
the Control of Postharvest Banana 2. NON-EXPERIMENTAL
Anthracnose a. SURVEY RESEARCH
b. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
c. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
d. COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
e. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
STEPS IN DOING QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. OBSERVING AND EXPLAINING OCCURRENCES – this is where you will apply
II. Based from the decisions that you have made, when do you use quantitative the four W’s (Who, What, Where, Why). The answer for these Ws can be presented in
research? the form of a question.
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 It can also be expressed as a hypothesis. In the case of a hypothesis, the search WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
for an explanation is made as a statement to be proven or disproven – depending  The researcher’s categories that are used might not reflect local constituencies’
on the goals of your research. understandings.
2. THE COLLECTION OF INFORMATION IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH – is  The researcher’s theories that are used might not reflect local constituencies’
what makes it different from qualitative research. Quantitative research is focused understandings.
specifically on numerical information, also known as “data”. Because the research  The researcher might miss out on phenomena occurring because of the focus on theory or
requires its researcher to use mathematical analysis to investigate what is being observed, hypothesis testing rather than on theory or hypothesis generation (called the confirmation
the information collected must be in numbers. bias)
 Even in questions, where the respondent will have to agree or disagree,  Many kinds of information are difficult to obtain through structured data collection
numerical value on the strength of agree or disagree is given. instruments, particularly on sensitive topics such as domestic violence or income but the
 For example, when you want to know if people’s perception regarding male problems are often greater for quantitative data collection methods.
students is better in mathematics subject than female students, a survey to  Many groups such as sex workers, drug users, illegal immigrants, squatters, and ethnic
this effect can be conducted. To carry out this study, you will just get the minorities are always difficult to reach,
frequency of people believing that male students perform better in  Self-reported information obtained from questionnaires may be inaccurate or incomplete.
mathematics than female students.  There is often no information on contextual factors to help interpret results or to explain
3. USING MATHEMATICS TO ANALYZE THE DATA COLLECTED - the last step variations in behavior between households with similar economic and demographic
of the research wherein it is done with statistics. This is where you subject the data characteristics.
collected into statistical analysis.  The administration of a structured questionnaire creates an unnatural situation that may
 Here, you can clearly see if one variable is highly significant over the other. For alienate respondents.
example, you cannot claim that students who got 90% in the examination are  Studies are expensive and time-consuming, and even preliminary results are usually not
better than those students who got 88% not unless you analyzed their scores and available for a long period of time.
see if there is significant difference between the two.  Errors in the selection of procedures for determining statistical significance can result in
erroneous findings regarding impact.
STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  Research methods are inflexible because the instruments cannot be modified once the
 Study findings can be generalized to the population about which information is required. study begins.
 Samples of individuals, communities or organizations can be selected to ensure that the  Reduction of data to numbers results in lost information.
results will be a representative of the population studied.  The correlations produced (e.g., between costs and benefits, gender and access to services
 Structural factors that determine how inequalities (such as GENDER INEQUALITIES) or benefits) may mask or ignore underlying causes or realities.
are produced can be analyzed.  Untested variables may account from program impacts.
 Estimates of the magnitude (size) and distribution of impacts can be obtained.  Errors in the hypotheses tested may yield misimpressions of program quality or
 Estimates of the costs and benefits of interventions can be obtained. influential factors.
 Standardized approaches permit the study to be replicated (fake) in different areas or over
time with the production of comparable findings. LIMITATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 Clear documentation can be provided regarding the content and application of the survey  It employs inflexible research design because of the rigidity (difficulty) and robustness
instruments so that other researchers can assess the validity of the findings. (toughness) of the instrumentation.
 It is possible to control for the effects of extraneous (unimportant) variables that might  Participants have limited participation on the design and structure of the questionnaire.
result in misleading interpretations of causality (connection) (although this can be  Numerical data do not provide detailed accounts of the phenomenon and do not capture
challenging in the natural settings of evaluations). accounts of human perception.
 Data analysis is relatively less time consuming (using statistical software).  Research is carried out in a laboratory setting and not in a real-world setting.
 The research results are relatively independent of the researcher (e.g. statistical)
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 Preselected options in a questionnaire do not necessarily reflect how participants truly interactions
feel about the question being asked. Cause-effect relationships Explained by people’s Revealed by automatic
objective desires descriptions of circumstances
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH vs. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH or conditions
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Researcher’s involvement Subjective; sometimes Objective; least involvement
 It seeks to understand or make sense of the world based on how individuals experience with the object or subject of personally engaged by the researcher
and perceive it. the study
 The end goal of the inquiry is to seek meaning and a deeper understanding of a Expression of data, data Verbal language (words, Numerals, statistics
phenomenon as seen from the perspective of the participants. analysis and findings visuals, objects)
 An inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem based on a building a Research plan Takes place as the research Plans all research aspects
complex, holistic picture formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants and proceeds gradually before collecting data
conducted in a natural setting. Behavior toward research Desires to preserve the Control or manipulation of
 Data collection techniques involve OBSERVATIONS, INTERVIEWS, OPEN-ENDED aspects/ conditions natural setting of research research conditions by the
QUESTIONNAIRES and FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS. features researcher
 QUALITATIVE STUDY – it is defined as an inquiry process of understanding a social Obtaining knowledge Multiple methods Scientific method
or human problem based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed with words, Purpose Make social intentions Evaluates objectives and
reporting detailed views of informants and conducted in a natural setting. understandable examines cause-effect
relationships
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Data-analysis technique Thematic codal ways, Mathematically based
 It seeks generalizability through controlled, value-free (or value-neutral processes). competence-based methods
 It is focused on acquiring numerical data through the use of research instruments. Style of expression Personal, lacks formality Impersonal, scientific or
Usually, these research instruments are in the form of surveys and close-ended systematic
questionnaires. Sampling Technique More inclined to purposive Random sampling as the most
 An inquiry into a social or human problem based on testing a theory composed of sampling or use of chosen preferred.
variables, measured with numbers and analyzed with statistical procedures in order to samples based on some
determine whether the predictive generalizations of the theory hold true. criteria
 Numerical data are usually obtained from a large sample of the population and are
analyzed using statistical techniques.
 QUANTITATIVE STUDY – it is an inquiry into a social or human problem, based on
testing a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analyzed with
ACTIVITIES/ EXERCISES
statistical procedures, in order to determine whether the predictive generalizations of the
theory hold true. RESEARCH WORKSHEET 4
(The “Ws” of Research)
I. Read the research abstracts. Then answer the “W” questions
COMPARISON BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND that follow.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 1. The study was conducted to determine the oil-degrading ability of bacteria under
the genus bacillus. Soil samples were collected from the different locations in
STANDARDS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE Los Baños, Laguna from which bacteria were isolated using the enrichment
Mental survey of reality Results from social Exists in the physical world technique. Of the 23 bacteria isolated, eight (8) were able to degrade diesel oil
with or without complete fertilizer supplement and with or without
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aeration/agitation. All diesel oil degrading isolates were identified as Bacillus
subtilis. The laboratory assay results indicate that B. subtilis has the potency for A. What is the research all about?
use in degrading petroleum pollution in the environment. _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
A. What was the study all about? ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ B. Where did the researcher conduct his study?
________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
B. Where was the study conducted? ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ C. Why did the researcher conduct the study?
________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
C. Why did the researcher conduct the study? ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ D. Who will benefit from this study?
________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
D. Who will benefit from the study? ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ E. What method was used by the researcher to prove his study?
________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Antimicrobial peptides had been demonstrated to kill gram positive and gram-
negative bacteria including strains that are resistant to conventional antibiotics.
In this study, the antimicrobial property of Pomacea canaliculata mucus was RESEARCH WORKSHEET 5
tested against Bacillus cereus. Microbial suspension was prepared from 24-hour
culture of the test organism. The suspending medium was used was 0.1 % (QUALITATIVE or QUANTITATIVE)
peptone water. Free-poured nutrient agar plates about 3mm thick were inoculated I. Identify whether the following research situations are QUALITATIVE or
with the bacterial suspension by swabbing technique. Two hundred (200) µl of QUANTITATIVE.
the sample were placed in each well. The NA plates were incubated at 35’ C and 1. A teacher conducts a survey on the food preferences of students for the new
observed after 24hours. Zone of inhibition was measured after the incubation school canteen. ____________________
period. Based from the result of the study, it was concluded that mucus of 2. A researcher interviews a principal to find out the joys, challenges and triumphs
Pomacea canaliculata can inhibit the growth of B.cereus. in running a rural school. ____________________
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3. The researcher believes that the world is complex and that no single variable or
number can accurately describe it. ____________________ 2. Interested not only in
4. An engineer wanted to test his idea on a new bridge model and test the scale examining the phenomenon
model of the bridge to detect flaws in his design. ____________________ but also its causes.
5. The researcher believes that the world is an objective reality governed by the
laws of nature that can be understood and measured. ____________________
6. A student wants to find out the effects of different colored lights on plant growth
by conducting an experiment. He measures the growth of plants by the height of 3. Immerses oneself and views
the stem and the number of leaves at one-week intervals. meaning as more context and
____________________ time specific, and in most
7. A researcher administers a pretest on Math skills to all Grade 11 students prior to cases, not generalizable.
implementing a Math program intervention. After the implementation of the
intervention, he will administer the same test to the same set of students. 4. Attempts to remain
____________________ independent or detached
8. A researcher asks consumers regarding their product preferences and their from the phenomena that one
opinions about the quality of service that a given supermarket is providing. He studies.
also classifies the consumers according to a useful scheme like housewives,
married people, single people and young consumers. ____________________
9. A researcher interviews a group of people regarding their opinions about the 5. Uses interpretative
newly made RUSSIAN VACCINE named “SPUTNIK V.” frameworks.
____________________
10. Medical professionals all over the world explore different COVID-19 vaccine by
doing some clinical trials if its effective or not. ____________________
6. Concerned about findings

that can be generalized.
(Knowing the Difference)
I. Each of the statements below describes either quantitative or qualitative research. On the 7. Applies the deductive
first column, write a check mark ( / ) if you think the item is describing quantitative method.
research and a cross mark ( X ) if you think it does not. Then explain your choices or
answers on the third column.
/ or X STATEMENTS EXPLANATIONS
1. Places more emphasis on the 8. Applies the inductive
study of phenomena from the method.
perspective of those who
experience it.
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15. Accurate and reliable
9. Concerned about in-depth through validity and
understanding of the reliability.
situation.
10. Concerned about numerical

data.
(Finding Clues)
I. Group the following word clues if they are characteristics of Quantitative Research (Box
A) or Qualitative Research (Box B). Write the answers on the table provided below.
11. Reality is subjective and
multiple as seen by the
1. Measurable 6. Text-based 11. Subjective
participants in a study.
2. Behavior 7. Intervention 12. Small sample
3. Statistical 8. Experimental group 13. Tables and charts
4. Narrative 9. Unstructured observation 14. Deductive
5. Objective 10. Inductive 15. Generalizable
12. Researcher is independent
from the subject of the
research.
A. Quantitative Research B. Qualitative Research
13. Researcher interacts with the

subject of the research.
14. Accurate and reliable

through verification.
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(When it is better to do Qualitative or Quantitative) 6. Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in tables, charts,
figures, or other non-textual forms.
7. Emphasis is on discovery rather than proof.
To some extent, all questions must be approached either quantitatively or qualitatively. It 8. The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of the population.
all depends on what is your chief goal. Are you interested in a systematic approach, in order to 9. It tends to be associated with emergent research design, using a wide range of
produce comparable, generalizable data, or do you want to produce a “thick” description of a approaches
particular case/group/situation/context? Each option involves different kinds of planning, which 10. Researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective answers are
may best be followed by a particular research design. sought.
Give an example of a research study or a case where quantitative research is more
applicable. Justify your answer in terms of explaining it. RESEARCH WORKSHEET 10
(Categorize Me)
I. Identify the following and write on the blank as STRENGTH or WEAKNESS of
______________________________________________________________________________ QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH.
______________________________________________________________________________ 1. Quantitative research can be replicated or repeated. _______________
______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Findings are generalizable to the population. _______________
______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Conclusive establishment of cause and effect. _______________
______________________________________________________________________________ 4. Numerical and quantifiable data can be used to predict outcomes. _______________
______________________________________________________________________________ 5. Fast and easy data analysis using statistical software. _______________
______________________________________________________________________________ 6. Fast and easy data gathering. _______________
______________________________________________________________________________ 7. Very objective. _______________
______________________________________________________________________________ 8. Validity and reliability can be established. _______________
______________________________________________________________________________ 9. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth. _______________
______________________________________________________________________________ 10. It does not provide comprehensive explanation of human experiences. _______________
______________________________________________________________________________ 11. Some information cannot be described by numerical data such as feelings, and beliefs.
______________________________________________________________________________ _______________
____________________________________________________________________. 12. The research design is rigid and not very flexible. _______________
13. The participants are limited to choose only from the given responses. _______________
14. The respondents may tend to provide inaccurate responses. _______________
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 9 15. A Large sample size makes data collection more costly. _______________
(Quantitative or NOT)
I. Put a check (/) if it describes the characteristics of a Quantitative Research and (X) if it’s not KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
before the number.
1. Data is in the form of words, pictures or objects.
2. The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments.
NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
3. It is not based upon numerical measurements and does not use numbers and  It is a way of finding out truths about a subject by describing the collected data about
statistical methods as key research indicators and tools. such subject and determining their relationship or connections with one another.
4. It tends to be associated with small-scale studies and a holistic perspective, often  Any treatment or condition is not involved in this type of research but there is a
studying a single occurrence or small number of occurrences/case studies in great measuring of variable here.
depth.  Once you do this, you deal with both qualitative and quantitative data.
5. The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high reliability.  Your desire to discover people’s thoughts, views, feelings and attitudes about a
certain societal issue, object, place or event causes you to use this.
17
 These are done to gather evidence of people’s knowledge, opinions, attitude and values
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH on various issues and concerns.
 When you plan to conduct a research study, you should be very clear with your purpose.  The data it collects from these people serving as REPRESENTATIVES or
There is an appropriate type of research for each problem that you wish to solve. INFORMANTS explain or describe the society’s thoughts, attitudes and feelings toward
environmental issues.
 It is one of the most common areas of measurement in applied social research.
A. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
 The broad area of survey research encompasses any measurement procedures that involve
 It designed to give “answers to the questions of WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE and
asking questions of respondents.
HOW which are linked with a research problem.”
 It is used to collect thoughts, opinions, and feelings of people.
 If you notice, it does not answer the question “WHY” because it does not seek to explain
 The surveyed data is then organized, analyzed and interpreted.
why certain things happen.
 The most common tools used are interviews, questionnaires and sampling polls to get a
 It is also useful in answering research questions that deal with measurements, like those
sense of behavior with intense precision.
that start with HOW MANY, HOW MUCH, HOW OFTEN or HOW LONG?
 When the subject population is small, universal sampling (common sampling) while if
 It is applied only to what exists and to gather information about the current status of a
the population is large, a sample of the population is used without sacrificing the
certain phenomenon.
reliability and validity of the result.
 It is generally concerned with investigating, measuring, and describing one or more
 It can be conducted around one group specifically or used to compare several groups.
aspects or characteristics of one or more groups, communities, or phenomenon.
 When conducting survey research, it is important that the people questioned and sampled
 This type of research observes a subject or situation in a “NATURAL AND
at random. This allows for more accurate findings across a greater spectrum (field) of
UNCHANGED ENVIRONMENT.”
respondents.
 It can provide a wealth of information which can be used as a basis for decision-making
 In the conduct of this, it is very important that the researcher must be properly guided by
and improvement of certain practices. It gathers a big volume data for thorough analysis.
field service agents who are authority on that area.
 It is often used as a precursor (successor) to more quantitative research designs, with the
 In this type of research, there is a high percentage of personal contact between the
general overview giving some valuable pointers as to what variables are worth testing
researcher and the respondent and also a greater chance for unexpected circumstance to
quantitatively.
occur, it is possible for the data to be affected. This can heavily influence the outcome of
 This type of research cannot be applied “TO DISCOVER A DEFINITIVE ANSWER or
the survey. When the respondents are minors, approval of parents or guardians must be
TO DISPROVE A HYPOTHESIS” because it usually uses “OBSERVATIONAL
secured.
METHOD AS OPPOSED TO QUANTITATIVE METHODS.”
 There are several ways to conduct a survey research. These can be done in person, over
 It relies on “INSTRUMENTATION FOR MEASUREMENT AND OBSERVATION.”
the phone, or through mail or email. For questionnaires, you can just give it to the
institution where the respondents belong and they will be the one who will administer it.
EXAMPLES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH STUDIES
1) How Senior High School Students celebrate their Birthdays
2) How Parents feel about the K to 12 Curriculum EXAMPLES OF SURVEY RESEARCH
3) Youth’s Perception of the 2016 Elections o Have you ever received a receipt from a store or restaurant where you are
4) Attitudes of Women’s Groups towards Rodrigo Duterte’s Joke about an asked to call a number at the bottom to participate in a survey and be
Australian Rape Victim entered to win?
o Have you ever been asked to “stay on the line” to answer a few questions
B. SURVEY RESEARCH after an experience with a customer service representative?
o Have you ever been asked to give your thoughts after visiting a website?
 A method of research that aims at knowing what a big number of people think and feel
about some sociological issues. o Have you ever been asked to answer a questionnaire given by a researcher?
 It is intended to acquire information from people concerning the predominance
(majority), distribution and interrelations of variables within an identified group. PURPOSES OF SURVEY RESEARCH
18
A. To obtain information about people’s opinions and feelings about an issue. 9. It cannot account for real or actual happenings, but can give ideas on respondents’
B. To identify present condition, needs, or problems of people in a short span views, beliefs, concepts, and emotions.
of time.
C. To seek answer to societal problems. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES AND RULES IN SURVEY RESEARCH
D. To give school officials pointers on curricular offerings, guidance and 1. Respect whatever decision a person has about your research work for his
counselling services, teacher evaluation and so on. participation in your study comes solely from his or her own decision-making
powers.
PLANNING OF A SURVEY RESEARCH 2. Make sure that your study will be instrumental in elevating the living conditions of
A. Explanation of Objectives Clearly. people around you or in bringing about world progress.
B. Formulation of Research Questions or Hypotheses to predict relationships of 3. Conduct your research work in a way that the respondents will be safe from any
variables. inquiry or damage that may arise from their physical and emotional involvement in
C. Determination of exact kind of data referred to by the hypotheses or research the study.
questions. 4. Practice honesty and truthfulness in reporting about the results of your study.
D. Assurance of the population or group of people to which the findings will be 5. Accept the reality that the nature, kind and extent of responses to your questions
applied to. depend solely on the dispositions of the respondents.
E. Finalization of the sampling method for selecting the participants. 6. Decide properly which information should go public or secret.
F. Identification of the method or instrument in collecting data; that is, whether it is 7. Stick to your promise of safeguarding the secrecy of some information you obtained
questionnaire on paper, through phone, via computer or face to face. from the respondents.
STRENGTHS OF SURVEY RESEARCH EXAMPLES OF SURVEY RESEARCH STUDIES

1. VERSATILITY – it can tackle any issue affecting society. 1) Voter Preferences of People Living in Valenzuela City
2. EFFICIENCY – it is not costly in terms of money and time, assuming there is excellent 2) Consumer Coping Behavior of Grade 11 Students in Buying Android Cellphones
communication or postal system. 3) Survey on Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in Quezon City
3. GENERALITY – it can get a good representation or sample of a large group of people. 4) Metro Manila Survey of Adolescence on Health
4. CONFIDENTIALITY – it is capable of safeguarding the privacy or anonymity of the 5) A Survey of ASEAN Business Outlook on the Year 2016
respondents. 6) Survey of ASEAN Employers on Skills and Competitiveness
7) An Analysis on the Different Reading Strategies used by Grade 8 Students
WEAKNESSES OF SURVEY RESEARCH 8) Perception of Students on the Effects of Federal Government in Philippine Setting
1. It cannot provide sufficient evidence about the relationships of variables. 9) The Status of COVID Patients Living in Manila
2. It cannot examine the significance of some issues affecting people’s social life. 10) Teacher’s Perceptions on Discipline Problems in Our Lady of Lourdes College in
3. It cannot get data reflecting the effects of the interconnectedness of environmental Valenzuela City
features on the research study. 11) Grading Problems: A Matter of Communication
4. It cannot consider man’s naturalistic tendencies as the basis of human behavior unless
his ways or styles of living are related to his surroundings.
5. It cannot promote interpretive and creative thinking unless its formation of ideas results INSTRUMENTS USED IN A SURVEY RESEARCH
from scientific thinking. o DIRECT ADMINISTRATION TO A GROUP – giving survey questionnaires to
6. It cannot have an effective application to all topics for research. students to complete in their classroom.
7. It cannot use a questioning or coding method that can accurately register differences o MAIL SURVEY (sent by mail) – the survey questionnaire is sent to each individual in
among the participants’ responses. the sample with a request that it be completed and then returned on a given date.
8. It cannot diffuse the main researcher’s abilities to control and manipulate some factors o TELEPHONE SURVEYS – the researcher (or his or her assistants) asks questions to
affecting the study. the respondents over the telephone.
19
o PERSONAL INTERVIEWS – the researcher (or trained assistant) conducts face-to-
face interview with the respondent. Sir/Madam:
SAMPLE SURVEY RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE

 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: WE are amazed in your interest in reading. Please take
a few minutes to complete this survey. In general, when you are presented with a scale
Name of the Researcher
next to a question, please put an X over the number that best corresponds to your answer.
For example, if you STRONGLY AGREED with the following statement, you might put
Instruction:
an X through the number 5. If you agreed moderately, you might put an X through
number 4, if you neither agreed nor disagreed, you might put an X through number 3. Your Name: __________________________________________________
Your Instructor’s Name: ________________________________________
STATEMENTS:
DisagreeStrongly
DisagreeModerately
AgreeModerately
Strongly Agree
Neither Agree
DisagreeStrongly
DisagreeModerately
AgreeModerately
or Disagree
SAMPLE STATEMENTS
Strongly Agree
Neither Agree
or Disagree
SAMPLE STATEMENTS
1. I like to read magazines like 1 2 3 4 5

TIME or NEWSWEEK. 1 2 3 4 5
2. I spent 2 hours every day reading 1 2 3 4 5
books. 1 2 3 4 5
3. I love to visit libraries. 1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
4. My favorite place in school is the 1 2 3 4 5
library. 1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
5. I have a collection of books at
home. 1 2 3 4 5
(Comprehension Check)
ACTIVITIES/ EXERCISES I. Answer the following questions:
1. Describe one doing a survey research.
(Knock! Knock! May I Ask You Something?) _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Prepare a short survey form that you will distribute to the high school students. It can be a _________________________________________________________________
topic about how to prevent COVID-19. Write your introductory letter instruction in answering the _________________________________________________________________
survey and then questions that you would like to ask about the prevention of COVID-19. Limit your 2. How does a survey research differ from descriptive research?
questions/ statements to only five items.
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_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
3. How popular is survey research? Justify your answer. 9. Has the history of research affected its present status? Why?
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
4. Explain the relevance of survey research in education. 10. How would you describe yourself as a researcher with integrity?
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
5. Do you agree that survey research is better than descriptive research? Explain.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
6. As to how prestigious a research should be, what can you say about a survey (Concept Check Up!)
research?
_________________________________________________________________ I. Identify the following characteristics as DESCRIPTIVE or SURVEY. Write on the
_________________________________________________________________ blank provided.
_________________________________________________________________ 1. It is generally concerned with investigating, measuring, and describing one or
_________________________________________________________________ more aspects or characteristics of one or more groups, communities, or
_________________________________________________________________ phenomenon. ____________________
7. Why is the number of respondents crucial to sample selection? 2. These are done to gather evidence of people’s knowledge, opinions, attitude and
_________________________________________________________________ values on various issues and concerns. ____________________
_________________________________________________________________ 3. It designed to give “answers to the questions of WHO, WHAT, WHEN,
_________________________________________________________________ WHERE and HOW which are linked with a research problem.”
_________________________________________________________________ ____________________
_________________________________________________________________ 4. A method of research that aims at knowing what a big number of people think
8. How does a researcher develop a survey research? and feel about some sociological issues. ____________________
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5. It is also useful in answering research questions that deal with measurements,  Correlation does not always mean causation (connection). For example, just because two
like those that start with HOW MANY, HOW MUCH, HOW OFTEN or HOW data points sync does not mean that there is a direct cause-and-effect relationship.
LONG? ____________________ Typically, you should not make assumptions from correlational research alone.
 It reflects a natural evolution from descriptive research methods.
 Correlational studies reveal systematic relationships between descriptive parameters
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 14 (measurable features of a phenomenon under investigation).
 A correlation facilitates prediction of one parameter based on another. For example, a
(Identify Me!) correlational study might show that lack of sleep will result to poor performance in the
examination. It might be tempting to infer from such a correlation that number of
I. Identify the following research titles as DESCRIPTIVE or SURVEY. sleeping hours has an effect on performance in an examination, but conclusions about
1. Parent’s Thoughts About COVID-19 ____________________ causation are not justified by correlational research. It might be, for example, that the low
2. The Impact of COVID-19 on Student’s Academic Performance performance was due to poor study habits or it might be because of malnutrition. There
____________________ are many factors that affect performance in examination, like length of sleeping time is
3. Attitudes of Medical Front liners Regarding President Duterte’s Statement only one of them.
on Gasoline in Face Mask ____________________  Correlations are restricted to prediction; the identification of causal variables requires an
4. Grade 11 Student’s Thoughts on the Use of FB Live as a Means of experimental analysis.
Learning Amidst COVID Pandemic ____________________  A HIGH CORRELATION between scores on two tests taken by a group measuring the
5. An Analysis on the Different Online Platforms Used by Grade 9 same thing indicates that there is a high level of agreement between the two instruments.
Students ____________________  It is also used in the process of making predictions of values for one variable based upon
the values of the other.
 In addition, correlational studies are means to examine the field, to contemplate on the
C. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH likelihood of interrelations among a number of pair values, to see if future research into
 It tests for the relationships between two or more variables. possible causality (connection) is useful.
 It is called as ASSOCIATIONAL RESEARCH.  Surveys are linked with correlational studies as the instrument, such as
 It investigates the possibility of relationships between only variables and there is no QUESTIONNAIRES and INTERVIEWS, may gather data on several variables for each
manipulation of variables. subject. The correlation between the different meaningful pairs is assessed to determine
 These are based on pairs of measures or scores for members of a single sample and the existence of relationships.
provide an indication of the strengths of the relationship between variables that embody
characteristics or performances by that group. EXAMPLES OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH STUDIES
 Good (1972) defines correlation as the tendency for corresponding observations in two or 1) The Relationship between Successful Career and Educational Attainment of
more series to vary together with the averages of their respective series, that is to have College Students
similar relative positions. 2) The Relationship between High Grades and Having Tutors of Grade 10 Learners
 Performing this kind of research is done to establish what the effect of one on the other 3) The Relationship between Entrance Exam Results and Attendance in Review
might be and how that affects the relationship. Centers
 It is conducted in order to explain a noticed occurrence. 4) The Relationship between Smoking Habits and Tuberculosis of Chain Smokers
 In correlational research, the survey is conducted on a minimum of two groups. 5) Teacher’s Clarity and Its Relationship to Student’s Achievement and Satisfaction
 Once the information is compiled, it is then analyzed mathematically to draw conclusions 6) Student’s Reading Styles and Its Relationship to Reading Comprehension
about the effect that one has on the other. For example, if two tests have a high
correlation, one who gets high in one test will surely get high also in the other test. THREE TYPES OF CORRELATION
1. POSITIVE CORRELATION
22
 Positive correlation between two variables exists when an increase in one o Tests/ Examinations
variable leads to an increase in the other and a decrease in one lead to a decrease o Survey Questionnaires
in the other. o Observation Checklist
 EXAMPLES:
o A person with a lot of money will carry a Hermes bag and a person with
no money will carry a paper bag.
o A student who studies a lesson in a test seriously will get a perfect score
and a student who didn’t study a lesson will get a low score.
o A teenager who eats vegetables everyday will have a healthy body and a
teenager who did not eat vegetable will have an unhealthy body.
2. NEGATIVE CORRELATION
 Negative correlation is when an increase in one variable leads to a decrease in
another and vice versa.
 EXAMPLE:
o The level of education might correlate negatively with crime. This
means if by some way the education level is improved in a country, it
can lead to lower crime. Note that this does not mean that a lack of
education causes crime. It could be, for example, that both lack of
education and crime have a common reason: POVERTY.
o An intelligent student might correlate negatively with broken family.
This means if broken family is decreased, students may focus on their
studies and can concentrate with it. Note that this doesn’t mean that
broken family causes a student not to focus well in study. It could be,
that other students can concentrate well in their study because it serves
as a motivation to strive hard even though experiencing broken family.
3. NO CORRELATION
 Two variables are uncorrelated when a change in one doesn’t lead to a change in
the other and vice versa.
 EXAMPLE:
o Among entertainment people, happiness is found to be uncorrelated to
money. This means an increase in money doesn’t lead to happiness.
o Those celebrity women is found to be uncorrelated to expensive
jewelries. This means having many expensive jewelries may not lead to
contentment because some celebrity women don’t mind having many
jewelries.
INSTRUMENTS USED IN CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

o Grade Transcripts
23
oo
24
19) The less time I spend marketing my business, the fewer new customers I will
ACTIVITIES/ EXERCISES have. ____________________
20) The more hours you spend in direct sunlight, the more severe your sunburn.
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 15 ____________________
(Positive! Negative! Zero!)
I. Read the following cases. Identify the type of correlation that exist between them. (Identify Me!)
(POSITIVE CORRELATION, NEGATIVE CORRELATION, NO I. Identify the following research titles if they are suited for CORRELATIONAL
CORRELATION) RESEARCH. Write YES or NO on the space provided.
1) A student who has incurred many absences got low grades. 1. Effects of Physical Bullying to Grade 7 Student’s Academic Performance
____________________ ____________________
2) Taller people have larger shoe sizes and shorter people have smaller shoe sizes. 2. The Relationship of Number of Hours Spent in Online Classes and Formative
____________________ Assessment Scores of Grade 9 Students ____________________
3) The taller a basketball player is, the more he weighs. ____________________ 3. Effectiveness of Edmodo Application as a Tool for Distance Learning for Grade
4) As one exercise more, his body weight becomes less. ____________________ 12 Students ____________________
5) As weather gets colder, air conditioning costs decrease. ____________________ 4. The Significant Relationship between Intelligence and Sports Choices Among
6) If a train increases speed, the length of time to get to the final point decreases. High School Students ____________________
____________________ 5. Analysis on the Different Reading Strategies Used by Grade 9 Students
7) The more time you spend running on a trendmill, the more calories you will ____________________
burn. ____________________
8) A person’s telephone number is related to his IQ score. ____________________
9) If it is darker outside, more light is needed inside. ____________________ RESEARCH WORKSHEET 17
10) If a chicken increases in age, the amount of eggs it produces decreases. (Reflect! Reflect!)
____________________ II. Reflect on the following question: “What is the importance of using correlational
11) If the sun shines more, a house with solar panels requires less use of other research in our daily life?”
electricity. ____________________
12) The more money she saves, the more financially secure she feels.
____________________
13) If a car decrease speed, travel time to a destination increases.
____________________ RESEARCH WORKSHEET 18
14) If a car tire has more air, the car may use less gas per mile. (Correlational Analysis)
____________________
15) The warmer it is outside, the fewer layers of clothing one have to wear to be TITLE: The Relationship between Attitude Scores and Mathematics Achievement of Grade 7
warm. ____________________ Students
16) The more gasoline you put in your car, the farther it can go.
____________________ 1. The following data show the attitude scores and mathematics achievement of a group of
17) The more you take a bath, the more kittens die of unexplained death. students
____________________ a. Construct a scatter plot for the given data.
18) The longer your hair grows, the more shampoo you will need. b. Describe the relationship between attitude and achievement in Mathematics in terms
____________________ of direction and strength based on a scatter plot.
25
ATTITUDE SCORE (X) ACHIEVEMENT IN
MATHEMATICS (Y)
48 22
48 19 RELATIONSHIP:
47 20
46 20
46 17 D. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
43 21  It
42 21 is
42 19
41 17
NUMBER OF HOURS STUDIED EXAMINATION GRADE (Y)
(X)
8 56
5 44
11 79
13 72
10 70
5 54
18 94
15 85
2 33
8 65
also known as “ex post facto” research. (Latin for “after the fact”).
 With this type of research, investigators attempt to determine the cause or consequences
of differences that already exist between or among groups of individuals.
RELATIONSHIP:
 There is an alleged cause-and-effect that has already occurred and is being examined
TITLE: The Relationship between the Number of Hours Spent on Study and the Examination Grades after the fact.
of Grade 8 Students  When an experiment would take a considerable length of time and be quite costly to
conduct, a causal-comparative study is sometimes used as an alternative.
1. The following data were obtained from a group of students regarding the number of hours that  It looks to uncover the cause-and-effect relationship.
they devoted for studying and the grades that they obtained in their examination.  Rather than look solely for a statistical relationship between two variables, it tries to
a. Construct a scatter plot for the given data. identify, specifically, how the different groups are affected by the same circumstance
b. Describe the relationship between the number of hours spent on study and the (situation).
examination grades in terms of direction and strength based on the scatter plot.  As always, the use of statistical analysis is engaged to synthesize the data in a clear
method for presentation.
 It endeavors to find out the causes of existing phenomena.
 This is a kind of quantitative research proves the cause-effect relationships.
THREE TYPES OF CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH

26
1. EXPLORATION OF EFFECTS CAUSES BY MEMBERSHIP IN A GIVEN
GROUP  QUESTION: How do students taught with the use of video clips in
EXAMPLES: enhancing reading comprehension?
o QUESTION: Is there a significant difference in the abilities according to  HYPOTHESIS: Students who were taught using video clips are learned
gender? well and developed their reading comprehension than those who were taught
o HYPOTHESIS: Females have a greater amount of linguistic ability than males. using the book.
In this research, there is already a pre-conceived belief that females are The intervention used in the study is the method of using interactive video clips.
more eloquent (fluent) in language. Males mostly are factual. Those students who were watching some stories played in movie clip tends to increase
their reading comprehension skills. Those that are used the traditional book reading tends
o QUESTION: Is there a significant difference in job application according to the to become bored and not interested.
school you graduate?
o HYPOTHESIS: Well-known universities like U.P have a chance of passing the EXAMPLES OF CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
job application rather than those who graduated in unknown universities. 1) Effects of Studying the Moral Value System on Catholic Schools
In this research, there is already a pre-conceived belief that those who 2) Effects of Exercising Regularly to Body Fitness
graduated in famous universities are accepted in certain jobs. Not known 3) Effects of Gender on College Course Choices
universities are having less chance. 4) Effects of Good Family Upbringing to Good Performance in Class
5) Effect of Belonging to a Christian Living Organization on a Student’s
2. EXPLORATION OF CAUSES OF GROUP MEMBERSHIP Religiosity
 QUESTION: What causes individuals to join a gang? 6) Effects of Counseling and Medical Treatment on Alcoholism
 HYPOTHESIS: Individuals who are members of gangs have more 7) Effects of Support Groups on Smoking
aggressive personalities than individuals who are not members of gangs. 8) Effects of Positive Reinforcement on One’s Attitude to Excel in School
Every individual needs to belong. Being accepted in a gang gives a person 9) Effects of Peer Counseling and Support Group on a Student’s Emotional
special strength and belief in him that he is not alone. This makes the person to be more Condition
aggressive. 10) Effects of a Kind and Supportive Home Room Adviser on the Student’s
Helpfulness
 QUESTION: What causes cheating among students? 11) Effects of a Math Terror Teacher on Students’ Attitude about Attending
 HYPOTHESIS: Individuals who are not studying the lesson well have Math Classes
eager to commit cheating especially for those honor students rather than 12) Effects of Train Law to the Minimum Wage Workers in Valenzuela City
those who studied their lesson well.
Every student needs to study in order to pass their subjects. Whether you are an
honor student or nor, you have to study your lesson well for you to pass your subjects. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH AND
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
3. EXPLORATION OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF AN INTERVENTION  They are both examples of associational research – that is, researchers who conduct them
seek to explore relationships among variables.
 QUESTION: How do students taught by the inquiry method react to
 Both attempts to explain the phenomena of interest.
propaganda (information)?
 Both seek to identify variables that are worthy of later exploration through experimental
 HYPOTHESIS: Students who were taught by the inquiry method are more
research, and both often provide guidance for subsequent experimental studies.
critical of propaganda than those who were taught with the lecture method.
The intervention used in this study is the method of teaching. Those students
who had undergone an inquisitive approach (curious) in teaching are more open and they
ask questions. Those that are used to lecture type are more of the timid (shy) side.
27
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH AND What to do?

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH 1. Read and analyze the selection.
 Causal-comparative studies typically compare two or more groups of subjects, while 2. Formulate research questions based on the three types of causal-comparative research.
correlational studies require a score on each variable for each subject. 3. Formulate possible hypothesis that will answer your questions
 Correlational studies investigate two (or more) quantitative variables, whereas causal-
comparative studies typically involve at least one categorical variable (group You are a first-year science teacher at the national high school. In one of the seminars
membership). you attended, you met Jeffrey, a fellow Science teacher. When Jeffrey asked how your first year
 Correlational studies often analyze data using scatterplots while causal-comparative of teaching was going on, you told him that you were discouraged because your students did not
seem to like your teaching very much and complained about your style of teaching.
studies often compare averages or use crossbreak tables.
Jeffrey shared with you his experience as a teacher. He was using exploratory approach
(encourages learners to examine and investigate new material with the purpose of discovering
E. COMPARATIVE RESEARCH relationships) and surfing the net most of the time. He thought that his students were enjoying
 It is the act of comparing two or more things with a view to discovering their studies and getting high grades because of it.
something about one or all of the things being compared. You wonder if Jeffrey would work for you,
 This technique often utilizes multiple disciplines in one study. 1. EXPLORATION OF EFFECTS
 The multidisciplinary approach is good for the flexibility it offers. Question:________________________________________________________________
 The general method of comparing things is the same for comparative ________________________________________________________________________
research as it is in our everyday practice of comparison. Like cases are ______________________________________________________________________
treated alike, and different cases are treated differently; the extent of Hypothesis:______________________________________________________________
difference determines how differently cases are to be treated. ________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. EXPLORATION OF CAUSE
Question:_________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES OF COMPARATIVE RESEARCH STUDY
________________________________________________________________________
 A Comparative Analysis between the Monthly Income of Blue-
______________________________________________________________________
Collar Workers and White-Collar Workers around Valenzuela City Hypothesis:_______________________________________________________________
 A Comparative Study on the Academic Performance of Working ________________________________________________________________________
Students and Performing Students _______________________________________________________________________
 A Comparative Study on the Benefits Given to Public School 3. EXPLORATION OF CONSEQUENCE
Teachers and Private School Teachers Question:_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Hypothesis:_______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITIES/ EXERCISES _______________________________________________________________________
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 19 (Causal-Comparative Research)
(I Need Your Help) Read the two problems and answer the questions that follow.
28
PROBLEM 1: Do children from high socio-economic status (SES) (IV) backgrounds attain higher  A true experiment requires manipulation of the independent variable to detect its
achievement levels (DV) than children from low SES backgrounds. influence on the dependent variable.
 It is a quantitative research that treats or deals with the object or subject of the research in
PROBLEM 2: Do children who learn to read via Reading Mastery (IV) attain higher achievement a definite or exact manner and determines the extent of the effects or influence of the
levels (DV) than children who learn to read via a whole language approach? treatment on the object/ subject, then discovers the causes of such effects.
1. What would make this situation a causal comparative study?
___________________________________________________________________________ TWO GROUPS INVOLVED:
___________________________________________________________________________ 1. EXPERIMENTAL GROUP – the one on which the treatment or
___________________________________________________________________________ influence is applied.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. CONTROL GROUP – it does not receive any treatment.
____________________________________________________________
2. What might an educational researcher want to make this into a causal-comparative study?  It is systematic and scientific approach to research in which the researcher manipulates
___________________________________________________________________________ one or more variables, and controls and measures any change in other variables.
___________________________________________________________________________  The basic purpose of this type of research is to investigate the influence of one or more
___________________________________________________________________________ variables. This is an experiment where the researchers manipulate one variable, and
___________________________________________________________________________ control/randomize the rest of the variables. It has CONTROL GROUP, the subjects
____________________________________________________________ have been randomly assigned between the groups, and the researcher only tests one effect
at the time.
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 21  In other words, this research is a highly controlled procedure.
 The MANIPULATED VARIABLE is known as experimental or independent
(Sample Comparative Research Study) variables which are applied upon another factor called DEPENDENT VARIABLES
I. Form one sample comparative research study and explain why you choose that. and to determine the effect of the former to the latter, all other factors are kept constant.
___________________________________________________________________________ Those constant variables are called EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES. This will ensure that
___________________________________________________________________________
any change in the dependent variable is caused by the independent variable.
___________________________________________________________________________
 Though questions may be posed in the other forms of research, experimental research is
guided specifically by a HYPOTHESIS. Sometimes it can have several hypotheses.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH  A HYPOTHESIS is a statement that can be disproved or approved.
 Once that statement is made, experiments are begun to find out whether the statement is
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH TRUE or NOT. This type of research is the bedrock of most sciences, in particular, the
 It authorizes researchers to control the situation which allows them to answer the natural sciences.
question, “What causes something to occur?”
 It adheres strictly to the procedures of scientific method. Experimental control is associated with four primary factors.
 It involves manipulation of variables and employment of a treatment or intervention. 1. The random assignment of individual subjects to comparison groups.
 Variables in an experimental research are isolated, manipulated and controlled so that the 2. The extent to which the independent variable can be manipulated by the researcher
researcher could determine their effect on the dependent variable. 3. The time when the observations or measurements of the dependent variable occur.
 It also sanctions (agreements) researchers to “IDENTIFY CAUSE AND EFFECT 4. Which group are measured and how? The portion of a sample or population that is
RELATIONSHIPS between variables and to distinguish placebo (control) effects from exposed to a manipulation of the independent variable is known as the TREATMENT
treatment effects.” GROUP. For example, teenagers who enroll and participate in recreation programs are
 It supports the ability to limit alternative explanations and to infer direct causal the treatment group, and the group to which no recreation services are provided constitute
relationship in the study. the control group.
29
STEPS INVOLVED IN CONDUCTING AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY EXAMPLE:
1. Identify and define the problem. The Use of Conventional versus Cooperative Learning
2. Formulate hypothesis and deduce the consequences. Groups on Students’ Academic Achievement
3. Construct an experimental design that represents all the elements, conditions, and
relations of the consequences. Effectiveness of Personalized Instruction versus
4. Select sample of subjects Conventional Instruction on Computational Skill
5. Group or pair subjects.
6. Identify and control non-experimental factors
7. Select or construct and validate instruments to measure outcomes.  In conducting an experimental research, these are the steps:
8. Conduct pilot study o First, give a PRE-TEST to examine the initial condition of both
9. Determine place, time, and duration of the experiment. groups in relation to a variable, condition or factor.
10. Compile raw data and reduce to usable form. o Second, apply to the control group a new condition; and,
11. Apply an appropriate test of significance (hypothesis testing – NULL HYPOTHESIS and o Third, give the experimental group a post-test to determine the
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS effects or influence of the treatment or condition applied on them.
12. Organize, analyze and interpret result  There are many ways of letting a variable, factor or condition intervene
13. Formulate conclusion or have an application of the subjects and of later determining the
14. Make a recommendation effects of such intervention. Here are some methods:
15. Communicate the result o TREATMENT EVALUATION (also called EX POST FACTO
or after the fact; meaning evaluation comes after the
EXAMPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH STUDIES treatment.)
1) Effectiveness of You Tube Video Clips in Improving the Reading Comprehension of o PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST OF MULTIPLE
Grade 8 Students TREATMENTS OR CONDITIONS (Multiple treatment, on the
2) Effectiveness of Prezi Powerpoint Presentation in Improving the Academic Performance other hand, makes you apply on the subjects, not just one, but
of Grade 7 Students also varied treatment methods like using books, interview or
3) Effectiveness of Fruit Cocktail in Making Maja Blanca social networking).
4) Enhancing Student’s Reading Comprehension using PHIL-IRI
5) Use of Coca-Cola in Preparing Savory Chicken Wings QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
 Usually, participants chosen in a quasi-experimental research are those forming a class
TWO CLASSIFICATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH that remains as one group incapable of disintegration. The not randomly chosen
1. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH participants are subjected to any of these types of quasi-experimental research:
a. It absolutely uses random selection in determining who among the o MATCHED COMPARISON – choosing a treatment group and another group
participants should compose the experimental group and the control group. that has similarities with the treatment group.
b. Characterized by rigid manipulation of variables; use of control, selection, o TIME-SERIES QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH – giving them
and random assignment of participants. series of pre-test and post-tests.
EXAMPLE: Effectiveness of a New Treatment Plan for Breast Cancer o SINGLE-SUBJECT QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH – controls
2. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH treatment and condition applied to just one individual or a group.
a. It adopts a comparative technique in choosing the subjects.
b. There is no randomization and when the group used is intact or fixed. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH AND
c. Characterized by rigid manipulation of variables; use of control but no EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
randomization; intact groups or participants are used instead.  They typically require at least one categorical variable (group membership).
30
 Both compare group performances (average scores) to determine relationships.  VALIDITY – refers to the issue of whether an indicator that is developed to measure
 Both typically compare separate group of subjects. a concept really gauges (devices) that concept.
o FACE VALIDITY – the measure reflects the content of the concept in
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH AND question. This may be undertaken by asking other people whether the
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH measure seems to be getting at the concept that is the focus of attention.
 In experimental research, the independent variable is not manipulated; in causal- o CONCURRENT VALIDITY – employs a criterion on which cases are
comparative research, no manipulation takes place. known to differ and that is relevant to the concept in question.
 Causal-comparative studies are likely to provide much weaker evidence for causation o PREDICTIVE VALIDITY – uses a future criterion measure rather than a
(connection) than do experimental studies.
contemporary one.
 In experimental research, the researcher can sometimes assign subjects to treatment
o CONSTRUCT VALIDITY – deduces (reasons) hypotheses from a theory
groups; in causal-comparative research, the groups are already formed – the researcher
must locate them. that is relevant to the concept.
 In experimental studies, the researcher has much greater flexibility in formulating the o CONVERGENT VALIDITY – the validity of a measure ought to be
structure of the design. gauged (evaluated) by comparing it to measures of the same concept
developed through other measures.
o INTERNAL VALIDITY – this determines whether the independent
ELEMENTS CONCERNED WITH QUANTITATIVE variable made a difference in the study. To achieve this, the researcher must
design and conduct the study so that only the independent variable can be the
RESEARCH cause of the results.
 STABILITY – this means there is “very little variation (difference) over time in the o EXTERNAL VALIDITY – it refers to the extent to which findings can be
results obtained if it is administered to a group and readministered again.” generalized or be considered representative of the population.
 RELIABILITY – the extent to which the results are consistent over time and an
accurate representation of the total population under study.  CAUSALITY – concerned about explanation. It refers to interested on the
 RELIABLE – if the results of a study can be reproduced under a similar phenomenon of things but also the causes of it.
methodology.  GENERALIZATION – quantitative researchers are usually apprehensive about
o INTERNAL RELIABILITY – this means “consistency of the scale or findings that cannot be generalized. They pursue findings that can be generalized
index, whether respondents’ scores on any one indicator tend to be related to beyond the margins of a certain context in which the research was undertaken.
their scores on the other indicators.”
 INTER-OBSERVER CONSISTENCY – this means “being cautious of the

possibility of the inconsistency of observers when a great
deal of subjective judgment is involved, such as in
recording of observations or translating of data into
categories and when more than one observer is involved.”
 REPLICABILITY or REPEATABILITY – it means that
ACTIVITIES/ EXERCISES
the same study can be done by another researcher and the
result will be still the same. It is the ability to repeat an RESEARCH WORKSHEET 22
important component of an activity. (Doing It Scientifically)
31
WHAT TO DO _________________________________________________________________
1. How can I use the experimental method of research to solve this problem? _________________________________________________________________
a. My wallet is missing. (Use scientific method) _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why is an experimental research also called a scientific method?
________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
3. What is the primary factor in determining whether a research is true
b. Investigate… How does sunlight affect the growth of plants? experimental or quasi-experimental?
________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ 4. What are the implications of declaring what is true by means of a quasi-
experimental research?
2. Arrange the statements applying experimental method of research. Put numbers 1-7 _________________________________________________________________
before the number _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
1. The eggplants did not grow well because it did not get much rain. _________________________________________________________________
2. Why did the eggplants not grow well this year? _________________________________________________________________
3. The eggplants receiving 1 cup of water daily grew to ½ inches diameter and 5. Which is better between the two types of experimental research? Justify your
those receiving two cups of water grew to ¾ inches diameter. choice.
4. The eggplants receiving the most water grew the biggest. Therefore, the _________________________________________________________________
hypothesis is supported that this year’s eggplants did not get enough rain. _________________________________________________________________
5. Eggplants are placed in moderately lit areas all receiving the same amount of _________________________________________________________________
light each day. Each plant will receive different amount of water. The size of the _________________________________________________________________
eggplants will be recorded daily once the plants begin to produce eggplants. _________________________________________________________________
6. Repeat experiment. 6. How do you know when one is doing a true experimental or a quasi-
7. Eggplants did not grow well this year. experimental research?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
(Concept Explanation) _________________________________________________________________
I. Explain your understanding about the text by answering the following questions on the
_________________________________________________________________
given lines.
7. Do you know somebody who has already done an experimental research?
1. Compare and contrast the two basic types of experimental research.
Describe this person including how he/she carried out his/her research work.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
32
_________________________________________________________________ observations or translating of data into categories and when more than one
_________________________________________________________________ observer is involved.” __________________
_________________________________________________________________ 7. It refers to the extent to which the results are consistent over time and an
8. What is the importance of conducting an experimental research? accurate representation of the total population under study.
_________________________________________________________________ __________________
_________________________________________________________________ 8. Quantitative researchers are usually apprehensive about findings that cannot be
_________________________________________________________________ generalized. __________________
_________________________________________________________________ 9. This determines whether the independent variable made a difference in the study.
_________________________________________________________________ __________________
9. What are the advantages of doing an experimental research? 10. It employs a criterion on which cases are known to differ and that is relevant to
_________________________________________________________________ the concept in question. __________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
10. What are the disadvantages of doing an experimental research?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ RESEARCH WORKSHEET 25
_________________________________________________________________ (YES or NO)
_________________________________________________________________ I. Write YES on the blank if the question requires for quantitative approach and NO if it
does not.
__________1. Are high grades in Mathematics a good indicator for employment after graduation?
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 24 __________2. Will taking brain enhancers increase examination scores?
(Identify the Elements) __________3. Are there changes in consumer behavior before and after online selling was
popularized?
I. Identify the following and write the answer on the blank provided. __________4. Do online learning materials enhance the computer skills of students?
1. It is concerned about explanation. __________________ __________5. Are there changes in the study habits of public-school students before and after the
2. It refers to the issue of whether an indicator that is developed to measure a Covid-19 pandemic?
concept really gauges that concept. __________________ __________6. What kind of pick-up lines are most appealing to both genders at the early adult
3. This means that there is “very little variation (difference) over time in the results stage?
obtained if it is administered to a group and readministered again.” __________7. Is there a difference in the academic performance of students using online,
__________________
blended, and modular learning modalities?
4. It means that the same study can be done by another researcher and the result
__________8. Will student’s and parent’s attitudes towards distance learning change over time?
will be still the same. __________________
5. The results of a study can be reproduced under a similar methodology. __________9. Which of the four SHS tracks (Academic, Tech-Voc, Sports, Arts & Design) is
__________________ greatly affected by the Covid-19 pandemic?
6. This means “being cautious of the possibility of the inconsistency of observers __________10. What are the factors affecting the delayed completion and submission of
when a great deal of subjective judgment is involved, such as in recording of assignments/tasks given to students using modular learning modality?
33
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 26 5. COMPARATIVE
A. __________________________________________________________
(More Examples Please!) __________________________________________________________
I. Identify the kinds of quantitative research based on the topic listed below. Write if these
B. __________________________________________________________
are CORRELATIONAL, CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE or EXPERIMENTAL.
__________________________________________________________
1. A study on illegal drugs and crime rate. _________________________
2. A research on the effects of social media on anxiety.
_________________________
3. A study on the effects of single parenthood on the academic
achievement of the children. _________________________ LESSON PROPER (LESSON 2)
4. A study on poverty and corruption. _________________________
5. A research on political orientation and attitudes towards death
penalty policy. _________________________ IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
ACROSS FIELDS
(More! More! More!) VALUE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
I. Give your own examples of each kind of quantitative research. Do not use the examples 1. MORE RELIABLE AND OBJECTIVE
written on this module. Write them on spaces provided.  Quantitative Research is factual.
1. EXPERIMENTAL  It is the result of careful analysis of data gathered after a series of tests.
A. __________________________________________________________  It is tested over time.
__________________________________________________________  It is not based on a single opinion of the researcher.
B. __________________________________________________________  Oftentimes, it involves number in terms of its measurement.
__________________________________________________________ 2. CAN USE STATISTICS TO GENERALIZE A FINDING
 Quantitative research only arrives at conclusion after statistically analyzing
2. CORRELATIONAL
the data gathered from the study.
A. __________________________________________________________
 Rejection or acceptance of the hypothesis depends on the result of statistics
__________________________________________________________
applied.
B. __________________________________________________________
3. OFTEN REDUCES AND RESTRUCTURES A COMPLEX PROBLEM TO A
__________________________________________________________
LIMITED NUMBER OF VARIABLES
3. SURVEY  In quantitative research, complex problems are transformed into specific
A. __________________________________________________________ problems.
__________________________________________________________  Questions/problems are answered individually.
B. __________________________________________________________ 4. LOOKS AT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIABLES AND CAN
__________________________________________________________ ESTABLISH CAUSE-AND-EFFECT IN HIGHLY CONTROLLED
4. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE CIRCUMSTANCES
A. __________________________________________________________  Quantitative research investigates how a certain cause (IV) affects the result
__________________________________________________________ (DV).
B. __________________________________________________________  Other variables in the experiment are controlled in order to assure that the
__________________________________________________________ effect is only due to the applied variable under study.
34
5. TESTS THEORIES OR HYPOTHESES e. Government organizations also use quantitative methods to systematically
 Quantitative research answers only theories and hypothesis related to the collect and analyze information to better perform their mandates. For
problem on hand. example, statistics collected and released by the Philippine Statistical
 It does not make an assumption of the truth but rather tries to prove the truth Authority (PSA) enables us to gain a better understanding of poverty,
from being offered. unemployment, education, and other aspects of the national situation. These
6. ASSUMES SAMPLE IS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE POPULATION are the products of regular censuses and surveys commissioned by the
 Quantitative research employs a method wherein the respondents of the study government. These data provide the government with a concrete basis for
are valid representation of the total population. planning its programs and policies. For example, the Medium-Term
 Generally, if the population is small like less than 100, universal sampling is Philippine Development Plan is based on these data and findings.
used. f. Quantitative methods are also used to systematically evaluate the
 If the population is big, sample can be used without sacrificing the validity of effectiveness and impacts of the policies and programs implemented by the
the study. government. For example, the effectiveness of government assistance
7. SUBJECTIVITY OF RESEARCHER IN METHODOLOGY IS programs towards the rehabilitation of areas devastated by Typhoon Yolanda
RECOGNIZED LESS in 2013 can be assessed through quantitative methods. It can also be used to
 Quantitative research is more objective in its methodology. assess whether government antipoverty programs like CONDITIONAL
 Oftentimes, the researcher uses standard acceptable method. CASH TRANFER (CCTs) are attaining its objectives of reducing poverty
 These are methods that had been proven to be effective. or for determining whether the increase of sin taxes for alcohol and tobacco
8. LESS DETAILED THAN QUALITATIVE DATA AND MAY MISS A products (under the SIN TAX LAW of 2012) succeeded in reducing overall
DESIRED RESPONSE FROM THE PARTICIPANT alcohol and tobacco consumption.
 Quantitative research being more objective is straight to the point.
 It only answers questions asked in the study. 2. BUSINESS, MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS
a. Quantitative methods are widely used in business. It is often used to collect
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS and analyze information on customer preference and product performance as
1. POLITICS, GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION well as overall business performance. For example, companies who wish to
a. Quantitative methods are an indispensable tool for many political scientists improve the sales of their products typically hire research specialists to
and practitioners of politics. It is preferred among political scientists who collect information on which products are in demand, which group tend to
work with empirical (observed) studies involving large numbers of people or buy the products, and what improvements potential customers want to see in
countries over long periods of time. their products. Using this information, companies are able to come up with
b. For this purpose, datasets on political indicators collected and archived by better marketing strategies and better products and actually monitor if they
organizations such as Varieties of Democracy, Freedom House, Polity IV are successful.
and others are invaluable. b. Most research in economics also use quantitative methods. Economics deals
c. Many political candidates, contributors and supporters rely on the results of with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services so
political surveys in order to assess their chances of winning and to determine much of the information covered in economics is numerical such as: PER
the areas where they need to develop support. CAPITA INCOME, ECONOMIC GROWTH RATE, INTERESTS RATES,
d. One example is the study on the effect of campaign advertising on voters in and GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT. The use of quantitative methods to
an attempt to resolve contending views. Some political scientists argue that analyze is especially dominant in ECONOMETRICS, a subfield of
advertising has little effect on voters, while others suggested that campaign economics that specifically uses statistics.
strategies including advertisements kindle the interests of the voters and c. Both public and private institutions employ economist’s adept at quantitative
increase the voting turnout. methods to collect and analyze data. Banks and investment companies rely
35
on analysis and predictions in making business decisions. For example, they a. Quantitative methods are used in education research. One of the most
may ask economists to determine which industries and companies are likely common applications is in educational assessment which measures the
to be profitable and to make good investments. learning and performance of individual and groups. It is also used to assess
d. Government organizations, such as the NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND and compare the effectiveness of different teaching or pedagogical
DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (NEDA) and the BANGKO SENTRAL approaches. It can also be used to compare academic performance.
NG PILIPINAS (BSP), employ economists who use quantitative methods to b. Quantitative methods are also used by psychology especially in the subfield
determine how the Philippine economy and its various sectors are performing of PSYCHOMETRICS, a branch of psychology concerned with the
and what will likely be affected by global and regional economic measurement of traits like intelligence, skills, knowledge, attitudes,
developments or issues. personality traits and educational achievement. IQ and personality tests are
some of the instruments used in this field.
3. ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES c. In sociology, quantitative methods are used to discover trends and patterns in
a. Quantitative methods are widely used in the field of development studies. the behavior of individuals or groups of people, as well as the underlying
Development goals, such as the United Nation’s Millennium Development rules that govern them. Research instruments such as surveys allow us to get
Goals (MDG) of 2000-2015 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) a sense of prevailing social attitudes or beliefs on different topics such as
of 2015-2030 are such examples. Both provide specific quantifiable targets charity, racism, health and many others. Censuses allow us to understand
which countries use to track and monitor their progress. This include the demographic patterns observed in big group and populations. Integrating
certain SDG: zero people living in extreme poverty (below USD 1.25/day) sociological phenomenon with economics and behaviorism is a common
and reducing the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 field for quantitative researchers interested in sociology .
live births, among many others.
b. The UN, member countries, and concerned development organizations RESEARCH ACROSS DISCIPLINES
become aware of their performance and how close or far they are achieving
their development goals by conducting surveys, censuses, and other data- AREAS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
gathering activities. The data obtained can be used for development programs DISCIPLINE EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
and projects. Afterward, these organizations use quantitative methods to MEDICINE Dengue Prevention Practices of Studies to Develop Vaccines for
monitor progress and evaluate their impact and effectiveness. Different Places in the Philippines HIV
c. Quantitative methods are also used in environmental studies. It is useful for ARTS Stories behind the Different Search for a Good Paint
measuring and studying environmental issues such as the depletion Artworks and Different Painters Substance and Painting Material
(reduction) rate of forest covers, the impacts of increasing greenhouse gases, SPORTS Common Characteristics of Development of a Lightweight
the effects of dynamite fishing on the environment and communities, and Children into and not into Sports Material to be used as Volleyball
even the status of different animal species, among others. For example, the MUSIC or Characterization of Different Effects of Types of Music on the
conversation classification of animal species by the INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Behaviors of Children Listening Behavior of Children
UNION FOR THE CONVERSATION OF NATURE – into EXTINCT, to a particular Music Genre
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, ENDANGERED, VULNERABLE, NEAR HISTORY Apolinario Mabini: The Sublime Statistical Profiles of a Population
THREATENED and LEAST CONCERN – are based on quantitative studies. Paralytic for the Past 20 Years
For example, critically endangered species are classified as those with
BUSINESS Behavioral Traits of Product Relationship between
populations less than 50 mature individuals in the wild.
Patrons in the Last 10 years Expenditures in Advertisements
and Sales
4. EDUCATION, SOCIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY
AGRICULTUR Health Benefits or Organically Effects of Organic Fertilizers in
36
E Grown Vegetables to Elderly Vegetable Production and Sales  Improve marketability Facebook ads on sales.
FISHERIES Fishermen’s Adjustment Environmental Factors Affecting Arts and Design  Relationship between color and The effects of music on
Mechanisms to the El Niño the Amount of Fish Catch in architectural space learning and behavior.
Phenomenon Kilograms  Multimedia use and adaptation
ICT Effects of Technology Use on Effectiveness of Gooru Learning for recreation, business
Students’ Classroom Discourses System in the Attitude toward marketing and lifestyle changes.
Technology Use of Secondary Environmental Science  Causes and effects of climate The environmental
Physics Students change factors affecting natural
Social Science Ethnographic Study of the Effects of Socioeconomic Status calamities
Economic and Political Practices on Students’ Achievement in
of the Ibanags Philippine History Classes
People indulge in research to know more, to solve problems, or to improve existing
conditions.
The table below shows some of the contributions of quantitative research to other
fields and their example. More and more institutions promote research studies while younger individuals
indulge in research projects not only because they are required to but also because they came
Field Contribution/Application Example to realize the value and benefits research has to offer.
Social Science  Effects of intervention to group The effects of pandemic
behavior. on social behavior and The quantitative research’s systematic way of finding the answers forges its
 Understanding cultural or racial economic stability. pertinence regardless of the area or sector.
conflicts.
The more you perceive the value of quantitative research to different groups or field
 Human satisfaction and
stressors of study, the more you appreciate it, hence, igniting your interest from knowing that you may
Natural and Physical  Investigate the effectiveness of Antidiabetic properties of make use of it in your own chosen track.
Sciences a product or treatment to common Philippine
illnesses. herbs.
 Finding or enhancing alternative
energy sources.
 Advancement in material
science.
Agriculture and  Increase the yield of crops The effectiveness of
Fisheries  Prevention and cure for crops organic and inorganic ACTIVITIES/ EXERCISES
and livestock diseases fertilizer to vegetable
production.
Sports  Enhance athletic performance Diet and exercise RESEARCH WORKSHEET 28
techniques for different (Go ONLINE)
kinds of sports.
Business  Device marketing strategies Effectiveness of
37
I. Search from the INTERNET and look for examples of research papers. Give one example (Where do I belong?)
from these fields of studies. I. Listed in Column A are the important inventions, innovations or discoveries in history.
1. POLITICAL SCIENCE Identify which field in Column B do these discoveries have great importance.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ Column A Column B
2. ECONOMICS _______1. Vaccine A. Agriculture and Fisheries
_________________________________________________________________ _______2. Refrigeration B. Natural and Physical Science
_________________________________________________________________ _______3. Printing press C. Business and Accounting
3. SOCIOLOGY _______4. Computer D. Information and Communications Technology
_________________________________________________________________ _______5. Airplane E. Arts
_________________________________________________________________ _______6. Photo finishes F. Education
4. PSYCHOLOGY _______7. Social media G. Sports
_________________________________________________________________ _______8. Paint H. Humanities and Social Science
_________________________________________________________________ I. Mathematics
5. EDUCATION
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ RESEARCH WORKSHEET 30
6. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
(Reflect On!)
_________________________________________________________________
I. Answer the following question clearly and comprehensively.
_________________________________________________________________
A. How is quantitative research relevant to different discipline?
7. DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES ______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
8. JOURNALISM ______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. ANTHROPOLOGY ______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
10. ENGINEERING
_________________________________________________________________ B. Explain briefly, the importance or contribution of quantitative research to each of the
_________________________________________________________________ following fields of study.
Field Importance / Contribution
Natural and Physical Science
38
Science and Technology
Education
Mathematics
Sports
Humanities
Arts and Design
Psychology
Agriculture and Fisheries
Economics
Information and
Communication Technology
Anthropology
Social Science
Business and Accounting
LESSON PROPER (LESSON 3)

Politics
VARIABLES IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Engineering
NATURE OF VARIABLES
 The main purpose of research is to solve problems and improve the life of the people.
 To research is to search or investigate exhaustively. It is a careful or diligent search,
studious inquiry or examination especially investigation or experimentation aimed at the
discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of
new facts or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws, it can also be
the collection of information about a particular subject.
39
 A student is interested in determining the effects of exposure to
VARIABLES different colored lights (like yellow, green, and red) on the growth
 These are properties or characteristics of some event, object or person that can be of plants.
assigned with different values or amounts. o INDEPENDENT VARIABLE – EXPOSURE TO
 In experimental research, these are oftentimes manipulated or controlled. DIFFERENT COLORED LIGHTS (because this can be
 It refers to measurable factors that are subject to change due to circumstances. manipulated).
 These refer to anything that can vary to research due to circumstances (conditions). o DEPENDENT VARIABLE – PLANT GROWTH
 It is an object, event, idea, feeling, time, period, or any other type of category you are (because this variable changes as a result of manipulating
trying to measure. the independent variable)
 These are CHANGING QUALITIES or CHARACTERISTICS of persons or things If it’s EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
like age, gender, intelligence, ideas, achievements, confidence and so on that are involved o INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (four levels)
in your research study.  exposure to yellow light
 It is made up of the root or base word “VARY” which means to undergo changes or to  exposure to green light
differ from, it has different or VARYING values in relation to time and situation.  exposure to red light
 no light at all
EXAMPLES: o DEPENDENT VARIABLE
o As years go by, your age or intelligence increases. But placed in a situation  Plant growth
where you are AFFLICTED (suffering) with a disease or have no means of
reading or no access to any sources of knowledge, your intelligence tend to Here in causal relationship, the cause comes from the independent
decrease. variables; the effects on the dependent variables.
C. EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE – this refers to all other variables other than the
TYPES OF VARIABLES
independent variable and the dependent variable that are kept constant in an
I. BASED ON CAUSE AND EFFECT – it is either a result of some force or is
experiment.
itself the force that causes a change in other variable.
A. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV) – the cause or the factor that is being tested In an experimental research, the independent variable as the condition or
or manipulated (can be controlled). These cause changes in the subject. treatment applied to the experimental group is under the control, direction or
1. It is hypothesized to affect the dependent variable. MANIPULATION of the researcher or experimenter.
2. This is what the researcher manipulates to see if it changes the For instance, to determine the positive effects of one modern grammar
dependent variable. theory called SFG (Systemic Functional Grammar) on IC (Intercultural
B. DEPENDENT VARIABLE (DV) – it is the effect or observed reactions upon Competence), you apply this theory in varied ways like realizing this in a
the application of the independent variable. collaborative, oral or written activity. In this case, the SFG serves as the
1. These are the factors which are there inherently and are not changed INDEPENDENT VARIABLE and the IC as DEPENDENT VARIABLE.
and manipulated. Those that bear or manifest the effects caused by the
independent variable. These are variables that if not controlled can affect the dependent
2. It is the variable that changes because of an intervention or variable or the outcomes of the study. It should be controlled because they can
experiment. offer an alternative explanation of the dependent variable.
In the example that involves investigating the effects of cooperative
EXAMPLE: learning activities toward academic achievement in Science, some of the
extraneous variables are the LEARNING ENVIRONMENT like lighting or
40
physical space, STUDENTS’ INTEREST to participate in cooperative learning  Such extraneous variables are called PARTICIPANT VARIABLES if they refer to the
activities and the conditions (before summer break or immediately after lunch) moods, emotions, or intelligence of the subject; SITUATIONAL VARIABLES, if they
during group activities. pertain to the nature of the place: smelly, chilly, cold, hot, spacious and the like.
These variables can affect the dependent variable (academic  EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES are to be controlled by you, the experimenter. But if
achievement in Science); thus, students’ academic achievement cannot be they do not give in to your control, they become CONFOUNDING VARIABLES that
attributed (accredited) with certainty (confidence) to cooperative learning can strongly influence your study.
activities.  Dealing with these two types of variables gives you difficulty in determining the real
cause of changes in the dependent variables; that is, whether it is due only to the
independent variable or to the combination between the confounding and the independent
variables.
HOW IS THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE RELATED TO DEPENDENT  The involvement of confounding variables in the research results in the production of
VARIABLE? MIXED UP, CONFUSING or BEWILDERING RESULTS.
 The relationship between independent variables and dependent variables is those  Involved not within the research situation but outside the research process, the extraneous
independent variables causes a change in dependent variables and that it is not possible variables exist as NUISANCE VARIABLES whose POTENCY need to go down to
that a dependent variable could cause a change in the independent variable. prevent it from affecting the results negatively.
 The other relationship can be traced from its terms independent and dependent referring
to the relationship between these two types of variables. The terms have meaning only OTHER CATEGORIES OF VARIABLES
with respect to each other. a. CONTROL VARIABLES – in an experiment, the variable that is held constant.
 In the case of the dependent variable, its value or behavior is considered reliant (needed), EXAMPLE: In the example involving the exposure of plants to different
to an extent, upon the value of the independent variable but not the other way around. colored lights, the CONTROL VARIABLE are “TYPE OF PLANT, THE
That is why it is considered DEPENDENT. AMOUNT OF SOIL, and THE AMOUNT OF WATER given to the plant.
These variables are controlled so that plant growth can be attributed (recognized)
 The independent variable is truly independent from the dependent variable. Its value does
with certainty to exposure to different colored lights.
not change according to the values of the dependent variable.
b. INTERVENING VARIABLES – also known as MEDIATING or
MODERATOR variables. These are variables that link or bridge a gap between
VARIABLE RELATIONSHIPS independent and dependent variables.
 In a scientific way of studying cause-effect relationships, these two variables EXAMPLE: a teacher-researcher is studying the effect of cooperative learning
INDEPENDENT and DEPENDENT are PART (share) and PARCEL (portion) of (like structured group work) toward academic achievement in Science. Students
the research because the first one is the CAUSE; the second, the EFFECT that you can who are EXTROVERT and enjoy working in groups tend to participate in
subject to any form of measurement. COOPERATIVE LEARNING ACTIVITIES more than INTROVERT Students.
 However, as you carry out the research, it is possible that one, two or more variables or EXTROVERSION is the INTERVENING VARIABLE because it mediates
extra variables CROP UP to create an impact on the relationship between the independent (facilitates) the effects of cooperative learning activities and academic
and dependent variable. achievement in Science.
 Being extra variables, they form this other type of variables called EXTRANEOUS
VARIABLES. EXAMPLES:
 In the case of SFG vs. IC, (the first as the independent variable; the second as the a. A researcher is doing an investigation on the effectivity of a newfound drug.
dependent variable), EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES like age, gender or personality traits When a researcher gives an active drug to one group of people and a
may suddenly SURFACE to create the effects on the relationship of the two basic placebo or inactive drug, to another group of people.
variables. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE – the drug treatment.
41
DEPENDENT VARIABLE – Each person’s response to the active iii. But it does not mean to say that when the measurement is whole
drug or placebo. number, it is not continuous. It depends upon the parameters being
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE – can be the age of the patient, the measured.
dosage of the medicine given or the time of administration of the drugs.
Continuous variable is a variable that can assume a continuous scale rather
b. Another example of the use of this cause-and-effect variable is the study than the distinct points on a scale.
conducted by the group of high school students. Their problem is: the effect EXAMPLE: -height could be 5 feet, 6 feet or 5.5 feet
of classical and rock music on the growth of 45-day old chicken. -for a swimmer to complete one lap in an
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE – the type of music which is classical Olympic-sized swimming pool, it could be 43
and rock. seconds or 43.65 seconds
DEPENDENT VARIABLE – the growth in terms of the mass of
chicken. D. DISCRETE or DISCONTINUOUS VARIABLE – these variables assume
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES – to make sure that the experiment will exact values. No fractional unit. It can be counted. Examples are NUMBER OF
be successful, the following are controlled: AGE and MASS of chicken SIBLINGS, POPULATION OF STUDENTS, NUMBER OF CHICKEN,
at the start of the experiment; NUMBER of chicken per cage/per FINGERS and NUMBER OF LIGHT POST.
treatment; ENVIRONMENTAL conditions; AMOUNT of feeds given; 1. It assumes a distinct point on a scale.
FREQUENCY of feeding and others. EXAMPLE: The number of puppies that a mother dog can have is
always a whole number. It could be 4 or 5 puppies but never a 5.5 puppy
c. A researcher is interested in the effect of an outdoor recreation program on
behaviors of youth-at-risk. III. BASED ON THE SCALES OF MEASUREMENTS
In this example, the independent variable (outdoor recreation A. Before you can conduct a statistical analysis, you need to measure your
program) is expected to effect a change in the dependent variable (behaviors dependent variable. Exactly how the measurement is carried out depends on the
of youth-at-risk). Even with a well-designed study, a question remains, how can type of variable involved in the analysis.
the researcher be confident that the changes in behavior, if any were caused by B. Different types are measured differently. Although procedures for measurement
the outdoor recreation program, and not some other, intervening, or extraneous differ in many ways, they can be classified using a few fundamental categories.
variable? An experimental design does not eliminate intervening or extraneous The categories are called SCALE TYPES or just SCALES.
variables; but it attempts to account for their effects.
II. BASED ON THE VALUE TAKEN BY THE VARIABLE A. NOMINAL

A. Quantitative research is essentially about collecting numerical data to explain a a. It distinguishes a variable from all others by assigning a name of description.
particular phenomenon. b. The name serves to identify the class or group and give qualitative
B. These numerical data can take different values. It can be a continuous variable. distinctions among groups
C. CONTINUOUS VARIABLE – can take on any value in a certain range. These c. EXAMPLES are GENDER, BLOOD TYPE, FAVORITE COLOR,
are measurements with fractional values. TIME, DISTANCE, MASS, AGE, RELIGION and FAVORITE MOVIE GENRE.
TEMPERATURE and pH are some examples. i. GENDER can be MALE or FEMALE
EXAMPLE: ii. BLOOD TYPE can be A, AB, B or O
i. MASS OF CHICKEN – a chicken can measure one kilogram (1 kg) or iii. RELIGION can be CATHOLIC, PROTESTANTS or ISLAM (by
one-half kilogram (1.5 kg). asking people)
ii. AGE OF PERSON – a boy can be ten and a half-year old, meaning to iv. FAVORITE COLOR can be BLUE, RED, YELLOW (by asking
say he is ten years and six months old. people)
42
v. If you do a survey on the FAVORITE MOVIE GENRE of teens, the e. These are best used when measuring nonnumerical concepts like
answers would be COMEDY, DRAMA, SUSPENSE, SCIENCE HAPPINESS or SATISFACTION.
FICTION or HORROR. f. A researcher wishing to measure consumers’ satisfaction with their internet
d. There is no number associated with these variables because they are provider might ask them to specify their feelings as either VERY
CATEGORIES or CLASSIFICATIONS. It denotes a qualitative attribute of DISSATISFIED, SOMEWHAT DISSATISFIED, SOMEWHAT
the variable. SATISFIED or VERY SATISFIED. The items in the scale are ordered,
e. The essential point about nominal scales is that they do not imply any ranging from least to most satisfy.
ordering among the responses. g. It allows comparisons of the degree to which two subjects possess the
For example, when classifying people according to blood type, there is dependent variable.
no ordering of blood type. It does not matter which blood comes first h. You can also assign a scale of 1-5 to describe degree of infections incurred
whether it is O, A, AB or B. Responses are merely categorized. Numerical by a person expose to different health hazard. One (1) may mean NO
value assigned to represent various classes in a nominal scale have no INFECTION and five (5) may mean SERIOUS INFECTION, where the
quantitative property. numbers 1-5 used are without quantitative basis and merely indicates the
position and HOW MUCH of a difference exist between positions on a
scale.
i. On the other hand, ordinal scales fail to capture important information that
will be present in the other scales we examine.
j. In particular, the difference between two levels of an ordinal scale cannot be
assumed to be the same as the difference between two other levels.
k. In our satisfaction scale, for example, the difference between the responses
“VERY DISSATISFIED” and “SOMEWHAT DISSATISFIED” is probably
not equivalent to the difference between “SOMEWHAT DISSATISFIED”
and “SOMEWHAT SATISFIED.”
l. Nothing in our measurement procedure allows us to determine whether the
two differences reflect the same difference.
B. ORDINAL
a. It refers to the order or rank of measurement.
b. It also called as RANKING that refers to order sequences.
c. It is useful in measuring behavior such as degree of activity, motivation, HOW SATISFIED ARE YOU WITH THE SERVICE YOU RECEIVED
amount of inhibition, damage and healthiness. FROM THIS RESTAURANT?
d. It is used when quantitative measurements are not possible or practical. For [ ] 1 – Not satisfied at all
example, when you rank basketball players according to their worthiness in [ ] 2 – Somewhat dissatisfied
the team or when you rank food based on palatability.
43
[ ] 3 – Somewhat satisfied
[ ] 4 – Satisfied
[ ] 5 – Very satisfied
C. INTERVAL
a. These are numerical scales in which intervals have the same interpretation
throughout.
b. These are numerical scales in which the exact difference between two scales
is known.
c. An example of an interval scale is temperature. The difference between 26
degree Celsius and 25 degree Celsius is the same as the difference between
28 degree Celsius and 27 degree Celsius. This is true because a degree
represents the same amount of temperature regardless of where it occurs on
the scale.
d. Another example is the time of day on a 12-hour clock. The difference
between 6pm and 5pm is the same as the difference between 3pm and 2pm
precisely because an hour is a universally known quantity.
e. Though the difference between measurements, it employs an arbitrary D. RATIO
(subjective) zero point which does not represents complete absence of the a. It has the properties of nominal, ordinal and interval scales.
attribute (characteristic). b. It also possesses a true zero scale.
f. Let us take for example a measurement of temperature. The difference c. A true zero is the point where none of the qualities being measured exists.
between 30 degrees Celsius and 40 degrees Celsius represents the same d. It is the most informative scale.
temperature difference as the difference between 80 degree Celsius and 90 e. It is an interval scale with the additional property that its zero position
degree Celsius. This is because the 10 degree interval has the same physical indicates the absence of the quantity being measured. There is a true zero
meaning (in terms of the kinetic energy of molecules). But when you point (represents complete absence of attribute). It employs same as interval
measure zero degree Celsius, it does not mean that there is an absence of in the sense that equal differences between the numbers assigned to
kinetic energy there. successive classes equal differences in the amount of property/ attribute
g. In reality, the label ZERO is applied to its temperature for quite accidental measured.
reasons connected to the history of temperature measurement. f. Temperature measured using the Kelvin scale zero is absolute zero. This
h. Other examples like intelligence quotient (IQ) shows that there is no such makes the Kelvin scale a ratio scale. For example, if one temperature is
thing as zero intelligence. The same way, when you measure time, it is not twice as high as another as measured on the Kelvin scale, then it has twice
possible to have zero time. the kinetic energy of the other temperature.
i. Also in using compass for direction, the compass is always pointed to the g. Other examples are MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHT. When a researcher
North. But that North is not the true north. It is only used to give direction. measures the germination of a seed, the day that nothing had germinated, the
Remember the earth is round. height is zero, meaning the seed has not germinated.
h. When you measure the volume of milk, an empty carton of milk yield zero
volume while a full one box of milk can be one liter.
44
C. EXPLAINING
1) Variables allow one to identify the meaning, purpose and use of social
phenomena.
2) For example, you are studying factors that possibly trigger an increase in
immigrants in a particular country. By assigning values to certain factors or
phenomenon – such as implementation of the immigration policies and
socioeconomic circumstances – you can see which situations led to an
increase in immigrants.
3) By identifying particular variables and choosing appropriate indicators, you
IV. BASED ON THE LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT can explain a particular phenomenon.
A. CATEGORICAL VARIABLE or QUALITATIVE VARIABLES – a D. ASSESSING RELATIONSHIPS
variable that is made up of different types or categories of a phenomenon. 1) Quantitative research tests theories through assessing the relationship
EXAMPLE: Variable gender is made up of two categories, MALE and between variables.
FEMALE 2) Variables are critical elements of the relationship between subjects and
B. NUMERICAL VARIABLE or QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE – a variable phenomenon you are investigating.
that varies in degree or amount of phenomenon. 3) Through hypothesis testing, we can examine which variables are related to
EXAMPLE: Variable annual income varies from 0 to a very high level of which and how these are related to one another.
income 4) For example, you are specifically looking at the effect of educational
investment on economic returns. You can test two variables: FIRST, the
Philippine budget allotment for state universities and colleges
(EDUCATION INVESTMENT) as the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE;
USES OF VARIABLES IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SECOND, annual family income (ECONOMIC RETURN) as the
A. CLASSIFYING DEPENDENT VARIABLE.
1) Variables play a principal role in descriptive research.
5) Through hypothesis testing, you can assess whether human development
2) Through variables, we describe the phenomenon or population we are
theory is applicable to the context of the Philippines.
studying.
3) For example, you are interested in studying the academic performance of
OTHER TYPES OF VARIABLES
high school students in your school. Since outcomes can be affected by a
number of factors, you could classify the student body according to  CONSTANT – do not undergo any changes during an experiment.
DEMOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION – gender, age, educational level and  ATTRIBUTE – characteristics of people: INTELLIGENCE, CREATIVITY, ANXIETY,
economic background. LEARNING STYLES etc.
4) By classifying your data, you are providing all the necessary details that may  COVARIATE – included in the research study to create interactions with the
be critical to your argument and study. independent and dependent variables.
B. MEASURING  CONTINUOUS – quantitative in nature and is used in INTERVAL or RATIO SCALE
1) Variable allow us to measure the frequency, magnitude and impact among of measurement.
others of a particular subject or concept.  DICHOTOMOUS – has only two possible results: ONE or ZERO.
2) For instance, human development can be empirically measured. Through the  LATENT – cannot be directly observed like PERSONALITY TRAITS.
conceptualization and operationalization of human development studies,  MANIFEST – can be directly observed to give proofs to latent variables.
organizations develop an index (guide) that measure different indicators of  EXOGENOUS – found outside an identified model.
human development, significantly contributing to practical and theoretical  ENDOGENOUS – found inside, as a part of identified model.
applications.
45
DV: ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ACTIVITIES/ EXERCISES 6. A teller at a bank is tying bills into stacks. The number of stacks that the teller
can make depends on how many bills there are on hand.
IV: _____________________________________________________________
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 31 _____________________________________________________________
(Independent and Dependent Variables) DV: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
7. In order to earn extra money on the weekends. Mia’s string quartet performs at
I. Identify the independent variable (IV) and the dependent variable (DV) of the given
wedding receptions. The longer the reception, the more money they earn.
situations.
IV: _____________________________________________________________
1. A planned program of counseling interventions will enable clients to achieve low
_____________________________________________________________
anxiety levels more rapidly than clients who received normal nursing and
DV: ____________________________________________________________
medical care.
____________________________________________________________
IV: _____________________________________________________________
8. Over summer vacation, Charlene has to read a novel for English class. She has
_____________________________________________________________
decided to spend the same amount of time reading every day. The number of
DV: ____________________________________________________________
hours she spends reading everyday will determine how many days it will take her
____________________________________________________________
to finish the book.
2. As temperature increase from 65’C to 95’C, the tone of inhibition becomes
IV: _____________________________________________________________
bigger.
_____________________________________________________________
IV: ____________________________________________________________
DV: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
DV: ___________________________________________________________
9. Cherryl is going to hang clean shirts up in the closet. The number of empty
___________________________________________________________
hangers she needs will depend on how many clean shirts there are.
3. In a study of how different drugs affect the severity of the symptoms, the
IV: _____________________________________________________________
researcher compared the frequency and intensity of the symptoms when different
_____________________________________________________________
doses of drugs where administered.
DV: ____________________________________________________________
IV: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
10. For Valentines Day, Nikki is bringing cards to the class. The number of students
DV: ___________________________________________________________
in Nikki’s class dictates the number of cards she brings in.
____________________________________________________________
IV: _____________________________________________________________
4. A florist wants to see if a certain product will extend the life of cut flowers so
_____________________________________________________________
that they last longer.
DV: ____________________________________________________________
IV: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
DV: ___________________________________________________________ RESEARCH WORKSHEET 32
___________________________________________________________ (May I Know Your Data?)
5. A soap manufacturer wants to prove that their detergent works better to remove I. Identify the value measured as CONTINUOUS or DISCRETE.
tough stains. 1. NUMBER OF PLANTS HEIGHT OF PLANTS
IV: ____________________________________________________________ 1 10
___________________________________________________________ 2 12
46
3 13.2 4 Not healthy
4 14.5 5 Healthy
5 16 _________________
____________________
2. LEAF NUMBER LEAF COLOR
2. FAMILY NUMBER OF SIBLINGS 1 Light Green
Mallari 8 2 Slightly Dark Green
Chico 5 3 Dark Green
4 Very Dark Green
Rocelio 6
_________________
Dumayas 10
Flordeliz 4 3. VOLUME OF WATER AMOUNT OF SALT
_____________________ 100 mL 10 g
100 mL 8g
3. FRUITS WEIGHT OF FRUITS (g) 100 mL 5g
Mango 250 100 mL 2g
Apple 125 _________________
Grapes 10.5
Banana 500 4. NUMBER OF BEAKER TEMPERATURE OF LIQUID
Guyabano 300 1 100 ‘ k
_____________________ 2 150 ‘ k
3 200 ‘ k
4. SCHOOLS POPULATION 4 273 ‘ k
OCNHS 7000 _________________
BCNHS 4500
SJSC 1000 5. TYPE OF BACTERIA ZONE OF INHIBITION
NCNHS 500 Staphylococcus Aureus 15 mm
Candida 22 mm
_____________________
Acetobacter 10 mm
Bacteroidesdisiens 18 mm
5. TEMPERATURE DEGREE FARENHEIT Caulobacter crescentus 25 mm
Boiling Water 212 ___________________
Ice Water 12.5
Warm Water 45
Juice 75.5
_____________________ RESEARCH WORKSHEET 34
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 33 (More, More, More!)
(How Should I Call You?)
I. Identify the variables based on a scale of measurement (NOMINAL, ORDINAL, INTERVAL, I. Write C if the sentence is correct; W if not.
RATIO) 1. _______ The experimenter relates himself/ herself with the independent
1. PLANT NUMBER LEAF CONDITION variable.
1 Healthy 2. _______ Extraneous variables are nuisance variables.
2 Not healthy
3 Healthy 3. _______ Extraneous variables are as significant as independent variables.
4. _______ All variables are prone to changes or variations.
47
5. _______ All variables are controllable. DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
6. _______ The effects of something on dependent variables are measurable.
7. _______ Only words can express the effects of variables on dependent 3. RESEARCH QUEUE: In what way does collaborative learning increase
variables. communicative competence?
8. _______ The effects of something can be shown through fractions and
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:
percentages.
9. _______ It is wrong to expose the variables to changeable factors. DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
10. _______ Participant variables and situational variables are the same.
4. RESEARCH QUEUE: To what extent does texting decrease students’ grammatical
II. For each of the following, write the level of measurement – NOMINAL, ORDINAL, competence?
INTERVAL, and RATIO.
1. Amount of household income above (+) or below (-) poverty level. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:
_________________________________________________
2. Body temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
_________________________________________________
5. RESEARCH QUEUE: What corrupt practices trigger off one’s resignation?
3. Client ranking of leisure activities from least (1) to most (5) preferred.
_________________________________________________ INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:
4. Client identification number.
_________________________________________________ DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
5. Heart rate (beats per minute)
_________________________________________________
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 35 (More on Variables)
(More, More, More!)
I. Identify which of the following are QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES. Write YES or NO
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES 1. Height
2. Weight
I. Identify the independent and dependent variable in each research problem. 3. Gender
1. RESEARCH QUEUE: How does logical thinking develop critical thinking?
4. Year Level
5. Average Daily Temperature
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:
6. Response Time of an Athlete
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: 7. Highest Educational Attainment
8. Average Grade Point Average (GPA)
2. RESEARCH QUEUE: What are the effects of the Koreanovelas on the Filipino 9. Body Type (slim, moderate, or obese)
value system? 10. Score in a Reading Comprehension Test
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: II. Identify the level of measurement involved in the following research situations. Use the
following codes:
48
A – Nominal C – Interval 1. A study was conducted to find out the effects of different study habits on
B – Ordinal D – Ratio examination performance. The study followed student-participants who were
assigned randomly to one of two conditions. The first group was asked to study
1. A movie critic lists the TOP 50 films of the decade. individually using class lecture notes. The second group was asked to study
2. A car dealer gives his clients a list of the top 10 most expensive cars. together, allowing discussions. The amount of time examinations given to both
3. A health worker surveys whether the students’ health status is excellent, average, groups were similar.
or poor. a. WHAT IS THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE?
4. A veterinary assistant determines the weight of the dogs being brought to the is the characteristic of a psychology experiment that is manipulated
clinic for treatment. or changed by researchers, not by other variables in the experiment.
5. A student wants to determine the percentage of the correct answers that he got For example, in an experiment looking at the effects of studying on
from the last science quiz. test scores, studying would be the independent variable.
6. A researcher wants to find out the number of hours that you spent in doing extra
readings for your assignment. b. WHAT IS THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE?
7. A veterinary assistant records the breeds of dogs that are being brought for is the variable that is being measured or tested in an experiment. 1
treatment in the veterinary clinic. For example, in a study looking at how tutoring impacts test scores,
8. Your classmate would like to find out the number of minutes it takes for each the dependent variable would be the participants' test scores, since
member of the class to go to school from their respective homes. that is what is being measured
9. A teacher asks the class on the degree of difficulty (easy, moderate or difficult)
they experienced in their last periodic examination in Mathematics.
10. A geoscientist from the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical c. WHAT IS THE TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH USED
Services Administration (PAGASA) determines the daily temperature for the IN THIS HYPOTHETICAL RESEARCH EXAMPLE?
month of July. In general, a researcher arranges hypotheses based on the
formulation of problems and theoretical studies. For quantitative
III. Identify the type of measurement scale from the examples below. Use the following
research, the hypothesis used is a statistical hypothesis, meaning that
codes:
the hypothesis must be tested using statistical rules. Whereas for
A – Nominal C – Interval
B – Ordinal D – Ratio qualitative research does not need to use statistical rules. In a
quantitative study, the formulated statistical hypothesis has two
1. Political Parties (Liberal, Democrat) forms, the null hypothesis (Ho) and the alternative hypothesis (Ha).
2. Attitude (favor, not favor) In general, hypotheses for quantitative research have three types:
3. Attitudes (very unfavorable, unfavorable, neutral, favorable, very favorable) Descriptive Hypothesis, Comparative Hypothesis, and Associative
4. Socioeconomic status (upper, middle, low) Hypothesis
5. Temperature (Celsius, Fahrenheit)
6. Population of a country
7. Gender (male, female, others) RESEARCH WORKSHEET 37
8. Test score
9. Senatorial Race Results (Review Questions)
10. Age I. Answer the following questions comprehensively.
1. What is a variable?
IV. Identify the different types of variables in the given example. simply refers to a person, place, thing, or phenomenon that you are trying to
measure in some way. The best way to understand the difference between a
49
dependent and independent variable is that the meaning of each is implied by
what the words tell us about the variable you are using.
2. What is an independent variable?
is the characteristic of a psychology experiment that is manipulated or
changed by researchers, not by other variables in the experiment. For
example, in an experiment looking at the effects of studying on test scores,
studying would be the independent variable.
3. What is a dependent variable?
is the variable that is being measured or tested in an experiment. 1 For
example, in a study looking at how tutoring impacts test scores, the ASSESSMENT
dependent variable would be the participants' test scores, since that is what is
being measured SUMMATIVE TEST IN MODULE 1
4. How do we measure variables? (Nature of Inquiry and Research)
Statistical variables can be measured using measurement instruments,
algorithms, or even human discretion. How we measure variables are Name: Jamaila Pagal Date: ______________________
called scale of measurements, and it affects the type of analytical techniques Grade and Section: HUMSS 12-1_ Teacher: ___________________
that can be used on the data, and conclusions that can be drawn from it.
5. What are the uses of variables in quantitative research? I. Read the following questions carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.
In conclusion, variables are important because they help to measure concepts 1. Daily consumption of water is an example of what sort of data?
in a study. Because quantitative studies focus on measuring and explaining a. discrete
b. continuous
variables, choosing the right variables is important. The first step is to
c. both
identify the correct variables to measure a property. d. None of the above
2. Which of these is not discrete data?
II. Imagine you were asked to evaluate the performance of your mayor. Determine which a. height of rose as measured each day
aspects of your mayor’s leadership are considered important. From these, develop a set of b. how many teachers are absent from school each day
indicators that might reflect your mayor’s performance. c. The number of people who walk through a green light each hour during
rush hour.
If I run to be a mayor be able to communicate effectively, especially when it comes d. None of the above
to listening. Because selling the vision of the future to others is one of the 3. A 1.5 kilo of beef is bought by the mother. What variable is this?
characteristics of a good mayor, he or she must have excellent communication skills a. Discrete Variables
in order to persuade those above him to move in the direction he desires; he or she b. Continuous Variable
must persuade others to join him in his vision. Good mayors set the tone and c. Discontinuous Variable
appoint capable managers to carry out the plan. In the business world, a good d. None of the above
executive hires good people and allows them to make decisions based on their own 4. These are measurable attributes or characteristics that can vary for different cases.
preferences rather than those of the chief executive. In politics, however, this is not a. Condition
the case. b. Variables
c. Attribute
d. Problem
5. Continuous data is from qualities than can be ______
50
a. Measured c. both b. Single Subject Quasi-Experimental Research
b. Counted d. None of the Above c. Time Series Quasi-Experimental Research
d. True Experimental Research
12. It is the act of comparing two or more things with a view to discovering something
6. Examine this example below: about one or all the things being compared.
YEARS OF SERVICE IN TEACHING a. True Experimental Research
() 1-5 years b. Quasi-Experimental Research
() 6-10 years c. Ex-post facto Research
() 11-15 years d. Comparative Research
() 16-20 years 13. The more you take a bath, the more kittens die of unexplained death. What kind of
() 21 years above correlation is this?
a. Positive Correlation c. No Correlation
What type of scale based on measurements is shown on the given example? b. Negative Correlation d. Positive-Negative Correlation
a. Nominal Scale 14. It absolutely uses random selection in determining who among the participants
b. Ordinal Scale should compose the experimental group or the control group.
c. Interval Scale a. True Experimental Research
d. Ratio Scale b. Quasi-Experimental Research
7. Discrete data is from qualities that can be _______________ c. Ex-post facto Research
a. measured c. both d. Comparative Research
b. counted d. None of the above 15. What causes bullying among Grade 11 students? What type of causal-comparative
8. Examine this example below: research is this?
How do you feel right now? a. Exploration of the consequences of an intervention.
() 1 – VERY UNSATISFIED b. Exploration of causes of group membership.
() 2 – UNSATISFIED c. Exploration of effects caused by membership in a given group.
() 3 – OK d. All of the above
() 4 – SATISFIED 16. Some think of quantitative research as complex because of its use of _____
() 5 – VERY SATISFIED a. Hypotheses c. factual data
What type of scale based on measurements is shown on the given example? b. numerical data d. theories
a. Nominal Scale c. Interval Scale 17. It absolutely uses random selection in determining who among the participants
b. Ordinal Scale d. Ratio Scale should compose the experimental group or the control group. What kind of
9. The one on which the treatment or influence is applied. quantitative research is this?
a. Control Group c. Treatment Group a. True Experimental Research
b. Experimental Group d. None of the above b. Quasi-Experimental Research
10. It compares one or more measurable characteristics of two or more groups to find the c. Ex-post facto Research
similarities and the differences between them. d. Comparative Research
a. Survey Research 18. A quantitative research presents findings in this manner.
b. Correlational Research a. Many prefer to study with e-books
c. Causal-Comparative Research b. Students find e-books indispensable or necessary.
d. Experimental Research c. Perhaps, 30% consider e-books unnecessary in their studies.
d. Out of 100 college students, 90 find e-books beneficial to their studies.
11. A type of quasi-experimental research wherein giving them series of pre-test and 19. It exists when all points on the scatter plot lie on the straight line. What correlation is
post-tests. this?
a. Matched Comparison a. Perfect Correlation c. Low Negative Correlation
51
b. High Positive Correlation d. Low Positive Correlation b. Negative Correlation d. Positive-Negative Correlation
20. Why has quantitative research been criticized? 28. Marco is a Filipino scientist from DOST (Department of Science and Technology).
a. Quantitative research fails to distinguish people and social institutions from He experiments virgin coconut oil as a possible cure for COVID-19. Which of the
the natural science world. following describes his experiment?
b. Quantitative research’s reliance on instruments and procedures hinders the a. It restructures a more complex problem to a limited number of variables.
connection between research and everyday life. b. It is more reliable and objective.
c. The quantitative research measurement process possesses an artificial sense c. It uses statistics to generalize a finding.
of accuracy and precision. d. It tests theories and hypothesis.
d. All of the above 29. The following are the weaknesses of quantitative research except
21. Why is it important to measure during quantitative research? a. Some aspects of people, human behavior and interactions are often difficult
a. A measure provides a consistent device for making distinctions. or impossible to measure.
b. A measure allows for precise estimates of the degree of relationship b. Errors in the measurement or modelling or the omission of data can easily
between concepts. lead to the misinterpretation of results.
c. It allows us to explain fine differences between people in terms of the c. Communicating data, procedures and results are easier because the statistical
characteristics in question. terminologies, analytical techniques and procedures are generally consistent
d. All of the above across disciplines.
22. It exists between two variables when an increase in one variable leads to an increase d. Context and other information that provide a richer understanding of
in the other hand and a decrease in one lead to a decrease in the other. observed trends and patterns can get lost in the measurement and
a. Positive Correlation c. No Correlation macroexamination of data.
b. Negative Correlation d. Zero Correlation 30. The following are the steps involved in doing quantitative research except
23. It is called as the manipulated variable. a. Using Mathematics to Analyze the Data Collected
a. Independent Variable c. Dependent Variable b. Exploration of events caused by membership in a certain group
b. Categorical Variable d. Extraneous Variable c. Observing and explaining occurrences
24. Is there significant difference between the writing level and the writing skills? What d. Focus on numerical information also known as data
type of causal-comparative research is this? 31. A student who has incurred no absences got high grades. What kind of correlation is
a. Exploration of the consequences of an intervention. this?
b. Exploration of causes of group membership. a. Positive Correlation c. No Correlation
c. Exploration of effects caused by membership in a given group. b. Negative Correlation d. Zero Correlation
d. All of the above. 32. The following are the strengths of quantitative research except
a. Quantitative research is better for projects where objectivity is desired.
25. It studies the relationship between two or more characteristics of one or more groups. b. It is easier to summarize, describe, process, and analyze large volumes of
What kind of quantitative research is this? information when they are in numerical form.
a. Survey Research c. Studies using quantitative research approaches are generally easier to
b. Correlational Research replicate compared to those that use qualitative research.
c. Causal-Comparative Research d. Some tools utilized in this quantitative research like self-accomplished
d. Experimental Research survey questionnaires may yield limited or even inaccurate information due
26. It actively manipulates conditions or inputs to observe the outcomes. What kind of to human nature.
quantitative research is this? 33. The following are characteristics of quantitative research except
a. Survey Research c. Causal-Comparative Research a. It uses numbers or figures to denote a particular thing.
b. Correlational Research d. Experimental Research b. It is described as objective research wherein it is real or factual.
27. As weather gets hotter, air conditioning costs increase. What kind of correlation is c. It happens in HARD SCIENCES like physics, chemistry, biology and
this? medicine.
a. Positive Correlation c. No Correlation d. It uses words and expressions to explain the concept
52
34. These are done to gather evidence of people’s knowledge, opinions, attitudes and b. Challenges of Grade 10 Students on COVID-19
values on various issues and concerns. What kind of non-experimental research is c. The Use of Zoom as a Learning Platform for Grade 12 Learners
this? d. Effectiveness of Microsoft Teams in Tracking Students’ Attendance
a. Quasi-Experimental Research c. Survey Research 42. It is also known as “ex post facto” research.
b. Correlational Research d. Action Research a. Causal-Comparative Research
35. Johnny is a Grade 12 student and he wants to conduct a study entitled, “Analysis on b. Comparative Research
the Different Reading Strategies Used by Grade 8 Students” Do you think his title is c. Correlational Research
an example of quantitative research? d. Quasi-Experimental Research
a. Yes, because it is an example of a phenomena.
b. No, because the said title is an example of qualitative research.
c. Yes, because the title is an example of survey research.
d. None of the above 43. Which of the following is NOT a strength of quantitative research?
36. When we think of quantitative methods, we refer to _____. a. Speedy data analysis c. Replicate
a. Words, perceptions and insights b. Less expensive d. Objective
b. Numbers, values and amounts 44. Which statement below illustrates a weakness of quantitative research?
c. Experiments, opinions and analysis a. The responses of the participants are limited to what has been asked and the
d. None of the above choices given.
b. The researcher's perspective can influence interpretation of results.
c. Data gathering takes too much time.
d. Low degree of subjectivity.
37. It is designed to give answers to the questions of WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE 45. In an experiment, which group does not receive intervention?
and HOW which are linked with a research problem. What kind of non-experimental a. The treatment group c. The control group
research is this? b. The participant group d. The experimental group
a. Survey Research c. Descriptive Research
b. Correlational Research d. Experimental Research 46. Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?
38. Which of the following is an example of CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE a. The results taken from a sample can be generalized to the population.
RESEARCH? b. It delivers an in-depth understanding of the problem or study.
a. Effects of COVID-19 to the Psychological Health of Medical Front liners c. It provides a more credible and reliable result.
b. The Relationship of High Grades and Having Tutors of Grade 7 Learners d. Statistical analysis of numerical data.
c. Effectiveness of Fruit Cocktail in Preparing Maja Blanca 47. It also called as RANKING that refers to order sequences.
d. Attitudes and Behavior of Commuters on Face Shields c. Nominal c. Interval
39. A variable that is made up of different types or categories of a phenomenon. d. Ordinal d. Ratio
c. Categorical Variable c. Independent Variable 48. A correlation between two variables exists when an increase in one variable leads to
d. Numerical Variable d. Dependent Variable an increase in the other and a decrease in one lead to a decrease in the other.
40. It is generally concerned with investigating, measuring, and describing one or more c. Positive Correlation c. No Correlation
aspects or characteristics of one or more groups, communities, or phenomenon. What d. Negative Correlation d. Zero Correlation
kind of non-experimental research is this? 49. It authorizes researchers to control the situation which allows them to answer the
a. Correlational Research c. Survey Research question, “What causes something to occur?”
b. Descriptive Research d. Action Research c. Experimental Research c. Action Research
41. Which of the following is an example of QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL d. Survey Research d. Comparative Research
RESEARCH? 50. It is focused on acquiring numerical data using research instruments such as surveys,
a. Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic to the Mental Health of Senior Citizens polls, and experiments.
53
a. Action Research c. Quantitative Research
b. Social Research d. Qualitative Research Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical Research 2. (First Edition). Manila: Rex
Book Store.
SUMMARY Chico, A.M., and Matira, M.D. (2016). Practical Research 2 for the 21st
Century Learners (Quantitative Research). Manila: St. Augustine
 Quantitative Research makes you focus your mind on specific things by means of Publications, Inc.
statistics that involves collection of study of numerical data.
 The characteristics of quantitative research are (1) Large sample size, (2) Objective,
Luzano, R.A., et.al. (2020). Practical Research 2 – Grade 12 (Alternative
(3) Visual result presentation, (4) Faster data analysis, (5) Generalized data, (6) Fast data
collection, (7) Reliable data, and (8) Replication. Delivery Mode). Cagayan de Oro City: Department of Education.
 There are kinds of non-experimental quantitative research namely, SURVEY
RESEARCH, CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH, CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE Melegrito, M.L.F., and Mendoza, D.J. (2016). Applied Research: An
RESEARCH, DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH and COMPARATIVE RESEARCH. Introduction to Quantitative Research, Methods and Report
 Experimental Research is a quantitative research that treats or deals with the object or Writing. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House.
subject of the research in a definite or exact manner and determines the extent of effects
or influence of the treatment of the subject or object. It is divided into TRUE
Pulmones, R. (2016). You and the Natural World Quantitative Research.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH and QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH.
Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House.
 Variables are changing qualities or characteristics of persons, things like age, gender and
so on that are involved in your research study. The following are types of variables
namely, independent, dependent, nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. Tormeo, A.R., and Tormeo, H.S. (2018). An Introduction to Quantitative
Research. Quezon City: Sibs Publishing House.
PREPARED BY:
Arvin M. Talidong
Michael S. Frondozo
COPYRIGHT 2020
REFERENCES:
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Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) (Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2

Quantitative Research for

NAME: Jamaila A. Pagal

DIAGNOSTIC TEST IN MODULE 1

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE PARADIGM

6. What are the advantages of studying quantitative research?

7. The Effectiveness of Home Visits by

8. Anti- Lipidemic Activity of

CLASSIFICATION OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

STEPS IN DOING QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

6. Concerned about findings

10. Concerned about numerical

A. Quantitative Research B. Qualitative Research

13. Researcher interacts with the

14. Accurate and reliable

STRENGTHS OF SURVEY RESEARCH EXAMPLES OF SURVEY RESEARCH STUDIES

SAMPLE SURVEY RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE

1. I like to read magazines like 1 2 3 4 5

INSTRUMENTS USED IN CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

THREE TYPES OF CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH AND What to do?

 INTER-OBSERVER CONSISTENCY – this means “being cautious of the

Business and Accounting

LESSON PROPER (LESSON 3)

VARIABLES IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

II. BASED ON THE VALUE TAKEN BY THE VARIABLE A. NOMINAL

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