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Chapter 6 - Momentum and Collisions
Chapter 6 - Momentum and Collisions
Change in momentum:
(a) mv
(b) 2mv
Newton and Momentum
F21=-F12
Summary
Solution:
pf = pi
mbvb + mgvg = 0
NEWTON :
p mv
dp dv
m ma F
dt dt
p constant if F 0
If F 0 then p will change
Let’s drop the vector notation and stick to
one dimension.
dp
F
dt
dp Fdt
f tf
dp Fdt
i ti
tf
p f pi Fdt Impulse
ti
Change of Momentum
Impulse-Momentum theorem
IMPULSE = CHANGE IN MOMENTUM
Solution:
LETS
TALK
ABOUT
Consider two particles:
v2
v1
m1 m2
1 2
1 2
V1 V2
The Forces
Force on m2
=F(12)
Force on m1
=F(21)
2 2
1 1
m1v1 f m2 v 22 f
2
2 2
We can simplify the K.E. equation to get a second equation that is linear, instead
of quadratic.
First we multiply by 2 and collect the masses:
And finally we divide the energy equation by the momentum equation written in
the forms above:
and
Elastic Collisions, final
If after the collision the bob has velocity v’, then the total momentum is
Solution
The last sentence in the problem implies that in this collision m1 will reverse its direction of
motion and head back up the slope to some maximum height H. We would also guess that
m2 will be given a forward velocity.
Conservation of energy gives us: (with h = 5.00m)
Now m1 makes an elastic (one–dimensional) collision with m2 (with
Two-Dimensional Collisions
Particle 1 is moving at
velocity v1i and particle
2 is at rest
In the x-direction, the
initial momentum is
m1v1i
In the y-direction, the
initial momentum is 0
Two-Dimensional Collision, example
cont
After the collision, the
momentum in the x-
direction is m1v1f cos q
m2v2f cos f
After the collision, the
momentum in the y-
direction is m1v1f sin q
m2v2f sin f
Problem-Solving Strategies – Two-
Dimensional Collisions
Set up a coordinate system and define your
velocities with respect to that system
It is usually convenient to have the x-axis coincide
with one of the initial velocities
In your sketch of the coordinate system, draw
and label all velocity vectors and include all
the given information
Problem-Solving Strategies – Two-
Dimensional Collisions, 2
Write expressions for the x- and y-components of
the momentum of each object before and after the
collision
Remember to include the appropriate signs for the
components of the velocity vectors
Write expressions for the total momentum of the
system in the x-direction before and after the
collision and equate the two. Repeat for the total
momentum in the y-direction.
Problem-Solving Strategies – Two-
Dimensional Collisions, 3
If the collision is inelastic, kinetic energy of
the system is not conserved, and additional
information is probably needed
If the collision is perfectly inelastic, the final
velocities of the two objects are equal. Solve
the momentum equations for the unknowns.
Problem-Solving Strategies – Two-
Dimensional Collisions, 4
If the collision is elastic, the kinetic energy of
the system is conserved
Equate the total kinetic energy before the
collision to the total kinetic energy after the
collision to obtain more information on the
relationship between the velocities
Example: Two cars coming from
perpendicular directions collide, one with
mass 1450 kg and velocity 25 m/s, the
other with mass 1750 kg and velocity 20
m/s. If they stick together, what is their
new velocity?
The velocity v makes an angle with the x direction given by q = tan-1 vy / vx = 44o
Thus the two cars move off at an angle of 44o from the initial direction of travel of the
1450-kg car.
10. A billiard ball moving at 5.00 m/s strikes a
stationary ball of the same mass. After the collision,
the first ball moves at 4.33 m/s at an angle of 30.0◦
with respect to the original line of motion. Assuming
an elastic collision (and ignoring friction and rotational
motion), find the struck ball’s velocity.
So the struck ball moves off with a speed of 2.50 m/s at an angle of 600 below
the x-axis
(Exercise: Use the fact that the collision is elastic to proof that indeed the kinetic
energy is conserved).
Center of Mass
The center of mass of a system is the point where
the system can be balanced in a uniform
gravitational field.
Center of Mass
For two objects:
a)
b)
Systems with Changing Mass: Rocket Propulsion
m m m 5x103 kg
a = 20 m/s2 upward.
Summary
• Linear momentum:
• Momentum is a vector
• Newton’s second law:
• Impulse:
• Impulse is a vector
• The impulse is equal to the change in
momentum
• If the time is short, the force can be quite
large
Summary
• Momentum is conserved if the net external
force is zero
• Internal forces within a system always sum to
zero
• In collision, assume external forces can be
ignored
• Inelastic collision: kinetic energy is not
conserved
• Completely inelastic collision: the objects
stick together afterward
Summary
• A one-dimensional collision takes place along a
line
• In two dimensions, conservation of momentum
is applied separately to each direction
• Elastic collision: kinetic energy is conserved
• Center of mass:
Summary of Chapter 9
• Center of mass:
Summary
• Motion of center of mass:
• Rocket propulsion: