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Photovoltaic Thermal PVT Systems A Review-April2017
Photovoltaic Thermal PVT Systems A Review-April2017
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International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
Each element carries significant role in the process of efficiency in particular. Collector may be shaped or designed
delivering power to the load. PV panels produce DC power in different forms such as evacuated tube, glazed, unglazed
during daytime, this power is either stored in the battery and flat-plate, concentrated etc. As for the absorber it may have
use in another time, or sent to the inverter where it is turned different designs and shapes as well such as rectangular, round
Alternating Current (AC) and feed to the load. This decision is and square shapes, also web flow, direct flow, spiral flow,
based on whether the load can be meet by the AC and not be oscillatory flow, serpentine flow, parallel serpentine flow and
affected by the irregularities. Charge controller carries similar modified serpentine-parallel flow designs. These systems
function to voltage regulators as well as protect the overall could also have single passing or double passing [36-40]. This
system. If the battery has been overcharged then the panel is paper aims to revise and review research articles core related
disconnected from it, while if battery have been discharged to PV/T systems in order to find critical points that can be
below a certain level then charge controller will disconnect the either enhanced in the future. The principle of operation will
load [25-27]. These systems can be used in particular for rural show both design and function of typical PV/T systems.
areas where it is not feasible to connect to national utility grid.
However, the problem of irregularity continues as sometimes
PV cells may fall short in meeting the load due to changing of II. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
solar irradiance. In order to solve this problem different
Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) systems are hybrid systems
systems may be connected to the PV panel in order to make it
combining the abilities to produce electricity from light and
reliable at all times. This connection makes the system hybrid
harvest heat. Understanding photovoltaics and solar thermal
PV system. These systems could be renewable or non-
renewable. As some may use hybrid PV/Genset system, while systems is crucial to understand the overall entity. The solar
others use hybrid PV/wind/battery configuration [28-29]. On radiation strikes the PV panel which in its turn will produce
the other hand, solar thermal systems utilize the heat (or DC power. Infrared radiation is part of the solar spectrum and
infrared radiation) of the solar radiation. Exposing ST systems so the PV panel will begin to heat. Based on the concepts of
to the hot sun helps in producing thermal energy. The system PV cells; when the temperature of the cell increases, the open
may be a collector with a number of pipes where a fluid will circuit voltage decrease. This is due to temperature affecting
flow in. Once these pipes are heated the fluid will heat and so the band gap of this semiconductor cell and decreasing the gap
thermal energy can be produced or integrated. Thermal energy [81]. This decrease accompanied by increase in temperature
in form of hot water could be applied for domestic use or and is considered as an increase in the energy of the electrons
heating swimming pools, while thermal energy in form of hot within the material. So, in order to break the bond lower
steam could be used to run turbines and generate electricity energy is needed. Reduction in the bond energy also reduces
[30-31]. Figure 2 shows a block diagram of simple solar the band gap. Therefore, increasing the temperature reduces
thermal collector. the band gap. Cooling methods could be used to maintain cell
temperature or a hybrid PV/T system can be put in place. The
solar thermal collector will be place on the back of the PV
panel to absorb the heat. A running fluid within the tubes of
the ST absorber or as it's known as 'base-fluid', will absorb
that thermal energy and transfer it to a container. A heat
exchanger is also used to separate the fluid within the system
and the one to be stored in insulated water tanks. Also, if
utilizing another fluid with different heat capacity or thermo-
physical properties [41-43]. Lv J. et al (2013) [44], attempted
to analyze the performance of PV/T by testing the system
indoors and using a solar simulator. The variation in output of
PV due to changing cell temperature was used as an input for
Figure 2: block diagram of solar thermal collector and storage a MATLAB code. The code is based on the mathematical
tank model and a number of weather data inputs. Finally, authors
conclude that meteorological parameters in typical summer
Solar thermal systems are the foundation for PV/T system. and warm winter areas in china has the potential for good
Where they are important to absorbing the heat from the PV electrical and thermal efficiencies for PV/T. This is a valid and
panel and using it to produce thermal energy. Many absorber effective method to test out a PV/T system. However,
designs are proposed by different research articles in the field conducting the testing outdoors might give a more precise
[32-35]. Solar thermal system can also be classified to two reading for PV and cell temperature under clear sky as there
main configurations; either active or passive systems. Active are certain weather irregularities that cannot be avoided.
systems utilize pumps and/or other mechanical devices while Figure 3 shows a typical PV/T system with heat exchanger
passive systems are designed to function without them as they and insulated storage tank.
mainly relay on south-facing windows as collectors to capture
solar energy. Different types of solar thermal collectors exist
and can be used in PV/T systems. It is crucial to study each
and observe its effect on overall PV/T efficiency or thermal
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International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
collector in PV/T similar to analyzing a conventional solar aluminum reflectors then calculated the LCA, EPBT, and
thermal collector. This analysis is helpful for various LCA. The authors concluded with a EPBT of 0.8 years is a
applications and PV/T types. The model can be applied to PV good result relative to conventional PV. Clara [79] performed
models for cooling purposes as well. This article is very raises an environmental study to measure the impact of PV/T on the
a very important idea which is looking into improving the environment. The authors claim to finding a EPBT in the
overall efficiency of the system through improving both range of 0.8–14.33 years and a GPBT 0.8–4.0 years.
subsystems (PV and ST) separately. When studying the
electrical side of PV/T it is clear that fluctuations are a major
issue and dependency on light intensity. Even though it may IV. CONCLUSION
seem to be less feasible for countries with cloudy weather, PV
technology has relatively significant use in European countries
In conclusion, Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) systems have great
like Germany. In 2014, there is about 177 GW of power from
potential for expansion and development. With the current
solar panels [57-60].
state of research and rapid growth in this field more technique
Katsumata et al. (2011) [63] illustrated that exposing PV cells
is being adopted and so are the applications for PV/T systems.
to high intensity irradiance accompanied with high
This paper provides a literature survey of a number of research
temperature for long period of time may affect its
articles in order to establish main points for future work. There
performance, which is mainly based on geographical areas and
is a clear lack of research in the electrical side of PV/T. Also,
the changing weather was either urban, rural, or desert areas.
lack in economic and environmental evaluations. Majority of
As explained in principle of operation; the solar cell
research focuses on standalone PV/T systems and building
temperature raise will decrease the performance. Where every
integrated PV/T systems. Different design considerations have
increase up to 10°C will cost a reduction in solar cell
been discussed in this review such as safety, cost, efficiency,
efficiency up to 5% [64]. Several researchers suggested heat
emissions, material, absorber design, absorber network and
removal using cooling fluids. In addition to increasing the
working fluid. Most research conducted follows the process of
electricity produced from the cell, this hybrid PV/T solar
performing experimental tests then validating it by designing a
collector can heat air or water or both at the same time [65].
numerical (mathematical) model. Also, changing the used
Zhang S. et al (2015) [66] provided a description for an
material could help in reducing the cost but it is important not
application of hybrid renewable energy systems which
to compromise the efficiency. Integration of PV/T in
includes water-based PV/T system. The methodology
residential and commercial buildings is an area of study that
followed in this article shows the primary stage to be field
require more focus. Especially from the design aspect; in order
tests where PVT is tested outdoors in the site. Then analysis of
to create a PV/T system with good visual impact on the
the model follows and finally, a curve is produced from the
building.
analysis in order to back up the experimental data. Authors
used the system to adapt to heating and cooling periods. The
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
authors claim that The annual energy consumption is
3658.7kWh which is less than annual on-site energy
generation 4000.1kWh. This article shows how important it is The authors would like to thank the staff of Solar Energy
to follow the right methodology in applying these systems for Research Institute (SERI) for their continuous support.
Net-Zero energy houses. The system being utilized to its
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