LER = KI} SHDARTG RESISTANCE OF SOLLS X ' 7 . Shoapf{ng Resistance nificance of aphng Ros ye S86! el joring resistance is that property which enables £24: suoping surface, such 6 as in tho slopes of an onbanknent.or « naturel ‘a slope Water has no shoar resistance, honce its surface is always from an aty of to rotein pilisides “horizontals This soil property is very important particularly : neering standpoint since it is closely related to the cepa: It is especielly important in its _solation to the supporting power of a subgrade, the allowable bearing ye the stability of slopes. + engi a soil to carry or withstand load. prossure used in tho design of foundations 0 2, Concept of Shearing Rosistance —f shearing stress tends to dieplaco a part of nn carth mass with respect to the remainder, The displacement ogcurs along a fatiyse” plane and is opposed by the shearing resistance’ of tho soil.“ Shear : resistante is passive, it devolops only if thers is a shear stress. If the shoaring stress is gradually increased, the shearing resist- ance will increase accordingly, always being qual in magnitude and opposite in direction to the stress. This increase in tac resistance ray continue only up to @ certain limit, which is ealled the shearing strongth or ultimate saearing resistence. At that point, tne resist- ance of the soil has beon exhausted and feilure oocurs. : : Shear and Normal Stresses ee If an external load is applied on a suil mass, the stress trans— mitted from grain to grain or from on. par to an adjacent part of the mass may be broken into a norme! stress, S, and a shear or tan= Bontial stress, St, Fig. XII-1. The shoar stress acts along the Shear plane, while the normal stress acts perpenaiculear to the plane. The normal stress indicated in tho figure is. compressive; it would be a@ tonsile stress if it is acting away from the plane.Fig. 411-1, Shoar and Normal Stresses Thore will be no shear displacement if the ratio S4/S, ie less than the coefficient of friction of the soil. This coefficient | 4s equal to tan By where f is tho englo of internal friction of the soil sess- If said ratio (S4/s,) is exectly oqual to ten f at any point of the mass, @isplncoment will then start at this’ part‘cular point. It is also at this particular instant when the maximum shearing re- sistance of the Soil is mobilized. : : {Soiree of Shi The shearing resistance of soils is derived from two principel ing Resistance sourcesy. friction and cohesion between perticles. That part attri~ butable to friction can exist only if there is a stress normal to the shear plane and if the soil exhibits friction characteristics. For example, if a clean, dry, cohesionless sand is poured out on a level surface, it will come to rest in a conc-shaped heap. This bo- favior ig due to the fact that the sand has the property of internal friction. The angle formed by tho sl pe of the heap of sand with the * horizontal is called the anglo of repose. It is not tho same as the anglo of internal friction, which is generally bi Soils which do not possess friction characteristics are called Cohesive soils. The shearing resistance of such scils is attributed to cohesion between particles and is independent of normal stresses,2d hs oe me ey : wg SHE! 28S. dane, CAR see, Snoar pLanc. * Propertion to the : ual ne actar Most Sodls as they exs gue to both friction and contelt ature exhibit sheariny vi8tunce widely varying relatio, one nships ean these components ars Sound xe, tet te sion in ¢. tte Saati see RG te re emenig ee pit strength Properties oe thee aF8 Combined to give the total shear 8 Soil, Shea th is express ‘an empirical fo; fearing streng' woos French Bhysieiey,PrePosed by Charles de Coulomb (1736-1066), & “sare, FH tang Shearing strength cohesion normal stress Angle of internal friction of soil tan 6 = coefficient of friction 5, Meory of Failure in S211 Masses : on mz ae Failures that occur in soil masses generally involve displacement of a part of the mass with respect to the remainder, Thesa fcilures are commonly explAined by the liohr theory of failure which has been found to be applicable to soil masses. According to the lichr Theory, a material fails along the plane and at the time at which a critical combinction of normal stress and shear stress occurs within a stressed body. This critical combination of Stresses is that which produces the maximum angle between the resultant of the normal and shear stresses and the normal stress, which is equal to the angle of internal friction. The stresses acting on a certain plane through a point in a stressed body my be illustrated graphically by means of a Mohr diagran, Fig, XI-2, Normal stresses are Plotted as abscissas and Shearing stresses - #8 ordinates. : :