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A Control Methodology of Three Phase Grid Connected PV System
A Control Methodology of Three Phase Grid Connected PV System
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which maintains the DC link voltage of the inverter at a The DC-DC converter is controlled by incremental
constant reference value as well as controls the active and conductance (IC) technique in order to achieve the MPP. The
reactive currents injected into the grid. IC method is based on the observation that the slope of the PV
array curve is zero at the MPP ( ⁄ ), positive on
The PV cell is represented by single exponential model the left of the MPP and negative on the right. Since, (
(aka one diode model) as described in literature [7] and the ), it yields [8]:
corresponding characteristics of the 500 KW PV array at
different irradiation levels are shown in fig. 2. ⁄ ⁄
{ ⁄ ⁄ (1)
A. Control of DC-DC Boost Converter ⁄ ⁄
From fig. 2(b), the PV array power is indeed a non-linear
Thus, the MPP can be tracked by comparing the
function of the operating array voltage and this function has a
incremental conductance ( ⁄ ) to the instantaneous
maximum power point (MPP) to a particular value of voltage.
Therefore, PV systems are usually equipped with MPP- conductance ( ⁄ ) as shown in the flowchart in fig. 3.
trackers that use electrical rules to follow the MPPs under An effective way of performing the IC technique is to use
different environmental conditions. the incremental conductance and the instantaneous
conductance to generate an error signal as proposed in
literatures [8, 9]:
⁄ ⁄ (2)
( ⁄ ) (3)
{ (6)
(a) The three phase grid voltage waveform at PCC. (b) The three phase grid current waveform at PCC.
(c) The direct and quadrature components of the injected current. (d) The powers transferred from the PV system to the grid at PCC.
(e) The total harmonic current distortion in time domain at PCC. (f) The total harmonic current distortion in frequency domain at PCC.
(a) The solar irradiance profile during the simulation run. (b) The PV array current.
(C) The PV array voltage. (d) The three phase grid voltage waveform at PCC.
(e) The three phase grid current waveform at PCC. (f) Dynamic response of phase current and phase voltage.
(g) The direct and quadrature components of the injected current. (h) The powers transferred from the PV system to the grid at PCC.
(i) The DC link capacitor voltage. (j) The grid current spectrum at PCC.
Fig. 5. Simulation results of the grid connected PV system under transient condition.
IV. PV SYSTEM EFFICIENCY
A. MMPT Efficiency
( ⁄ )
{ (10)
(∫ ⁄∫ )
(b) Trapezoidal irradiance profile for dynamic MPPT performance.
Where and are the DC link power and the tracking
period, respectively.
The static MPPT efficiency is simulated at different
irradiation levels (i.e. different MPP power levels) and the
results are plotted in fig. 6(a). In order to show the dynamic
MPPT performance, a trapezoidal solar irradiance profile is
applied as shown in fig. 6(b) and the corresponding simulation
result is shown fig. 6(c). Simulation results under static and
dynamic conditions indicate that, MPPT efficiency is slightly
decreased at high power levels due to power losses in (c) The dynamic MPPT efficiency during the simulation run.
semiconductor switches. Fig. 6. Simulation results of MPPT efficiency under static and dynamic
conditions.
B. Total Conversion Efficiency In all simulations, the solar irradiance is assumed constant
at and the DC link voltage is regulated at constant
Static conversion efficiency characterizes losses occurred level of 1.1KV. It is worth mentioning that, the PV inverter
by the conversion of the DC current into AC current which operates in linear range at 600 V where modulation index does
includes the inverter and transformer losses. The static not exceed 0.907. Fig. 7(a, b) show that, the higher primary
conversion efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power voltage of the transformer, the higher modulation index and
injected into the grid to the DC link power [11]: total conversion efficiency. In the matter of fact, increasing of
total conversion efficiency is due to decreasing of inverter
( ⁄ ) (11) current which decreases the switching losses and conduction
The total conversion efficiency is a direct indication of losses of the PV inverter.
the quality of the power conditioning units (PCUs), which has
Another significant factor that affected total conversion
a higher relevance for practical energy yield than static
efficiency is the DC link voltage. Fig. 8(a) shows that, the
conversion efficiency. The total conversion efficiency can be lower DC link voltage, the higher modulation index and total
calculated as: conversion efficiency. However, there is a trade-off between
transformer primary voltage and DC link voltage as shown in
( ⁄ ) (12)
fig. 8(b). Practically, some general examples that describe the
effect of DC link voltage on total conversion efficiency can be
Beside several advantages of PV interfacing transformer;
found in literatures [5, 6, 12].
as mentioned earlier, it can be considered one of the greatest
factors that affected total conversion efficiency. To V. CONCLUSION
demonstrate the dependence of total conversion efficiency on
transformer primary voltage, some simulations are carried out This paper proposed a control methodology for three
with the primary voltage of the PV side of the transformer is phase grid connected PV systems. A DC-DC converter was
changed in the range (200V:600V) and the secondary voltage used to boost the output voltage of the PV array and perform
of the distribution side is constant at 11 KV. The primary MPPT by using IC technique. In order to inject a high quality
voltage is increased by 25 V in each simulation. AC current into the grid, a three phase - two level VSI was
conversion efficiency of the PV system is greatly affected by
the choice of transformer primary voltage and DC link
voltage. As the transformer primary voltage increased the
total conversion efficiency increased. On the other hand, there
is no general rule about the dependency of total conversion
efficiency on DC link voltage. Thus, PV planners and
simulation programmers should take these factors into account
to design more efficient PV systems.
(a) Total conversion efficiency versus transformer primary voltage. REFERENCE
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efficiency with respect to the available power. Also, the total