Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Stainless Steel: Compar Ator
Stainless Steel: Compar Ator
Automotive Exhaust
Appliances
Architectural
Cutlery / Cookware
Heating, Ventilation
and Air Conditioning
2
STAINLESS STEEL COMPARATOR
Alloys Make the Grade
The manufacture of quality stainless steels, from heat to heat, demands precise control of raw material ingredients and melting practices. Exact
quantities of presorted scrap and alloying elements are delivered to the melting furnaces so that the heats will be within specified composition
ranges. Those composition ranges typically include a group of chemical elements for each grade of stainless steel.
Alloying Elements
Following is a list of alloying elements found in stainless steels and
their functions.
Chromium forms a surface film of chromium oxide to make niobium combines with carbon to reduce susceptibility to
Cr the stainless steel corrosion resistant. It also increases the Nb intergranular corrosion. It acts as a grain refiner and promotes
scaling resistance at elevated temperatures. the formation of ferrite.
Nickel stabilizes the austenitic structure and increases copper is added to stainless steels to increase their resistance
Ni ductility, making stainless steel easier to form. It increases high Cu to certain corrosive environments. It also decreases susceptibility
temperature strength and corrosion resistance, particularly in to stress corrosion cracking and provides age-hardening effects.
industrial and marine atmospheres, chemical, food and textile Can be used to control work hardening.
processing industries.
titanium combines with carbon to reduce susceptibility to
silicon increases scaling resistance by forming a tight initial Ti intergranular corrosion. It acts as a grain refiner and promotes
Si scale, which will withstand cyclic temperature changes. It the formation of ferrite.
resists carburizing at high temperatures and slightly increases
tensile strength and hardness. Small amounts of silicon are
added to all grades of stainless for deoxidizing.
3
STAINLESS STEEL COMPARATOR
Tables
TABLE 2 – Austenitic Stainless Steels
UNS Typical Chemical Composition % Other
Product EN Significant Characteristics Typical Applications
JIS Cr Ni C Elements
S20100
Type 201 1.4371 16 3.5-5.0 0.06 Mn – 7 Low Ni, high work hardening Hose clamps, cookware
SUS 201
Mn – 6.75 Low Ni, high work hardening, Cryogenic applications,
AK Steel 201LN – 16 4 0.025
N – 0.15 improved weldability springs, food processing
Hose clamps, truck and bus
S20200
Mn – 8.5 High strength, abrasion frames, bulk solids handling
NITRONIC® 30 SS 1.4373 16 2.5 0.02
N – 0.17 resistance, good formability equipment, coal buckets and
SUS 202
hopper cars
S30100 Wheel covers, springs,
High strength, high work
Type 301 1.4310 17 6.0 - 8.0 0.1 – hose clamps, food processing
hardening
SUS 301 equipment
S30400
Food equipment, tubing,
Type 304 1.4301 18 8.0 - 12.0 0.06 – Multipurpose
architectural trim
SUS 304
S30403
Low carbon minimizes carbide Welded parts and other
Type 304L 1.4306 18 8.0 - 12.0 0.02 –
precipitation during welding 304 applications
SUS 304L
S30500
Excellent drawability, Deep drawn parts,
Type 305 1.4303 18 10.0-13.0 0.06 –
low work hardening fuel filter tubes
SUS 305
S30908
Heating elements, furnace
Type 309S 1.4833 22 12.5 0.05 N – 0.10 Oxidation resistant
parts, auto exhaust systems
SUS 309S
S31600 Heat exchangers,
Type 316 1.4401 16.5 10.5 0.05 Mo – 2 Pitting corrosion resistance chemical equipment,
SUS 316 marine applications
S31603
Low carbon minimizes carbide Welded Type 316
Type 316L 1.4404 16.5 10.8 0.02 Mo – 2
precipitation during welding applications
SUS 316L
S32100 Heat exchangers to
Type 321 1.4541 17 9.5 0.02 Ti – 5x(C+N) min. Titanium stabilized intermediate temperatures,
SUS 321 aircraft
4
STAINLESS STEEL COMPARATOR
TABLE 3 – Ferritic Stainless Steels
UNS Typical Chemical Composition % Other
Product EN Significant Characteristics Typical Applications
JIS Cr Ni C Elements
S40920
Economical corrosion and Automotive exhaust systems,
Type 409 1.4512 11 – 0.01 Ti – 0.20
oxidation resistance heat exchangers, furnace liners
SUS 409
Economical corrosion,
Aluminized Ti – 0.20 Automotive exhaust systems,
– 11 – 0.01 oxidation, salt and cosmetic
Type 409 Aluminum coating heat exchangers, furnace liners
corrosion resistance
S40975 Exhaust flanges, coal handling
AK Steel Ti – 0.20 Corrosion resistance superior
1.4516 11 0.85 0.02 equipment, transportation
409 Ni Mn – 0.75 to mild and low-carbon steels
– equipment
More oxidation and creep Auto exhaust components,
AK Steel 11 Cr-CbTM Si – 1.30
– 11 – 0.01 resistant than Types 409 high-temperature use,
ULTRA FORM® SS Nb – 0.35
and 439 furnaces
Tubing for bus and truck
S41003 Excellent weldability,
AK Steel Si – 0.40 frames, hopper cars, chutes,
– 11 0.40 0.02 toughness and fabricating
41003 Mn – 0.80 storage tanks and shipping
– characteristics
containers
Corrosion resistance
AK Steel Nb – 0.15
– 11.5 – 0.01 comparable to Type 409, Electrical cabinetry
400 Cb Al – 0.15
better surface finish
Corrosion resistance Applications requiring
AK Steel
– 12 – 0.015 Al – 0.15 comparable to Type 409, improved finish over
400
better surface finish Type 409, caskets
S41008
Mild corrosive service
Type 410S 1.4000 12 – 0.015 – Low-cost, general purpose
fractionation towers
SUS 410S
Locomotive braking resistors,
AK Steel Al – 3.75 High electrical resistivity, good
– 13 0.25 0.025 resistance heating elements,
13-4 SR® SS Ti – 0.30 oxidation resistance
automotive exhaust
Ti – 0.25
–
AK Steel 15 Cr-Cb® Cb – 0.35 Exhaust flanges, exhaust
– 14.5 – 0.01 Oxidation resistant
ULTRA FORM® SS Mn – 1.0 manifolds, catalytic converters
SUS 425
Si – 1.3
S43000 Appliance, food equipment,
General-purpose corrosion
Type 430 1.4016 16.5 – 0.05 – miscellaneous automotive,
resistance
SUS 430 flue liners, roofing
Restaurant equipment,
AK Steel 430 Improved formability and
– 17 – 0.035 T – 0.17 appliances, interior
ULTRA FORM® SS weldability
architectural trim
S43400
Improved corrosion resistance
Type 434 1.4113 16.5 – 0.065 Mo – 1.0 Automotive trim
over Type 430
SUS 434
S43600
Mo – 1.0
Type 436 – 16.8 – 0.03 Controlled roping Automotive trim
Nb – 0.4
–
–
Mo – 1.0 Resistant to stress corrosion Automotive exhaust
AK Steel 436L 1.4513 17.5 – 0.01
Ti – 0.30 cracking, excellent formability applications
SUS 436L
5
STAINLESS STEEL COMPARATOR
TABLE 4 – Ferritic Stainless Steels (continued)
UNS Typical Chemical Composition % Other
Product EN Significant Characteristics Typical Applications
JIS Cr Ni C Elements
Super ferritic
S44735 Mo – 4 Secondary heat exchanger,
ChromeshielD® Excellent resistance to
– 29 – 0.02 Ti – 0.15 tubing, furnace vents,
29 Mo SS chloride pitting and crevice
– Nb – 0.35 chimney liners
corrosion
S43035
Wet corrosion and Auto exhaust components,
Type 439* 1.4510 17 – 0.012 Ti – 0.3
oxidation resistance heating units, welded tubing
SUS 430LX
Economical corrosion
Aluminized Ti – 0.3 Auto exhaust components,
– 17 – 0.012 oxidation, salt and
Type 439 Aluminum Coating heating units, welded tubing
cosmetic corrosion resistance
Al – 1.70
AK Steel High-temperature scaling Industrial ovens, heat
– 17 – 0.02 Ti – 0.2
18 SR® SS resistance exchangers, furnace liners
Si – 0.60
Si – 1.3 Improved oxidation
THERMAK® Mn – 1.0 resistance, high Automotive manifolds, catalytic
– 17 – 0.01
17 SS Nb – 0.3 temperature strength and converter, exhaust resonator
Cu – 1.3 thermal fatigue resistance
– Auto exhaust systems,
AK Steel Ti – 0.25 Oxidation resistant,
1.4509 17.5 – 0.02 heat exchangers,
18 Cr-Cb™ SS Nb – 0.55 creep resistant
– furnace components
S44100 Heat exchangers, furnace
Ti – 0.2 Oxidation resistant,
Type 441 1.4509 18 – 0.01 components, auto exhaust
Nb – 0.45 creep resistant
– systems
S44400 Ti – 0.25
Oxidation, corrosion and Water heaters, solar panels,
Type 444 1.4521 17.5 – 0.015 Nb – 0.15
stress cracking resistance engine components
SUS 444 Mo – 2.0
S44500
Nb – 0.7 Improved formability
Type 435 Mod. – 19.5 – 0.02 Automotive trim
Cu – 0.5 and weldability
SUS 430J1L
Cu – 0.6
Food processing,
CHROMESHIELD® Mo – 0.4 Oxidation resistance,
– 21.7 – 0.2 cookware, architectural,
22 SS Ti – 0.21 corrosion resistance
auto exhaust systems
Nb – 0.25
*Available as High Performance-10™ or ULTRA FORM®.
6
STAINLESS STEEL COMPARATOR
TABLE 5 – Martensitic Stainless Steels
UNS Typical Chemical Composition % Other
Product EN Significant Characteristics Typical Applications
JIS Cr Ni C Elements
S41000
Type 410 1.4006 11.5 – 0.14 – General purpose, hardenable Cutlery, machine parts
SUS 410
High strength and toughness,
AK Steel 410 Cb – 11.5 – 0.12 Nb – 0.15 Auto exhaust flanges
easier heat treating
AK Steel 410 H – 11.5 – 0.18 – Increased hardenability Cutlery, rulers
S42000
Type 420 LC 1.4021 – – – – – –
SUS 420J1
S42000
Cutlery, multifunctional tools,
Type 420 1.4034 12.5 – 0.38 – Increased hardenability
weaving heddles
SUS 420J2
S42000
Cutlery, scissors,
Type 420 HC 1.4034 12.5 – 0.42 – Increased hardenability
surgical instruments
SUS 420J2
AK Steel 420
– 14.25 – 0.42 Mo – 0.85 Corrosion resistance Cutlery, scissors
Ultra Hone® SS
S44002
Increased hardenability,
Type 440A 1.4109 16.5 – 0.63 – Cutlery, industrial knives
corrosion resistance
SUS 440A
7
STAINLESS STEEL COMPARATOR
TABLE 7 – Duplex Stainless Steels
UNS Typical Chemical Composition % Other
Product EN Significant Characteristics Typical Applications
JIS Cr Ni C Elements
Ferrite/austenite matrix, good
Cu – 0.5 cyclic oxidation, high strength
NITRONIC® 19D SS – 21 1.25 0.02 Tubing, water heater tanks
Mn – 5.0 and good stress corrosion
resistance
Ferrite/austenite matrix,
S31803
high strength, low thermal Heat exchangers, pipe,
S32205
Type 2205 22 5.5 0.02 Mo – 3.0 expansion, high resistance to pressure vessels, tanks, fans,
1.4462
stress corrosion cracking and shafts and press rolls, roofing
–
corrosion fatigue
8
STAINLESS STEEL COMPARATOR
Coated Stainless Steels
Aluminized Steel Type 1 Stainless Steels
Aluminum coated Types 409 and 439 were developed to provide the
automotive industry with longer life exhaust system materials. Type 1
hot-dipped aluminum coating provides excellent resistance to
muffler condensate corrosion and pitting from road salt which allows
the exhaust system to remain virtually rust free, thus retaining its
good appearance.
ak-sPECTRA ™
AK Steel AK-Spectra™ Stainless Steel consists of a uoropolymer paint
system applied to a clean, pretreated and primed stainless steel coil.
The uoropolymer top coat is a Duranar® high performance coating
designed for architectural coil coating applications. The coating features
excellent color retention and chalk, corrosion, chemical and pollution
resistance as well as good exibility and adhesion. AK-Spectra is
available in a wide range of colors for use in metal roofing, mansard
roofs, fascias, soffits and specialty accent applications.
9
STAINLESS STEEL COMPARATOR
Reflections on Finish
Surface finish is an important element in any specification for stainless No. 1
steel regardless of the intended end use. For those applications in which A rough, matte surface that results from hot rolling to the specified
appearance is important, finish is a design element and must thickness followed by annealing and descaling.
be specified.
In architecture or other highly visible applications, the appearance of No. 2D Sheet (Strip No. 1)
stainless steel is a critical design element and specification of the wrong A matte finish produced by cold rolling to gauge, then annealing and
finish can alter the desired effect. In consumer products, the gleam pickling in acid to remove scale and oxide from an open air anneal.
of well-polished stainless steel has strong sales appeal. In institutional
or commercial kitchen, restaurant, and hospital applications, properly No. 2B Sheet (Strip No. 2)
finished stainless helps to emphasize the feeling of cleanliness. A reflective cold rolled finish produced in the same manner as a
In addition to visual appeal of polished stainless, there are a number 2D sheet finish, except that a light temper pass on polished rolls is
of functions served by properly prepared stainless surfaces. In sanitary performed on the annealed and pickled product. This is the general-
applications, polished stainless steel not only looks clean, but also is purpose cold-rolled finish that can be used as is, or as a preliminary
easy to clean and keep clean. step to polishing.
There are also economic considerations in specifying finish. For
example, a cold rolled bright annealed finish might be specified instead Bright Annealed
of a more expensive No. 8 polished finish; or some proprietary rolled A highly reflective cold-rolled finish produced by cold rolling to gauge,
finishes might serve the same purpose as a No. 4 polished finish. then bright annealing in a protective inert atmosphere. This process
A knowledge of finishes can sometimes result in significant savings. results in no scaling of the product, leaving a bright reflective finish. A
light temper pass on polished rolls is performed on the bright annealed
product. This finish is also available without the final temper pass, in
which case the finish is not quite as bright.
No. 3
A polished finish produced in the same manner as a 2B sheet finish,
except that the product is belt polished using 120 grit emery cloth belts.
No. 4
A polished finish similar to No. 3 Polish, except that the product is
belt polished using 150 grit emery cloth belts, giving it a somewhat
smoother appearance than No. 3.
Unigrain ® Finish
A rolled-on grit finish produced in the same manner as a 2B sheet
finish, except that grit rolls are substituted for polished rolls on the
light temper pass. This product results in a uniform finish that can be
substituted for polish finish in many applications.
Tricot Matte
A rolled-on matte finish produced in the same manner as a 2B sheet
finish, except that shot-blasted rolls are substituted for polished rolls on
the light temper pass. This product results in a dull, nondirectional finish
that is suitable for many painting and coating applications.
10
STAINLESS STEEL COMPARATOR
Reflections on Finish
Embossed Greystone ® Matte
An imprinted overall design on the surface of cold rolled stainless steel A rolled-on, dull, pebble-like finish produced on an annealed and
produced by passing the steel between rolls etched with the design pickled substrate in a manner similar to a 2B Sheet Finish. Initially
pattern. AK Steel’s embossed stainless steel is suitable for a wide variety designed for roofing applications to minimize the glare of sunlight,
of decorative applications. Greystone Matte finish is ideal for a variety of architectural applications.
11
STAINLESS STEEL COMPARATOR
Glossary of Stainless Sheet and Strip Terms
Abrasion Resistant Steels Retained Austenite
A family of steel products developed for those applications involved in A tendency in martensitic alloys that increases with the alloy and carbon
sliding and impact abrasion. content and with rate of cooling, to retain at room temperature a fraction
Air Hardening Steel of the austenite phase that is stable at the high temperature and which
Steels, such as low chromium and martensitic stainless steels, that do fails to transform to martensite on cooling.
not require quenching to produce hardening by the martensitic reaction. Roping
Alloying A fibrous surface pattern that can occur in 400 series sheet and strip
Alloying, in the common metallurgical sense, refers to the dissolving of when stretched or drawn. This pattern is always in the rolling direction and
one or more elements in a metal to produce a metallic mix or alloy. may require metal removal by polishing if a smooth surface is desired.
12
Making
Innovation
Happen
AK Steel Corporation
9227 Centre Pointe Drive
West Chester, OH 45069
844.STEEL99 | 844.783.3599
www.aksteel.com
sales@aksteel.com
Founded in 1847, Cleveland-Cliffs is among the largest vertically integrated producers of differentiated iron ore and steel in North America. With an emphasis on non-commoditized
products, the Company is uniquely positioned to supply both customized iron ore pellets and steel solutions to a quality-focused customer base. AK Steel, a wholly-owned subsidiary of
Cleveland-Cliffs, is a leading producer of flat-rolled carbon, stainless and electrical steel products. The AK Tube and Precision Partners businesses provide customer solutions with carbon
and stainless steel tubing products, die design and tooling, and hot- and cold-stamped components. In 2020, Cliffs also expects to be the sole producer of hot briquetted iron (HBI) in
the Great Lakes region. Headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, Cleveland-Cliffs employs approximately 11,000 people across mining and steel manufacturing operations in the United States
and Canada.
AK and the AK Steel logo are registered trademarks of the AK Steel Corporation. ©2020 AK Steel. All Rights Reserved. 5.20