Nizam of Hyderabad

The Nizams were the 18th-through-20th-century rulers of

Hyderabad. Nizam of Hyderabad (Niẓām ul-Mulk, also known
Nizam of Hyderabad
as Asaf Jah) was the title of the monarch of the Hyderabad State
(as of 2019 divided between the state of Telangana, Hyderabad-
Karnataka region of Karnataka and the Marathwada region of
Maharashtra). Nizam, shortened from Nizam-ul-Mulk, meaning
Administrator of the Realm, was the title inherited by Asaf Jah I.
He was the viceroy of the Great Mughal in the Deccan, the Coat of Arms of Hyderabad State
premier courtier in Mughal India in 1724, and the founding
"Nizam of Hyderabad". Incumbent
Mukarram Jah (pretender)
The Asaf Jahi dynasty was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-Din Siddiqi
(Asaf Jah I), who served as a viceroy of the Deccan under the Details
Mughal Empire from 1713 to 1721. He intermittently governed the Style His Exalted
region after Emperor Aurangzeb's death in 1707. In 1724 Mughal Highness
control weakened, and Asaf Jah became virtually independent of
Heir apparent Azmet Jah
the Mughal Empire; Hyderabad would then become a tributary of
the Maratha Empire, losing a series of battles through the 18th First monarch Qamar-ud-din
century.[1][2][3] Khan
Last monarch Osman Ali Khan
When the East India Company achieved paramountcy over the
Indian subcontinent, they allowed the Nizams to continue to rule Formation 31 July 1724
their princely states as client kings. The Nizams retained internal Abolition 17 September
power over Hyderabad State until 17 September 1948, when 1948
Hyderabad was integrated into the new Indian Union.[4] The Asaf
Residence Chowmahalla
Jah dynasty had only seven rulers; however there was a period of
13 unstable years after the rule of the first Nizam when three of his Palace
sons (Nasir Jung, Muzafar Jung and Salabath Jung) ruled. They Pretender(s) Mukarram Jah
were never officially recognised as rulers. The seventh and last
Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, fell from power when India
annexed Hyderabad in 1948 which is known as operation polo or
police action[5]

Contents
Hyderabad
Asafia flag of Hyderabad Deccan.
History The script along the top reads Al
Etymology Azmatulillah meaning "All greatness
Descent is for God".
The bottom script reads Ya Uthman
Reign
which translates to "Oh Osman".
End of the dynasty The writing in the middle reads
State wealth "Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah"
Institutions
 Infrastructure
Donation for compilation of Mahabharata
Donation to Hindu Temples
Palaces
List of Nizams of Hyderabad (1724–1948)
Descendants of the last Nizam
Family tree
Places, things named after and established by the Mir Osman Ali Khan
Nizams
See also
References
Secondary sources
External links

Hyderabad
By the time of its annexation, Hyderabad was the largest and most prosperous among all the princely states.
It covered 82,698 square miles (214,190 km2 ) of fairly homogeneous territory and had a population of
roughly 16.34 million people (as per the 1941 census). Hyderabad State had its own army, airline,
telecommunication system, railway network, postal system, currency and radio broadcasting service.
[6][7][8] Hindus were also given highest of the government posts; like 2-time Prime Minister of Hyderabad -
Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad, Maharaja Chandu Lal and Raja Sham Raj I. Raja Sham Raj II, a member of
H. E. H Nizam's Executive Council. The position of Kotwal was also given to a Hindu, Raja Bahadur
Venkatarama Reddy.[9]

History

Etymology

The name Nizam comes from Urdu ‫ ﻧﻈﺎم‬/nɪˈzɑːm/, which itself is derived from Arabic language niẓām
which means "order" or "arrangement".[10] Nizām-ul-mulk was a title first used in Urdu around 1600 to
mean Administrator of the Realm. The word is derived from the Arabic language, as in Abu Ali Hasan ibn
Ali Tusi (11 April 1018 – 14 October 1092), better known by his honorific title of Nizam al-Mulk (Arabic:
‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻠﮏ‬, "Order of the Realm").

Descent

According to Sir Roper Lethbridge in The Golden Book of India (1893), the Nizams are lineally descended
from the First Caliph Abu Bakr, the successor of the Islamic prophet Muhammed.[11] The family of
Nizams in India is descended from Abid Khan, a Turkoman from Samarkand, whose lineage is traced to
Sufi Shihab-ud-Din Suhrawardi (1154–91) of Central Asia. In the early 1650s, on his way to hajj, Abid
Khan stopped in Deccan, where the young prince Aurangzeb, then Governor of Deccan, cultivated him.
Abid Khan returned to the service of Aurangzeb to fight in the succession wars of 1657–58. After
Aurangzeb's enthronement, Abid Khan was richly rewarded and became Aurangzeb's favourite nobleman.
His son Ghazi Uddin Khan received in marriage, Safiya Khanum, the daughter of the former imperial
prime minister Sa‘dullah Khan. Mir Qamaruddin Khan, the founder of the line of Nizams, was born of the
couple, thus descending from two prominent families of the Mughal court.[12]

Ghazi Uddin Khan rose to become a General of the Emperor Aurangzeb and played a vital role in
conquering Bijapur and Golconda Sultanates of Southern India in 1686.[13] He also played a key role in
thwarting the rebellion by Prince Akbar and alleged rebellion by Prince Mu`azzam.[14]

After Aurangzeb's death and during the war of succession,

Qamaruddin and his father remained neutral thus escaping the risk
of being on the losing side; they remained marginal players in the
Mughal court during the reigns of Bahadur Shah I (1707–12) and
Jahandar Shah (1712–13). Their successor Farrukhsiyar (1713–19)
was appointed Qamaruddin the governor of Deccan in 1713,
awarding him the title Nizam-ul-Mulk. However, the governorship
was taken away two years later and Qamaruddin withdrew to his
estate in Moradabad. Under the next emperor, Muhammad Shah
(1719–48), Qamaruddin accepted the governorship of Deccan for
the second time in 1721. The next year, following the death of his
uncle Muhammad Amin Khan who had been a power-broker in
the Mughal Court, Qamaruddin returned to the Delhi and was
made the wazir (prime minister). According to historian Faruqui,
his tenure as prime minister was undermined by his opponents and
a rebellion in Deccan was engineered against him. In 1724, the
Map of India in 1760. The southern
Nizam returned to Deccan to reclaim his base, in the process
area in green was ruled by the
making a transition to a semi-independent ruler.[15]
Nizam.

Reign

In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba, named the region
Hyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers
retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad.[16][17]
Nizam I never formally declared independence from the Mughals; he still flew the Mughal flag, and was
never crowned. In Friday prayers, the sermon would be conducted in the name of Aurangzeb, and this
tradition would continue until the end of Hyderabad State in 1948. The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted
in a period of political unrest as his sons, backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign
forces, contended for the throne. The accession of Asif Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the
instability. In 1768 he signed the treaty of Machilipatnam, surrendering the coastal region to the East India
Company in return for a fixed annual rent.[18]

Following the decline of the Mughal power, the region of Deccan saw the rise of the Maratha Empire. The
titullar Nizams themselves fought during the Mughal-Maratha Wars since the 1720s, which resulted in the
Nizam paying a regular tax (Chauth) to the Marathas. The major battles fought between the Marathas and
the Nizam include Palkhed, Bhopal, Rakshasbhuvan, and Kharda, in all of which the Nizam lost.[19][20]
Following the conquest of Deccan by Bajirao I and the imposition of chauth by him, the Nizam remained a
tributary of the Marathas for all intent and purposes.[21]

In 1805, after the East India Company victory in the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the Nizam of Hyderabad
came under their protection.

In 1903 the Berar region of the state was separated and merged into the Central Provinces of British India,
to form the Central Provinces and Berar.
The last Nizam of Hyderabad state, Mir Osman Ali Khan
crowned in 1911, had been the richest man in the world in his
time.[22] The Nizams developed the railway, introduced
electricity, and developed roads, airways, irrigation and
reservoirs; in fact, all major public buildings in Hyderabad
City were built during his reign during the period of British
rule in India. He pushed education, science, and establishment
of Osmania University.

In 1947, at the time of the partition of India, the British

government offered the 565 princely states in the sub-
continent the options of acceding to either India or Pakistan, Hyderabad State in 1909
or remaining independent.

End of the dynasty

After the Independence of India in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad

chose to join neither India nor Pakistan. He later declared
Hyderabad an independent state as the third dominion, but the
Government of India refused to accept this. After attempts by India
to persuade the Nizam to accede to India failed, and due to large
scale atrocities committed by Razakars (who wanted the Nizam to
accede Hyderabad to Pakistan) on the Hindu populace,[23] the The sixth Nizam riding an elephant in
Indian government finally launched a military operation named a procession from Moula Ali, circa.
Operation Polo. The Indian Army invaded Hyderabad on 13 1890s.
September 1948 and defeated his untrained forces. The Nizam
capitulated on 17 September 1948; that same afternoon he
broadcast the news over the State radio network. The Nizam was forced to
accept accession to the new Union of India. His abdication on 17
September 1948 was the end of the dynasty's ambitions. Still he became
the Rajpramukh, post independence based on public vote.[24]

Mir Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam, died on Friday 24 February 1967.
All the Nizams are buried in royal graves at the Makkah Masjid near
Charminar in Hyderabad excepting the last, Mir Osman Ali Khan, who
wished to be buried beside his mother, in the graveyard of Judi Mosque
facing King Kothi Palace.[25][26]

State wealth General Syed Ahmed El

Edroos (at right) offers his
surrender of the Hyderabad
During the period of the Nizams' rule, Hyderabad became wealthy -
State Forces to Major
thanks to the Golconda mines which were the 'only sources of diamonds in
General (later General and
the world market at that time (apart from South African mines) making the
Army Chief) Jayanto Nath
7th Nizam the richest person in the world. Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII Chaudhuri at Secunderabad.
and his family including Salar Jung I were taught by Nawab Sarwar Ul
Mulk and Agha Mirza Baig Bahadur, who was his political advisor,[27]
and the senior-most salute state among the Indian princely states. It was spread over 223,000 km2
(86,000 sq mi) in the Deccan, ruled by the Asaf Jahi dynasty. The Nizams were conferred with the title of
His Exalted Highness, and "Faithful Ally of the British Government" for their roles in the Second and
Third Anglo-Mysore Wars and the Indian Rebellion of 1857,[28] becoming the only Indian prince to be
given both these titles.[29]
One example of the wealth of the Nizams are the Jewels of the
Nizams, an international tourist attraction once displayed in Salar
Jung Museum, but now locked in an Reserve Bank of India vault
in Delhi.[30] In 1948 Hyderabad state had an estimated population
of 17 million (1.7 crore), and it generated an estimated annual
revenue of £90,029,000.[28]

The state had its own currency known as the Hyderabadi rupee,
until 1951.[31] The pace at which the last Nizam Mir Osman Ali
Khan amassed wealth made him one of the world's richest men in The Nizam's of Hyderabad throne in
Chowmahalla Palace
1937, also known for his miserliness.[29] He was estimated to be
worth ₹ 660 crores (roughly US$2 billion by the then exchange
rates).[32] According to the Forbes All-Time Wealthiest List of
2008, Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan is the fifth richest man in recorded history per the figures, with an
estimated worth of US$210.8 billion adjusted by Forbes as per the growth of the US GDP since that period
and the present exchange rate of the US dollar against the Indian rupee.[31]

Institutions

The Nizams set up numerous institutions in the name of the dynasty including hospitals, schools, colleges,
and universities that imparted education in Urdu.[31] Inspired by the Indian Civil Service, the Nizams
established their own local Hyderabad Civil Service.

Infrastructure

The Nizams commissioned engineering projects such as large reservoirs like Osman Sagar and Himayat
Sagar. Survey work on the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam was also initiated during this time, although the actual
work was actually completed under the aegis of the Government of India in 1969.[33][34]

They also gave Hyderabad its own Railway Network -the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway[35] which
helped in setting up various industries.

Other landmarks include the Telangana High Court, City College, Public Gardens, (formerly Bagh-e-
Aaam) Jubilee Hall, Asafia Library, The Assembly building, Niloufer Hospital, the Osmania Arts College
and the Osmania Medical College.[36]

Donation for compilation of Mahabharata

In 1932, there was a need for money for the publication of Mahabharata in the Bhandarkar Oriental
Research Institute located in Pune. A formal request was made to the 7th Nizam - (Mir Osman Ali Khan)
who granted Rs. 1000 per year for a period of 11 years.[37]

He also gave Rs 50,000 for construction of the guest house which stands today as "Nizams guest
house"[38][39]

Donation to Hindu Temples

The Nizams donated Rs. 82,825 to the Yadagirigutta temple at Bhongir, Rs. 29,999 to Sita
Ramachandraswamy temple, Bhadrachalam[40]
The 7th Nizam also donated Rs. 8,000 to Tirupati Balaji Temple as yearly grants.[41]

A donation of Rs. 50,000 towards the re-construction of Sitarambagh temple located in the old city of
Hyderabad was also made.[42]

Palaces

The Asaf Jahis were prolific builders. Their palaces are listed below:

Chowmahalla Palace - Official residence of early Nizams

Purani Haveli
King Kothi Palace
Mahboob Mansion
Falaknuma Palace
Bella Vista
Hill Fort Palace
Chiran Palace
Saifabad Palace
Hyderabad House, New Delhi
Nizam Palace, Kolkata

List of Nizams of Hyderabad (1724–1948)

 Personal Date of Nizam Nizam Date of
Image Titular Name
Name birth From Until death

Nizam-ul-Mulk,
Asaf Jah I
Mir Qamar-ud- 20 August 31 July
1 June 1748
din Khan 1671 1724

Nasir Jung 26
Mir Ahmed Ali 1 June
February 16 December 1750
Khan 1748
1712

Muzaffar Jung Mir Hidayat

16
Muhi-ud-din
? December 13 February 1751
Sa'adullah
1750
Khan

Salabat Jung Mir Sa'id 24 13 16

8 July 1762
Muhammad November February September
(deposed)
Khan 1718 1751 1763

Nizam-ul-Mulk,
Asaf Jah II
Mir Nizam Ali 7 March 8 July
6 August 1803
Khan 1734 1762

Sikander Jah,
Asaf Jah III
11
Mir Akbar Ali 6 August
November 21 May 1829
Khan 1803
1768
ٓ،

Nasir-ud- Mir Farqunda 25 April 21 May 16 May 1857

Daula, Asaf Ali Khan 1794 1829
Jah IV
 ٓ،

Afzal-ud-
Daula, Asaf
Jah V
Mir Tahniyath 11 October 16 May
26 February 1869
Ali Khan 1827 1857

ٓ،

Asaf Jah VI 26
Mir Mahbub 17 August
ٓ
February 29 August 1911
Ali Khan 1866
1869

Asaf Jah VII 17

Mir Osman Ali 6 April 29 August September 24 February
ٓ Khan 1886 1911 1948 1967
(deposed)

Descendants of the last Nizam

The Nizam had 16 sons and 19 daughters, 6 of whom died during childbirth. [43][44][45][46][47][48]

The Asaf Jahi dynasty followed the Order of Precedence of male primogeniture regardless of the mother's
marital status or rank.

His eldest son was Azam Jah (21 February 1907 – 9 October 1970),was the Prince of Berar.

Whereas, his second son Moazzam Jah, married Princess Niloufer, a princess of the Ottoman empire.[49]

Family tree
I. Asaf Jah I, Yamin us-Sultanat, Rukn us-Sultanat, Jumlat ul-Mulk, Madar ul-Maham,
Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Khan-i-Dauran, Nawab Mir Ghazi ud-din Siddiqi, Khan
Bahadur, Fath Jang, Sipah Salar, Nawab Subedar of the Deccan, 1st Nizam of Hyderabad
(cr. 1720) (20 August 1671 – 1 June 1748). A senior governor and counsellor in the Imperial
government. Defeated the Imperial forces on 19 June 1720 at Hasanpur and formed an
independent state of his own. Confirmed in his possessions by Imperial firman and crowned on
31 July. Named Vice-Regent of the Mughal Empire by Emperor Muhammad Shah on 8 February
1722, secured the province of Berar on 11 October 1724 and formally made Hyderabad City his
new capital on 7 December 1724.
II. Humayun Jah, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Ahmad 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Nasir
Jang, Nawab Subedar of the Deccan, 2nd Nizam of Hyderabad (26 February 1712 – k. by
the Nawab of Kadapa 16 December 1750; r. 1 June 1748 – 16 December 1750).
Sahibzadi Khair un-nisa Begum. Married Nawab Talib Muhi ud-din Mutasawwil Khan
Bahadur, Muzaffar Jang:
III. Nawab Hidayat Muhi ud-din Sa'adu'llah Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Muzaffar Jang,
Nawab Subedar of the Deccan, 3rd Nizam of Hyderabad (k. by the Nawab of Kurnool 13
February 1751; r. 16 December 1750 – 13 February 1751).
IV. Amir ul-Mamalik, Asaf ud-Daula, Nawab Said Muhammad Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur,
Zaffar Jang, Nawab Subadar of the Deccan, 4th Nizam of Hyderabad (November 1718 – 16
September 1763; r. 13 February 1751 – 8 July 1762). Deposed by his younger brother on 8
July 1762 and killed in prison the following year, aged 44.
V. Asaf Jah II, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Nizam 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan
Bahadur, Fath Jang, Sipah Salar, Nawab Subadar of the Deccan, 5th Nizam of
Hyderabad (7 March 1734 – 6 August 1803; r. 8 July 1762 – 6 August 1803)
VI. Asaf Jah III, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir
Akbar 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Fulad Jang, 6th Nizam of Hyderabad (11
November 1768 – 21 May 1829; r. 6 August 1803 – 21 May 1829). The first of the dynasty
to be officially granted the title of Nizam.
VII. Rustam-i-Dauran, Aristu-i-Zaman, Asaf Jah IV, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam
ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Farkhanda 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur
[Gufran Manzil], Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Ayn Waffadar Fidvi-i-Senliena, Iqtidar-i-
Kishwarsitan Muhammad Akbar Shah Padshah-i-Ghazi, 7th Nizam of Hyderabad
(25 April 1794 – 16 May 1857; r. 21 May 1829 – 16 May 1857).
VIII. Asaf Jah V, Nizam ul-Mulk, Afzal ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Tahniyat 'Ali
Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, 8th Nizam of Hyderabad, GCSI (11 October 1827 – 26
February 1869; r. 16 May 1857 – 26 February 1869). The first of the dynasty to come
under British rule.
IX. Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VI,
Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Mahbub
'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, 9th Nizam of Hyderabad
GCB, GCSI (17 August 1866 – 31 August 1911; r. 26 February 1869 – 31 August
1911). Succeeded his father on 26 February 1869, ruled under a regency until 5
February 1884, when he was invested with full ruling powers by the Viceroy of
India.
X. Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII,
Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Osman
'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Faithful Ally of the
British Government, 10th Nizam of Hyderabad and of Berar GCSI, GBE,
Royal Victorian Chain, MP (6 April 1886 – 24 January 1967; r. 31 August 1911
– 26 January 1950). Granted the style of His Exalted Highness (1 January
1918), the title of Faithful Ally of the British Government (24 January 1918)
and Nizam of Hyderabad and of Berar (13 November 1936). The last of the
ruling Nizams; ruled absolutely from his accession until 19 September 1948,
when the state was formally annexed to the Union. Maintained semi-ruling
and semi-autonomous status from then until 23 November 1949, when he
accepted the paramountcy of the new Indian government and Constitution and
acceded to the Union. Formally lost his sovereignty, ending 230 years of Asaf
 Jahi rule, upon the formal promulgation of the Constitution on 26 January
1950. Served as Rajpramukh of the new Hyderabad State from 26 January
1950 until 31 October 1956, when the post was abolished. Served as a titular
monarch from 26 January 1950 until his death.
Azam Jah, Prince of Berar GCIE, GBE (21 February 1907 – 9 October
1970). Granted the title of His Highness the Prince of Berar (13 November
1936). Passed over in the line of succession in 1967 in favour of his elder
son.
XI. Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah
VIII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab
Mir Barakat 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, 11th
Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar (b. 6 October 1933; 11th Nizam: 24
January 1967 – 28 December 1971; dynastic head and pretender since
then).
Azmat Jah, Nawab Mir Muhammad Azmat 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan
Bahadur (b. 23 June 1960; appointed Prince of Berar and heir
apparent: 2002)

The Nizams' daughters had been married traditionally to young men of the Paigah family. This family
belonged to the Sunni sect.

italics – Considered pretenders by most historians; refrained from exercising traditional authority during
their reigns.

Places, things named after and established by the Nizams

Places and things named after the Nizam include Nizamabad, a city and district in the state of Telangana;
Jamia Nizamia, a university; the Nizam College; the Nizam's Museum; the Nizam's Guaranteed State
Railway; the Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; the Jewels of the Nizams; the Nizam Diamond; the
Nizam Sagar, HMAS Nizam, Nizamia observatory; the Nizam Club; the Nizam of Hyderabad necklace;
the Nizam's Contingent; the Nizam Gate; the Nizam Palace; Government Nizamia General Hospital; and
H.E.H. the Nizam's Charitable Trust.

See also
Asaf Jahi dynasty
History of Telangana
History of Hyderabad, India
Salar Jung family
Raja Shamraj Bahadur
Hyderabadi Muslims
Osman Ali Khan

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External links
Asaf Jahi Dynasty with Genealogical Tree and Photos (http://joyhyderabad.com/web/history-
of-hyderabad)
Detailed genealogy of the Nizams of Hyderabad (http://www.usbnews24.com/?p=14659)
Rare colour footage of accession ceremony of the 8th Nizam of Hyderabad in 1967
(YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBrnCbBZKqI)
The Secret History of Hyderabad State of the Nizam (South India; 1724 – 1948) (http://www.
cabaltimes.com/2016/06/28/nizam/12/)

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