Origin of Life
The chicken
Biology-study of live and living organisms
Branches of Biology
● Botany-study of plants
● Zoology-study of animals
● Microbiology-study of microscopic
organisms
● ​Embryology-study of
embryogenesis, development of an
embryo from a fertilized egg
● Anatomy-structures of living things.
Dates back more than 2,000 years
to Ancient Greek
● Physiology-functions
● Genetics-study of heredity
● Evolution-study of change in
characteristics
● ​Biotechnology-
Early Theories on the Origin of Life
● ​Divine Creation-we are created in
His likeness
● ​Abiogenesis Theory-aka
spontaneous generation. Life is from
non-living or inanimate objects. The
rat is from the pile of clothes and
weeds(food?). ARISTOTLE
proposed it!!! They believed it for at
least 2,000 years.
Ancient Egyptians, Aristotle, John
Needham.
● ​Biogenisis Theory-life came from
pre-existing life. Proven through a
series of experiments.
Francesco Redi, Lazzaro
Spallanzani, Louis Pasteur
Francesco Redi Experiment (Biogenesis)
● Three jars with meat. Maggots were
from flies and not from the dead
meat. Disproved the spontaneous
generation for big animals(?)
John Needham (Abiogenesis)
● ​ eated Chicken Broth.
H
broth became malabo and the
microbes daw is from the dead so it
supports ABIOGENESIS.
Lazzaro Spallanzani (Biogenesis)
● ​Repeated Needham's experiment
but he removed the air by closing
the flask. Scientists critique it by
saying that air is important in able to
produce living chuchu.
Louis Pasteur (Biogenesis)
● Repeated Needham's experiment
again but he used swan neck flask
to address Spalanzani's problem,
the "we need air to produce
organisms chuchu ''. It is open. He
then broke the neck so he believed
that microorganisms in the air
caused the growth. He is the one
who disproved Abiogenesis
talagaa!!!
Other Theories
The Original Oppa (Oparin and Haldane)
● ​Life came from inorganic molecules
that were converted by lightning to
be organic molecules. Their powers
are limited, so
● ​Miller and Urey conducted their
concept in an experiment
●
Panspermia
● ​By Svante Arrhenius
● ​Life was formed in outer space and it
was transferred to Earth through
asteroids. I knew it, Alien tayo^.^
Characteristics of Life
a. All organisms are made up of cell
Classification of Cell based on the Presence
of Nucleus
 ● ​ rokaryotes-cells that do not have
P ●
nucleus. Simplest cell. Eg. Bacteria.
● ​Eukaryotes-have a true nucleus.
More complex compared to the
former because it has nucleus and
membrane bound organelles. Eg.
Plant cell, fungi, nerve cell, amoeba.
We can also classify cells based on
the number of cells. Amoeba is
considered unicellular, because it
can live nang mag-isa lang. Nerve
cell is multicellular because it needs
to be marami to function
B. Cellular Organization
● ​Organisms can be classified based
on the six kingdoms that we have.
C. Reproduction:Continuation of Life
● ​Reproduction for Perpetuation be it
sexually or asexually.
Asexual Reproduction-organisms makes a
copy of themselves. Common in lower life
forms because it only involves one
individual.
● ​Binary Fission-divides itself. They
are identical.
● ​Spore Rain-Mushroom showers it
spores to produce offspring.
Sexual Reproduction-two individuals are
involved. They contribute their sex cells to
produce a unique individual of their kind.
D. Heredity: Unity Amidst Diversity
● ​Involvement of DNA
E. Growth and Development:It's inevitable
● ​Growth-increasing of tissues. Eg.
Plants.
● ​Development-stages in an
organisms life cycle which are
accompanied by life changes. Eg.
Moth, Life cycle of a butterfly.
F. Metabolism:Gathering and Using Energy
● ​Catabolism-break down. Gathers
energy.
● ​Anabolism-build up. Making energy.
G. Irritability:Respond to Stimuli
​ apability of an organism to respond
C
to stimuli or external factors like
light, sound, pressure, presence of
chemical substances.
H. Adaptability: Survival of the Fittest
● ​Capability of an organism to make
adjustments to changes
I. Motility: Keep it Moving
● ​Use of the locomotor organs.
● ​Organisms tend to move in order to
reproduce, adapt in the environment.
J. Homeostatis: Keeping Balance
● ​Ability to maintain a constant internal
environment despite the changes in
the external environment.
● ​Eg. Sweating, Goosebumps, Ear
popping when riding a plane.
Shivering
K. Evolution: Change is Permanent
● ​Changes in characteristics of a
group or organisms over time.
● Evidences of evolution
1. ​Similar Genes-chimpanzees and
human’s genes are quite similar.
2. ​Anatomical Evidence-comparisons
of organisms based on their
anatomy.
Two types:
Homologous-structures similar in
related organisms because they
were inherited from a common
ancestor.
Analogous-similar in unrelated
organisms.
3. ​Natural Selection-one of the basic
mechanisms of evolution.
4. Lamarckism-use and disuse.
Giraffes have shorter necks but they
need to survive so they reach higher
than usual so their necks become
longer because they always use
them.
5. Biogeography-geographic
distribution of organisms on earth.
 Has something to do with tectonic
movements. Eg. Kangaroos can be
found in Australia and America and it
proves that the plates are once
together.
Adaptation vs. Evolution
Adaptation-adjustment in a short period of
time
Evolution-change in the characteristics of
the organism over a period of time.
Biotechnology
​Technology that uses biological
systems, living organisms or parts of this to
develop or create different products.
Tools of Biotechnology
● ​DNA Sequencing
● ​Recombinant DNA-technology that
uses enzymes to cut and paste
together DNA sequences of interest.
Can be carried to vectors
● ​DNA Synthesis-natural creation of
DNA. But it can also be an artificial
DNA. We are talking about the
Artificial here and not the natural.
Types of Biotechnology
● ​Medical-use of living cells or other
cell materials to better the health of
humans. Eg. Vaccines, Antibiotics
● ​Industrial-industrial fermentation. Eg.
Biocatalysts, Fermentation,
Microorganisms to generate
products that are environmentally
useful
● ​Agricultural-focuses on developing
genetically modified plants to
increase crop yields. Eg. Pest
Resistant Crops, Plant and Animal
Breeding
● ​ nvironmental-used in waste
E
treatment and solution. Eg.
Bioremediation
Application of Biotechnology
● *Nutrient
Supplementation-application for the
production of golden rice
● ​Abiotic Stress Resistance-need to
develop crops that can handle
abiotic stress like salinity.
● ​Industrial
Biotechnology-manufacturing beer
and wine
● ​Strength Fibers-getting the gene of
spider webs and combining it with
silk to make strong fibers.
● ​Biofuels-energy production sector.
Oils. Eg. Using corn as an
alternative in running cars.
● ​Healthcare-development if
pharmaceutical drugs
● ​Food Processing-method of
fermentation
● ​Fuel from waste-alam mo na 'yan
● ​Commodity Chemicals and Specialty
Chemicals-synthesis of undesirable
products such as hydrochloric acid
● ​Hi-tech Finishing Fabrics-textile
industry. Eg. Produce a
biotech-derived cotton.
● ​Detergent Proteases-yields organic
fertilizers
● ​Wound Dressings-Dressings with
sugar from shrimp and crab shells
Advantages and Disadvantages
Genetic Engineering
● ​Artificial Manipulation,
modification,and recombination of
DNA or other nucleic acid molecules
in order to modify an organism or
population of organisms.
 ● ​ he process of altering structure in
T ●
nature of genes in human beings,
animals, or food.
● ​Has something to do with
modification or addition of DNA of
organisms.
● ​CRISPR-edited T Cells
Cell
● Robert Hooke-first person who
coined the term "Cell"
● Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek-Father of
Microbiology pioneering work in the
field of microscopy
● Matthias Schleiden-concluded that
all plants are made of cells
● Theodore Schwann-concluded that
all animals are made of cells.
● Rudolf Virchow-concluded that all
cells came from pre-existing cells.
● Cell Theory-All living things are
made up of cells. Cells are the basic
unit of structure and function in an
organism. New cells arise from
existing cells. (It is proven na even if
it is in "Theory" name pa.)
Cells are different
2 main types of Cells
a. Prokaryotes
b. Eukaryotes
Membrane bound organelles-may fluid
inside its part
Non-membrane bound organelles-no fluid
inside its part
Cell Organelles
● ​Flagella-proper like motion
● ​Cilia-back and forth beating
● ​Cell Membrane-separates the inner
part of the cell from the outside.
Gatekeeper. Structure follows Fluid
Mosaic Layer.
​ ytoplasm-"Swimming pool of
C
Organelles". Made up of 80 percent
water. Water and nutrients
cytoskeleton
● ​Endoplasmic Reticulum
a. Smooth ER-Lacks Ribosomes. It
synthesize lipids.
b. Rough ER-Attached Ribosomes.
Synthesize proteins.
● ​Ribosomes-Protein factory of the cell
a. Bound Ribosomes-attached to
Ribosomes
b. Free Ribosomes
● ​Golgi Apparatus-Packaging site.
● ​Vesicles-Ships golgi products. Beep
beep! J&T po!
● ​Lysosomes-Cell digestion and
Enzyme sacks.
● ​Nucleus-control center. stores DNA
● ​Nucleolus-Makes rRNA
● ​Mitochondria-powerhouse
Organelles Found only in Plant Cells
● ​Cell Wall-surrounds cell
● ​Plastids-Make and Store needed
Compounds. Eg. Chloroplast,
Leucoplast, Chromoplast,
Amyloplast, Proteinoplast, Elaioplast
● ​Chloraplast-site of Photosynthesis
● ​Vacuole-Storage of water,organic
compounds and enzymes. Disposal
site of harmful byproducts chuchu.