UNIT 1 - NOUNS

NOUNS

Underline the nouns in the following sentences.

1. The metropolitan area of Boston has expanded to fill the shoreline of Massachusetts Bay.

2. The last time Robinson cut his hair was in 1988.

3. If your anxiety continues, please seek help from a counselor.

4. I think it is the most useful quantitative measure of a high school.

5. Cotton was an integral part of the local economy.

6. Boston was, until 1755, the biggest city in America.

7. The Cubans believed they had finally arrived at the land of freedom.

8. Purchasing a horse means embarking on an exciting adventure.

9. Los Angeles is now a city with a resident population of half a million and receives almost two

million visitors a year.

10. The rambling metropolis of Los Angeles sprawls across the thousand square miles of a great

desert basin.

1
 UNIT 1 - The parts of speech

Study Check

— NOUNS
— NOUNS —
—
A noun
A noun isis aa word
word used
used toto refer
refer to
to people,
people, animals,
animals, objects,
objects, feelings,
feelings, places
places and
and ideas.
ideas. Nouns
Nouns can
can be
be aa
subject or
subject or an
an object
object of
of aa verb,
verb, can
can bebe modified
modified by
by an
an adjective
adjective and
and can
can take
take an
an article
article or
or determiner.
determiner.

Peoplesister, Uncle
Peoplesister, Uncle Abdul,
Abdul, weaver,
weaver, friendsAnimalscat,
friendsAnimalscat, dog,
dog, raccoon,
raccoon, giraffe,
giraffe, tiger,
tiger,
gnuObjectschopsticks, Skylab, table, chairFeelingssadness, happiness, hate, malicePlaceshouse,
gnuObjectschopsticks, Skylab, table, chairFeelingssadness, happiness, hate, malicePlaceshouse,
Malaysia, Milky
Malaysia, Milky Way,
Way, DetroitIdeaslove,
DetroitIdeaslove, hate,
hate, cooperation,
cooperation, courage
courage

In the
In the following
following sentences,
sentences, the
the words
words in
in italics
italics are
are all
all nouns.
nouns. Notice
Notice which
which nouns
nouns name
name people,
people, animals,
animals,
objects, feelings,
objects, feelings, places
places and
and ideas:
ideas:

Eudora Welty
Eudora Welty writes
writes stories
stories about
about the
the South.
South.
San Diego is a city in California.
San Diego is a city in California.
This table
This table needs
needs another
another coat
coat of
of shellac.
shellac.
Honesty wins
Honesty wins respect
respect from
from friends.
friends.

Usually there
Usually there are
are several
several nouns
nouns in
in every
every sentence:
sentence:

My parents
My parents heard
heard Martina
Martina Arroyo
Arroyo sing
sing Aïda
Aïda at
at the
the Metropolitan
Metropolitan House.
House.
Some drugstores
Some drugstores sell
sell appliances
appliances and
and stationery
stationery asas well
well as
as medicine.
medicine.
Some people
Some people value
value power
power above
above freedom.
freedom.
Aplane
A plane flying
flying from
from Boston
Boston toto Seattle
Seattle crosses
crosses the
the continent.
continent.

2
 UNIT 1 - NOUNS

Study Check
—
— TYPES
TYPES OF
OF NOUNS
NOUNS —
—
There
There are
are many
many two
two main
main types
types of
of nouns:
nouns: proper
proper and
and common.
common. As As you
you know,
know, you
you capitalize
capitalize some
some nouns,
nouns,
such
such as Canada or Louise, and do not capitalize others, such as badger or tree (unless they appear at
as Canada or Louise, and do not capitalize others, such as badger or tree (unless they appear at the
the
beginning of a sentence). The rest are just characteristics that either proper or common (sometimes
beginning of a sentence). The rest are just characteristics that either proper or common (sometimes both) both)
can
can have.
have.

TYPE
TYPE OF OF NOUNSDEFINITIONEXAMPLESProperA
NOUNSDEFINITIONEXAMPLESProperA proper proper noun
noun names
names aa particular
particular person,
person, place,
place,
thing,
thing, or
or idea
idea and
and isis always
always capitalized.Venus,
capitalized.Venus, Henri
Henri Matisse,
Matisse, Vietnam
Vietnam Veterans
Veterans Memorial,
Memorial,
MerrimackCommonCommon
MerrimackCommonCommon nouns nouns name
name any
any one
one of
of aa group
group of
of persons,
persons, places,
places, things,
things, or
or ideas
ideas and
and are
are
not capitalized.planet, artist, monument, ship, state, building, airplane
not capitalized.planet, artist, monument, ship, state, building, airplane
Characteristics
Characteristics of
of proper
proper and
and common
common nouns
nouns
CHARACTERISTIC
CHARACTERISTIC EXPLANATIONEXAMPLESConcreteNouns
EXPLANATIONEXAMPLESConcreteNouns are are concrete
concrete ifif they
they can
can be
be
perceived
perceived by by the
the senses.cat,
senses.cat, moon,
moon, lightning,
lightning, cotton,
cotton, bananaAbstractNouns
bananaAbstractNouns are are considered
considered abstract
abstract
when
when the
the can
can not
not be
be perceived
perceived byby the
the senses.God,
senses.God, freedom,
freedom, strength,
strength, gentleness,
gentleness, failure,
failure, love,
love, anxiety,
anxiety,
prideCollectiveNouns
prideCollectiveNouns are considered collective if they refer to a group of people, animals or
are considered collective if they refer to a group of people, animals or
things.family,
things.family, team,
team, committee,
committee, crowd,
crowd, shoal,
shoal, herdMass/uncountableNouns
herdMass/uncountableNouns are are considered
considered uncountable
uncountable
nouns
nouns ifif they
they name
name “uncountable”
“uncountable” things.water,
things.water, time,
time, sugar,
sugar, coffeeCountableNouns
coffeeCountableNouns are are considered
considered
countable
countable nouns
nouns ifif they
they name
name have
have both
both aa singular
singular and
and aa plural
plural form.person,
form.person, horse,horse, skate,
skate,
tableCompoundIf
tableCompoundIf aa noun noun (proper
(proper or
or common
common is is formed
formed byby more
more than
than one
one word,
word, itit is
is called
called compound
compound
noun.high
noun.high school,
school, great-grandmother,
great-grandmother, left-handerNouns
left-handerNouns ending
ending inin
-ingSome common nouns that appear in the dictionary
-ingSome common nouns that appear in the dictionary end in end in
–ing.walking,
–ing.walking, dancing,
dancing, drinking,
drinking, climbing,
climbing,

3
 UNIT 1 - The parts of speech

Proper Nouns.
Proper Nouns. AA proper
proper noun
noun isis always
always capitalized,
capitalized, since
since the
the noun
noun represents
represents the
the name
name of
of aa specific
specific
person, place,
person, place, or
or thing.
thing. The
The names
names of of days
days of
of the
the week,
week, months,
months, historical
historical documents,
documents, institutions,
institutions,
organizations, religions,
organizations, religions, their
their holy
holy texts
texts and
and their
their adherents
adherents are
are proper
proper nouns.
nouns. AA proper
proper noun
noun isis the
the
opposite of a common
opposite of a common noun:noun:

The Marroons
The Marroons were were transported
transported from from Jamaica
Jamaica andand forced
forced to
to build
build the
the fortifications
fortifications in
in
Halifax.
Halifax.
Many people
Many people dread
dread Monday
Monday mornings.
mornings.
Beltane isis celebrated
Beltane celebrated on
on the
the first
first of
of May.
May.
Abraham appears in the Talmud
Abraham appears in the Talmud and in and in the
the Koran.
Koran.
Last year, I had a Baptist and a Buddhist as
Last year, I had a Baptist and a Buddhist as roommates.roommates.

Common Nouns.
Common Nouns. A A common
common nounnoun refers
refers to
to aa person,
person, place,
place, or
or thing
thing in
in aa general
general sense
sense --usually,
--usually, you
you
should write
should write itit with
with aa capital
capital letter
letter only
only when
when itit begins
begins aa sentence.
sentence. A A common
common noun
noun isis the
the opposite
opposite
of aa proper
of proper noun:
noun:

According to
According to the
the sign,
sign, the
the nearest
nearest town
town isis 60
60 miles
miles away.
away.
All the gardens in the neighborhood were
All the gardens in the neighborhood were invaded byinvaded by beetles
beetles this
this summer.
summer.
II don't
don't understand
understand why
why some
some people
people insist
insist onon having
having six
six different
different kinds
kinds of
of mustard
mustard in
in
their cupboards.
their cupboards.

Sometimes you
Sometimes you will
will make
make proper
proper nouns
nouns out
out of
of common
common nouns,
nouns, as
as in
in the
the following examples:
following examples:

The tenants
The tenants in
in the
the Garnet
Garnet Apartments
Apartments are are appealing
appealing the the large
large and
and sudden
sudden increase
increase in
in
their rent.
their rent.
The meals
The meals inin the
the Bouncing
Bouncing Bean
Bean Restaurant
Restaurant are
are less
less expensive
expensive than
than meals
meals in
in ordinary
ordinary
restaurants.
restaurants.
The Diary
The Diary ofof Anne
Anne Frank
Frank isis often
often aa child's
child's first
first introduction
introduction toto the
the history
history of
of the
the
Holocaust.
Holocaust.

4
 UNIT 1 - NOUNS

Concrete
Concrete Nouns.
Nouns. AA concrete
concrete noun
noun names
names anything
anything (or
(or anyone)
anyone) that
that you
you can
can perceive
perceive through
through your
your
physical
physical senses: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell. A concrete noun is the opposite of an
senses: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell. A concrete noun is the opposite of an abstract
abstract
noun.
noun.

Examples:
Examples:

The
The judge
judge handed
handed the
the files
files to
to the
the clerk.
clerk.
Whenever
Whenever they take the dog to the
they take the dog to the beach,
beach, itit spends
spends hours
hours chasing
chasing waves.
waves.
As
As the
the car
car drove
drove past
past the
the park,
park, thethe thump
thump of of aa disco
disco tune
tune overwhelmed
overwhelmed the
the string
string
quartet's
quartet's rendition
rendition of
of aa minuet.
minuet.

Abstract
Abstract Nouns.
Nouns. AnAn abstract
abstract noun
noun names
names anything
anything which
which you
you can
can not
not perceive
perceive through
through your
your five
five
physical senses, and is the opposite of a concrete noun.
physical senses, and is the opposite of a concrete noun.

Tilli
Tilli is
is amused
amused by by people
people who
who are
are nostalgic
nostalgic about
about childhood.
childhood.
Justice
Justice often
often seems
seems toto slip
slip out
out of
of our
our grasp.
grasp.
Some
Some scientists
scientists believe
believe that
that schizophrenia
schizophrenia is is transmitted
transmitted genetically.
genetically.

Collective/Group
Collective/Group Nouns. Nouns. A A collective
collective noun
noun names
names aa group
group ofof people,
people, animals,
animals, oror things.
things. You
You could
could
count
count the individual members of the group, but you usually think of the group as a whole generally
the individual members of the group, but you usually think of the group as a whole generally
as
as one
one unit.
unit. ItIt is
is necessary
necessary to
to be
be able
able to
to recognize
recognize collective
collective nouns
nouns in
in order
order to
to maintain
maintain subject-verb
subject-verb
agreement.
agreement.

Groups
Groups ofof people:
people:
army,
army, audience,
audience, band,
band, choir,
choir, class,
class, committee,
committee, crew,
crew, family,
family, gang,
gang, jury,
jury, orchestra,
orchestra, police,
police, staff,
staff,
team, trio
team, trio

Groups
Groups of
of animals:
animals:
colony,
colony, flock,
flock, herd,
herd, pack,
pack, pod,
pod, school,
school, swarm
swarm

Groups
Groups of
of things:
things:
bunch,
bunch, bundle,
bundle, clump,
clump, pair,
pair, set,
set, stack
stack

When
When such
such aa group
group is
is considered
considered as
as aa single
single unit,
unit, the
the collective
collective noun
noun is
is used
used with
with aa singular
singular
verb
verb and
and singular
singular pronouns:
pronouns:

The
The committee
committee has
has reached
reached its
its decision.
decision.

But
But when
when the
the focus
focus is
is on
on the
the individual
individual members
members of
of the
the group,
group, the
the collective
collective noun
noun is
is used
used with
with aa
plural
plural verb
verb and
and plural
plural pronouns:
pronouns:

The
The committee
committee have
have been
been arguing
arguing all
all morning.
morning.

5
 UNIT 1 - The parts of speech

This isis the

This the same
same as
as saying:
saying:

The people
The people in
in the
the committee
committee have
have been
been arguing
arguing all
all morning.
morning.

Examples:
Examples:

The flock
The flock of
of geese
geese spends
spends most
most of
of its
its time
time in
in the
the pasture.
pasture.
The jury is dining on take-out chicken tonight.
The jury is dining on take-out chicken tonight.
The steering
The steering committee
committee meets
meets every
every Wednesday
Wednesday afternoon.
afternoon.
The class was startled by the bursting light
The class was startled by the bursting light bulb. bulb.

Mass/Uncountable Nouns.
Mass/Uncountable Nouns. An An uncountable
uncountable noun
noun (or
(or mass
mass noun)
noun) does
does not
not have
have aa plural
plural form,
form, and
and
refers to something that you could (or would) not usually count. An uncountable noun always
refers to something that you could (or would) not usually count. An uncountable noun always takes takes
aa singular
singular verb
verb in
in aa sentence.
sentence. Mass
Mass nouns
nouns are
are similar
similar to
to collective
collective nouns,
nouns, and
and are
are the
the opposite
opposite of
of
countable nouns.
countable nouns.

Oxygen isis essential

Oxygen essential to
to human
human life.
life.
We decided
We decided to
to sell
sell the
the furniture
furniture rather
rather than
than take
take itit with
with us
us when
when we moved.
we moved.
It was
It was good
good toto get
get out
out into
into the
the countryside
countryside andand breathe
breathe in
in some
some fresh air.
fresh air.

Countable Nouns.
Countable Nouns. A A countable
countable noun
noun (or
(or count
count noun)
noun) has
has both
both aa singular
singular and
and aa plural
plural form,
form, and
and itit
names anything
names anything (or
(or anyone)
anyone) that
that you
you can
can count.
count. Countable
Countable nouns
nouns are
are the
the opposite
opposite of
of uncountable
uncountable nouns
nouns
and collective
and collective nouns.
nouns.

We painted
We painted the
the table
table red
red and
and the
the chairs
chairs blue.
blue.
Since he
Since he inherited
inherited his
his aunt's
aunt's library,
library, Jerome
Jerome spends
spends every
every
weekend indexing
weekend indexing his his books.
books.
Miriam found
Miriam found six
six silver
silver dollars
dollars in
in the
the toe
toe of
of aa sock.
sock.

6
 UNIT 1 - NOUNS

Sources
Sources of
of confusion
confusion with
with countable
countable and
and uncountable
uncountable nouns
nouns

The
The notion
notion of
of countable
countable and
and uncountable
uncountable can
can be
be confusing.
confusing. Sometimes
Sometimes aa noun
noun is
is used
used
uncountably
uncountably when we are talking about the whole substance or idea but countably when we are
when we are talking about the whole substance or idea but countably when we are
talking
talking about:
about:

recognized
recognized containers
containers for
for things:I
things:I prefer
prefer tea
tea to
to coffee.
coffee.
vs.
vs.
Doctors
Doctors recommend
recommend limiting
limiting consumption
consumption to to two
two coffees
coffees aa day.
day. (cups
(cups ofof coffee)a
coffee)a type,
type, brand
brand oror make
make ofof
things:
things:
There’s
There’s cheese
cheese inin the
the fridge.
fridge.
vs.
vs.
There
There were
were dozens
dozens of
of chesses
chesses to
to choose
choose from.
from. (kinds
(kinds ofof cheese)a
cheese)a particular
particular example
example ofof aa physical
physical or
or
concrete thing.She has blonde
concrete thing.She has blonde hair. hair.
vs.
vs.
There
There is a hair in my soup! (just one)a particular instance of
is a hair in my soup! (just one)a particular instance of aa substance
substance or or and
and idea.Her
idea.Her beauty
beauty cannot
cannot
be
be matched.
matched.
vs.
vs.
She’s
She’s aa real
real beauty.
beauty.

Compound
Compound Nouns.
Nouns. A
A compound
compound noun
noun is
is made
made up
up of
of two
two or
or more
more words.
words. Most
Most compound
compound nouns
nouns in
in
English are formed by nouns modified by other nouns or adjectives:
English are formed by nouns modified by other nouns or adjectives:

The
The words
words tooth
tooth and
and paste
paste are
are each
each nouns
nouns in
in their
their own
own right,
right, but
but ifif you
you
join
join them
them together
together they
they form
form aa new
new word
word -- toothpaste.
toothpaste.

The
The word
word black
black is
is an
an adjective
adjective and
and board
board is
is aa noun,
noun, but
but ifif you
you join
join
them together they form a new word - blackboard.
them together they form a new word - blackboard.

In
In both
both these
these examples
examples the the first
first word
word modifies
modifies or or describes
describes the
the second
second word,
word, telling
telling us
us what
what kind
kind of
of
object
object or
or person
person itit is,
is, or
or what
what its
its purpose
purpose is.
is. ItIt functions
functions as
as an
an adjective
adjective for
for the
the second
second word.
word. And
And the
the
second
second part
part identifies
identifies thethe object
object or
or person
person in
in question.
question.

7
 UNIT 1 - The parts of speech

Compound nouns
Compound nouns can
can also
also be
be formed
formed using
using the
the following
following combinations
combinations of
of words:
words:
Noun
Noun ++ Noun
Noun toothpaste
toothpaste
Adjective
Adjective ++ Noun
Noun monthly ticket
monthly ticket
Verb
Verb ++ Noun
Noun swimming
swimming pool pool
Preposition
Preposition ++ Noun
Noun underground
underground
Noun
Noun ++ Verb
Verb haircut
haircut
Noun ++
Noun Preposition
Preposition hanger-on
hanger-on
Adjective
Adjective ++ Verb
Verb dry-cleaning
dry-cleaning
Preposition
Preposition ++ Verb
Verb output
output

The two
The two parts
parts may
may be
be written
written in
in aa number
number of
of ways:
ways:
Sometimes the two words are joined together:
Sometimes the two words are joined together:

tooth
tooth ++ paste
paste == toothpaste
toothpaste
bed
bed ++ room
room == bedroom
bedroom
dust
dust ++ man
man == dustman
dustman
tooth
tooth ++ ache
ache == toothache
toothache
motor
motor ++ way
way == motorway
motorway

Sometimes they
Sometimes they are
are joined
joined using
using aa hyphen:
hyphen:

check-in
check-in

Sometimes they
Sometimes they appear
appear as
as two
two separate
separate words:
words:

full moon
full moon get-well card
get-well card
changing room
changing room air conditioning
air conditioning
fire engine
fire engine wrapping paper
wrapping paper

Nouns ending
Nouns ending in in -ing.
-ing. Some
Some nouns
nouns end
end inin –ing
–ing as
as gerunds
gerunds do,
do, but
but the
the main
main difference
difference between
between them
them
and the
and the latter
latter lies
lies in
in the
the fact
fact that
that these
these nouns
nouns appear
appear in
in the
the dictionary
dictionary as as words
words with
with aa specific
specific
meaning while
meaning while aa gerund
gerund isis aa verbal
verbal (a(a word
word coming
coming from
from aa verb
verb that
that can
can take
take any
any modifier
modifier accepted
accepted
by verbs,
by verbs, including
including direct
direct objects).
objects).

Examples:
Examples:

II enjoy
enjoy walking.
walking.
Activities include
Activities include dancing,
dancing, bounce
bounce house,
house, piñata,
piñata, and
and crafts.
crafts.
Martial arts
Martial arts shop
shop specialized
specialized in
in Brazilian
Brazilian jiu-jitsu
jiu-jitsu kimonos,
kimonos, submission,
submission,
wrestling, judô, and much more!
wrestling, judô, and much more!

8
 UNIT 1 - NOUNS

Adjectives
Adjectives used
used as
as head
head of
of aa noun
noun phrase
phrase
Adjectives
Adjectives can
can act
act as
as aa noun
noun would
would when when combined
combined with
with the
the definite
definite article
article the;
the; together
together the
the
adjective
adjective and
and the
the article
article can
can refer
refer to
to aa class
class or
or group
group of
of people,
people, or
or an
an abstract
abstract idea:
idea:

the
the poor,
poor, the
the rich,
rich, the
the oppressed,
oppressed, the
the homeless,
homeless, the
the lonely,
lonely, the
the
unlettered,
unlettered, the
the unwashed,
unwashed, thethe dark,
dark, the
the unexpected,
unexpected, etc.
etc.

Should
Should the
the phrase
phrase refer
refer to
to aa class
class or
or group
group of
of people,
people, itit will
will be
be plural
plural and
and will
will require
require aa plural
plural verb:
verb:

The
The rich
rich of
of Connecticut
Connecticut areare responsible.
responsible.
The
The elderly are beginning to
elderly are beginning to demand
demand their
their rights.
rights.
The
The young
young atat heart
heart are
are always
always aa joy
joy to
to be
be around.
around.
The
The rural
rural poor
poor have
have been
been ignored
ignored by
by the
the media
media

*However,
*However, ifif the
the phrase
phrase describes
describes an
an idea
idea or
or aa concept,
concept, itit will
will be
be singular,
singular, and
and so
so shall
shall its
its verb.
verb.

She
She is
is afraid
afraid of
of the
the dark.
dark.
The
The unexpected
unexpected tends
tends to
to alter
alter our
our lives
lives easily.
easily.

9
 UNIT 1 - The parts of speech

Exercise 1. Identifty the types of nouns underlined and their characteristics.

1. Chinese New Year is the most important of the traditional Chinese holidays.
2. I like half-and-half in my coffee.
3. Legend has it that in ancient China Nian ("Nyehn") was a man-devouring predator beast that
could infiltrate houses silently.
4. The Chinese soon learned that Nian was sensitive to loud noises and the color red, and they
scared it away with explosions, fireworks and the use of color red.
5. Celebrated internationally in areas with large populations of ethnic Chinese, Chinese New Year
is considered to be a major holiday for the Chinese as well as ethnic groups such as the
Mongolians, Koreans, the Miao and the Vietnamese, who were influenced by Chinese
culture in terms of religious and philosophical worldview, language and culture in general.
6. Chinese New Year is also the time when the largest human migration takes place.
7. She explained the thinking behind the campaign.
8.  IDIOMS  held on New Year's Eve where members of the family get together for celebration.
9. The New Year's Eve dinner is very large and traditionally includes chicken.
10. A type of black hair-like algae, pronounced "fat choy" in Cantonese, is also featured in many
dishes since its name sounds similar to "prosperity".

10
 UNIT 2 - The parts of speech

Study Check
—
— Noun
Noun Endings
Endings —
—
Many
Many nouns
nouns can
can be
be recognized
recognized by
by their
their endings.
endings. Typical
Typical noun
noun endings
endings include:  
include:  
    
ENDINGSNOUNS-encedifference,
ENDINGSNOUNS-encedifference, absence, absence, adolescence,
adolescence, benevolence,
benevolence, reminiscence-er/-orpainter,
reminiscence-er/-orpainter,
plumber, writer, blender, cutter, actor, commentator, counselor, prosecutor-hoodmotherhood,
plumber, writer, blender, cutter, actor, commentator, counselor, prosecutor-hoodmotherhood,
neighborhood,
neighborhood, brotherhood,
brotherhood, bachelorhood,
bachelorhood, maidenhood,
maidenhood, spinsterhood
spinsterhood -ismcriticism,
-ismcriticism, egotism,
egotism,
magnetism, vandalism, absenteeism, hooliganism, skepticism -istartist, capitalist,
magnetism, vandalism, absenteeism, hooliganism, skepticism -istartist, capitalist, journalist, journalist,
scientist,
scientist, atheist,
atheist, pessimist-ityability,
pessimist-ityability, normality,
normality, responsibility,
responsibility, immunity,
immunity, hostility,
hostility, principality-
principality-
mentarrangement,
mentarrangement, development, establishment, government, puzzlement, adjustment, attainment-
development, establishment, government, puzzlement, adjustment, attainment-
nessloneliness,
nessloneliness, shyness, ugliness, attractiveness, emptiness, permissiveness-sioncollision, conclusion,
shyness, ugliness, attractiveness, emptiness, permissiveness-sioncollision, conclusion,
fusion,
fusion, division-ssionexpression, procession, discussion, mission-tiondisposition, collection,
division-ssionexpression, procession, discussion, mission-tiondisposition, collection,
foundation,
foundation, organization, recognition, supposition -alwithdrawal, arrival, survival, proposal,
organization, recognition, supposition -alwithdrawal, arrival, survival, proposal,
dismissal, renewal, removal, burial, trial, refusal, rehearsal-anceflamboyance,
dismissal, renewal, removal, burial, trial, refusal, rehearsal-anceflamboyance, acceptance, acceptance,
avoidance,
avoidance, entrance,
entrance, disturbance,
disturbance, endurance,
endurance, resistance,
resistance, resemblance
resemblance -yhypocrisy,
-yhypocrisy, obstinacy,
obstinacy,
sympathy,
sympathy, flamboyancy, apology, forgery, expiry, delivery, assembly, injury-domkingdom, boredom,
flamboyancy, apology, forgery, expiry, delivery, assembly, injury-domkingdom, boredom,
stardom, freedom, wisdom, martyrdom-ship
stardom, freedom, wisdom, martyrdom-ship friendship,
friendship, companionship, fellowship,
companionship, fellowship,
partnership, apprenticeship
partnership, apprenticeship

11
Exercise 2. Provide the correct form of the word in parentheses to complete the
following sentences.

1. _______________ (assemble) and manufacturing in Mexico can substantially reduce your costs.
2. Province House gets back to work today in what promises to be a dress _______________
(rehearse) for a general election.
3. The mother of a missing Regina girl escaped more jail time Monday after pleading guilty to
causing a _______________ (disturb) in March.
4. He certainly wasn't looking for an _______________ (apologize) from Kendall after the
Oakland Athletics catcher charged the mound.
5. Tucson eye surgeon was convicted Tuesday of _______________ (conspire) to kill a former
medical associate.
6. Earn $41,000 quickly working from home and bring _______________ (prosper) in your life.
7. Laser hair _______________ (remove) has become one of the fastest-growing nonsurgical
cosmetic procedures in recent years.
8. Steven Avery on Wednesday won a _______________ (postpone) of his trial in the death of
Teresa Halbach.
9. Willie Mason's _______________ (include) in the starting line-up of the Australian Test team
resulted in more than a few raised eyebrows.
10. A _______________ (collide) involving a VW and a patrol left the driver of the VW dead at the
scene.

12
 UNIT 2 - The parts of speech

Study Check

— Grammatical
— Grammatical categories
categories —
—
Gender: masculine/feminine.
Gender: masculine/feminine.
In general there isis no
In general there no distinction
distinction between
between masculine,
masculine, feminine
feminine and
and neuter in
neuter in English
English
nouns. However,
nouns. However, gender
gender isis sometimes
sometimes shown
shown by
by different
different forms or
forms or different
different words:
words:

Different wordsMASCULINEFEMININEman
Different wordsMASCULINEFEMININEman
father
father
uncle
uncle
boy
boy
husbandwoman
husbandwoman
mother
mother
aunt
aunt
girl
girl
wifeDifferent formsactor
wifeDifferent formsactor
prince
prince
hero
hero
waiter
waiter
widoweractress
widoweractress
princess
princess
heroine
heroine
waitress
waitress
widow
widow

Some nouns
Some nouns can
can be
be used
used for
for either
either aa masculine
masculine or
or aa feminine
feminine subject:
subject:

cousin
cousin teenager
teenager teacher
teacher doctor
doctor
cook
cook student
student parent
parent friend
friend
relation
relation colleague
colleague partner
partner leader
leader
(relative)
(relative)

ItIt isis possible

possible to
to make
make the
the distinction
distinction by
by adding
adding the
the words
words male
male or
or female,
female, or
or add
add the word
the word
woman for professions:
woman for professions:

aa female
female student;
student; aa male
male cousin.
cousin.
aa woman
woman doctor;
doctor; aa woman
woman journalist.
journalist.

13
 Study Check

—
— CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS OF
OF NOUNS
NOUNS —
—
Singular/Plural.
Singular/Plural.
Most
Most nouns
nouns havehave distinctive
distinctive singular
singular and
and plural
plural forms.
forms. The
The plural
plural of
of regular
regular nouns
nouns is
is formed
formed by
by
adding
adding -s
-s to
to the
the singular:  
singular:  
  
SINGULARPLURALcarcarsdogdogshousehouses
SINGULARPLURALcarcarsdogdogshousehouses

However,
However, there
there are
are many
many irregular
irregular nouns
nouns which
which do
do not
not form
form the
the plural
plural in
in this
this way:  
way:  

SINGULARPLURALmanmenchildchildrenpersonpeople
SINGULARPLURALmanmenchildchildrenpersonpeople
(persons)sheepsheepbasisbasesbacteriumbacteriaeconomyeconomieslouselicemousemicepennypen
(persons)sheepsheepbasisbasesbacteriumbacteriaeconomyeconomieslouselicemousemicepennypen
ce
ce (pennies)oxoxen
(pennies)oxoxen

Sometimes
Sometimes we
we use
use aa plural
plural noun
noun for
for one
one thing
thing that
that has
has two
two parts,
parts, so
so they
they take
take aa plural
plural verb:
verb:

trousers,
trousers, jeans,
jeans, pyjamas,
pyjamas, glasses,
glasses, scissors
scissors

Some
Some nouns
nouns end
end –ics
–ics but
but are
are not
not usually
usually plural.
plural.

athletics,
athletics, gymnastics,
gymnastics, mathematics,
mathematics, physics,
physics, electronics,
electronics, economics,
economics, politics
politics
    

14
 UNIT 2 - The parts of speech

Some words
Some words ending
ending in
in –s
–s can
can be
be singular
singular or
or plural.
plural.
 

WORDSSINGULARPLURALmeansa means
WORDSSINGULARPLURALmeansa means ofof transportmany
transportmany means
means of
of transportseriesa
transportseriesa television
television
seriestwo television seriesspeciesa species of bird200 species of bird
seriestwo television seriesspeciesa species of bird200 species of bird

Some singular
Some singular nouns
nouns are
are often
often used
used with
with aa plural
plural verb
verb (something
(something that
that happens
happens in in British
British English),
English),
these nouns
these nouns are
are all
all groups
groups of
of people.
people. Their
Their verb
verb has
has to
to be
be always
always singular
singular since
since they
they refer
refer to
to aa unit.
unit.

The government
The government has
has made
made some
some changes.
changes.

However, informallly
However, informallly used,
used, these
these nouns
nouns can
can have
have aa plural
plural verb
verb when
when they
they refer
refer to
to the
the members
members that
that
take part of the collective noun.
take part of the collective noun.

The government
The government (the
(the members
members of
of it)
it) have
have made
made some
some changes.
changes.

government
government audience
audience
team
team committee
committee
family
family company
company
staff
staff firm
firm

15
 Types
Types of
of irregular
irregular plural
plural nouns
nouns

NOUNSSINGULARPLURALNouns
NOUNSSINGULARPLURALNouns that that end
end inin -s,
-s, -z,
-z, -x,
-x, -sh,
-sh, -ch
-ch form
form their
their plural
plural by
by adding
adding ––
es.class
es.class
fox
fox
brush
brush
beachclasses
beachclasses
foxes
foxes
brushes
brushes
beachesNouns
beachesNouns thatthat end
end in
in –f
–f and
and –fe–fe form
form their
their plural
plural by
by changing
changing –f –f or
or –fe
–fe to-ves.half
to-ves.half
wolf halves
wolf halves
wolves
wolves Nouns
Nouns ending
ending inin –y
–y following
following aa consonant
consonant form
form their
their plural
plural by
by dropping
dropping the
the –y
–y and
and adding
adding ––
ies.baby
ies.baby
pygmybabies
pygmybabies
pygmiesNouns
pygmiesNouns ending
ending in
in –y
–y following
following aa vowel
vowel form
form their
their plural
plural by
by adding
adding just
just an
an –s.
–s.
play
play
plays
plays
Nouns
Nouns ending
ending in
in –o
–o have
have plurals
plurals inin –os.studio
–os.studio
radio
radio
photo
photo
Eskimostudios
Eskimostudios
radios
radios
photos
photos
EskimosNouns
EskimosNouns ending
ending in
in –o
–o have
have plurals
plurals in–oes.embargo
in–oes.embargo
veto
veto
torpedoembargoes
torpedoembargoes
vetoes
vetoes
torpedoesWords
torpedoesWords withwith both
both plurals:
plurals: –os
–os or
or –oes.motto
–oes.motto
volcanomotto(e)s
volcanomotto(e)s
volcano(e)sThe
volcano(e)sThe word
word buffalo
buffalo is is aa particular
particular one
one buffalobuffalo
buffalobuffalo (Br/Am)
(Br/Am)
buffaloes (Br/Am)
buffaloes (Br/Am)
buffalos
buffalos (Am)
(Am)

Foreign
Foreign Plurals
Plurals

LATIN
LATIN ENDINGNouns
ENDINGNouns ending
ending inin –ex,
–ex, –ix
–ix use
use the
the foreign
foreign plural
plural –ices
–ices and
and the
the English
English plural
plural –es.apex
–es.apex
matrixapexes
matrixapexes
matrices,
matrices, matrixesThe
matrixesThe foreign
foreign plural
plural of
of the
the Latin
Latin ending
ending –us
–us is
is –i.stimulus
–i.stimulus
alumnus
alumnus (♂)
(♂)
locusstimuli
locusstimuli
alumni(♂♂)(♂♀)
alumni(♂♂)(♂♀)
lociLatin
lociLatin nouns
nouns which
which end
end in
in –a
–a change
change to to –ae.alumna
–ae.alumna (♀)(♀)
alga
alga
larvaalumnae
larvaalumnae (♀♀)
(♀♀)
algae
algae
larvaeThe
larvaeThe Latin
Latin ending
ending –um
–um changes
changes toto –a:curriculum
–a:curriculum
addendum
addendum
bacterium
bacterium
corrigendum
corrigendum
erratumcurricula
erratumcurricula
addenda
addenda
bacteria
bacteria
corrigenda
corrigenda
errata
errata

16
 UNIT 2 - The parts of speech

GREEK ENDINGNouns
GREEK ENDINGNouns from
from Greek
Greek ending
ending in
in –is
–is use
use the
the foreign
foreign plural
plural –es.hypothesis
–es.hypothesis
metamorphosis
metamorphosis
oasis
oasis
basis
basis
analysis
analysis
synopsis
synopsis
synthesis
synthesis
paralysishypotheses
paralysishypotheses
metamorphoses
metamorphoses
oases
oases
bases
bases
analyses
analyses
synopses
synopses
syntheses
syntheses
paralysesNouns from
paralysesNouns from Greek
Greek ending
ending in
in –on
–on use
use the
the foreign
foreign plural
plural –a.criterion
–a.criterion
phenomenoncriteria
phenomenoncriteria
phenomena
phenomena

Compound nouns
Compound nouns which
which consist
consist of
of more
more than
than one
one base
base form
form their
their plural
plural in
in different
different ways:
ways:

ItIt isis most

most common
common to to consider
consider thethe compound
compound as as aa simple
simple noun
noun andand pluralize
pluralize the
the last
last element.air-blast
element.air-blast
hand-out
hand-out
record-playerair-blasts
record-playerair-blasts
hand-outs
hand-outs
record-playersPlural in
record-playersPlural in the
the first
first element
element occurs
occurs especially
especially when
when the
the compound
compound includes
includes aa postmodifier
postmodifier
or final
or final particle.notary-public
particle.notary-public
passer-bynotaries-public
passer-bynotaries-public
passers-byAppositional compounds
passers-byAppositional compounds (a (a woman
woman doctor
doctor [The
[The doctor
doctor isis aa woman])
woman]) whose
whose first
first element
element is,
is,
or includes,
or includes, man
man oror woman
woman pluralize
pluralize both
both the
the first
first and
and the
the last
last element.manservant
element.manservant
woman doctormenservants
woman doctormenservants
women
women doctors doctors

17
No
No change
change between
between plural
plural and
and singular.
singular.

Words
Words that
that are
are the
the same
same inin their
their plural
plural as
as in
in their
their singular.series
singular.series
species
species
know-how
know-how
aircraftsheep
aircraftsheep
deer
deer
swine
swine
fishWords
fishWords or or nouns
nouns that
that only
only appear
appear inin the
the plural.Things
plural.Things that
that come
come in in pairsTools:
pairsTools: glasses,
glasses, scissors,
scissors,
tweezers,
tweezers, pincers,
pincers, pliers.
pliers.
Clothes:
Clothes: jeans,
jeans, pants,
pants, breechesNouns
breechesNouns that that end
end inin -s-s but
but have
have nono singular
singular (aggregate
(aggregate
nouns)accommodations, archives, arms (weapons), bowels,
nouns)accommodations, archives, arms (weapons), bowels, intestines.  intestines. 

Brains
Brains (intellect),
(intellect), clothes,
clothes, communications. 
communications.  Nouns
Nouns that
that may
may look
look like
like plurals
plurals at
at first
first sight
sight but
but should
should
be
be treated
treated as
as singular.Names
singular.Names ofof sciencesMathematics,
sciencesMathematics, PoliticsCertain
PoliticsCertain diseasesmumps,
diseasesmumps, ricketsCertain
ricketsCertain
gamesbilliards,
gamesbilliards, darts,
darts, draughtsOther
draughtsOther wordsnews
wordsnews

18
 UNIT 2 - The parts of speech

Exercise 3. Decide whether the underlined nouns have correct singular or plurar
forms.

1. The Wright Group/McGraw-Hill announced today that it has reached an agreement with the
University of Chicago to publish the Mathematics Project research-based mathematics
curriculum.
2. The visit of sandhill cranes to the wetlands and farm fields of southeastern Arizona constitutes
one of Arizona's finest natural phenomenon.
3. The Security Council has renewed the sanctions regime it imposed on Liberia, which now
includes timber, travel, arms and diamond embargoes.
4. The larva of Aedes egypti species mosquitoes that spread dengue fever was found during a
study.
5. The job of dividing the young men and young women into competitive teams for the 7th
annual Ryan Mone Memorial Alumni and Alumnae hockey games fell to Erik Bruguiere
Monday.
6. The criteria for making the Mercedes Championships is simple: Win a PGA Tour event and
you're in.
7. The creative process is a fascinating creature, full of twists and turns, false starts,
metamorphosis, germinations, quick deaths, aliases, disguises, regenerations, who knows
what.
8. The audit will take place on Jan. 9-13 and is designed to review the effectiveness of school
curricula and programs.
9. Some of the music of Chinese composer Tan Dun stands balanced on a knife edge between a
brilliant synthesis of East and West and meretricious acts of cultural opportunism.
10. In the January issue of the journal Genome Research, two teams of scientists describe a
widespread phenomenon in the human genome called transcription-induced chimerism.

19
Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words below.
oasis torpedo motto
stimulus alumnus larva
volcano piano criterion
addendum

1. By saving more money this year maybe I will be able to buy the grand _______________ I’ve
always wanted.
2. Nyree was horrified to discover the fly _______________ near a feeding tube at the hospital.
3. Japan's Self-Defense Forces will develop short-range _______________ for combat in
shallow waters.
4. If job security tops your list of employment _______________, you might want to give the
health-care field a second look.
5. If "It's Five O'Clock Somewhere," "I Love This Bar" and "Tequila Sunrise" are your
_______________ this New Year's Eve, you may be in luck.
6. Hospital officials said that Prime Minister Ariel Sharon has moved his right hand and right
leg, responding to _______________ after being brought out of a medically induced coma.
7. Cape Verdean neighborhoods become _______________ amid city violence.
8. _______________ and current students of the Film Division at the School of the Arts (SoA)
will have a major presence at the upcoming Sundance Film Festival.
9. Scientists plan to drill a deep hole in The Domain this week to find out more about the history
of Auckland’s _______________.
10. Acting Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health Jonathan L. Snare
today signed several _______________ adding the American Chemical Society (ACS) to the
Alliance between OSHA and the Chemical Reactivity Hazards Management group.

20
 UNIT 2 - The parts of speech

Study Check
—
— THE
THE SYNTACTIC
SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS OF
OF NOUNS
NOUNS —
—
Nouns
Nouns can
can have
have the
the following
following functions
functions in
in aa clause
clause or
or in
in aa sentence:
sentence:

FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS OF OF NOUNS
NOUNS IN IN AA SENTENCEEXAMPLESThe
SENTENCEEXAMPLESThe subject subject isis the
the noun
noun in in aa sentence
sentence thatthat
refers
refers to
to the
the person
person oror thing
thing that
that does
does the
the action
action expressed
expressed by by the
the verb.Ottawa
verb.Ottawa is is sending
sending troops
troops
overseas.
overseas.
Harry
Harry walks
walks to to the
the zoo.The
zoo.The direct
direct object
object isis aa noun
noun that
that receives
receives the
the action
action of of aa transitive
transitive verb.I
verb.I love
love
my dog.
my dog.
My
My neighbor
neighbor bakes
bakes pies.The
pies.The indirect
indirect object
object is is aa noun
noun that
that appears
appears with
with aa direct
direct object
object and
and names
names the the
person or thing that something is given to or done for.I wrote my parents
person or thing that something is given to or done for.I wrote my parents a letter. a letter.
Liz
Liz promised
promised her her sister
sister aa reward.The
reward.The object
object of of aa preposition
preposition is is aa noun
noun that
that follows
follows aa preposition.I
preposition.I
stood
stood near
near the
the door.
door.
Two
Two minutes
minutes later
later we
we were
were safely
safely inside
inside the
the taxi.The
taxi.The predicate
predicate nominative
nominative (a (a subject
subject complement)
complement) is is aa
noun
noun that
that follows
follows aa linking
linking verb
verb and
and identifies,
identifies, renames,
renames, or or explains
explains thethe subject.That
subject.That horse horse isis aa
palomino.
palomino.
Mrs.
Mrs. Davis
Davis isis my
my aunt.An
aunt.An appositive
appositive is is aa noun
noun placed
placed next
next to
to another
another noun
noun or or pronoun
pronoun to to identify,
identify,
rename,
rename, oror explain
explain it.Her
it.Her greatest
greatest attribute,
attribute, charm,
charm, was was not
not enough.
enough.
We
We visited
visited two
two Hawaiian
Hawaiian islands:
islands: Oahu
Oahu andand Maui.The
Maui.The objective
objective complement
complement is is aa noun
noun that
that follows
follows aa
direct
direct object
object and
and which
which simply
simply adds
adds further
further information
information concerning
concerning the
the object.The
object.The boardboard of of directors
directors
made
made Mary
Mary president.
president.

She
She considered
considered meme aa genius.The
genius.The retained
retained objective
objective complement
complement is is aa noun
noun that
that modifies
modifies the
the subject
subject of
of aa
passive
passive voice
voice sentence
sentence by
by adding
adding further
further information
information about
about itit and
and about
about the
the verb
verb as
as well.
well.
You
You used
used to
to be
be called
called Anakin
Anakin Skywalker.
Skywalker.

21
Exercise 7. Read the following sentences and decide on the syntactic functions of
the underlined nouns.

1. Simply put, the World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with the rules of trade between
nations at a global or near-global level.
2. The WTO is an organization for liberalizing trade.
3. Essentially, the WTO is considered a place where member governments go, to try to sort out
the trade problems they face with each other.
4. The WTO was born out of negotiations, and everything the WTO does is the result of
negotiations.
5. The bulk of the WTO's current work comes from the 1986-94 negotiations, the Uruguay
Round, and earlier negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
6. The WTO in some circumstances rules support maintaining trade barriers — for example to
protect consumers or prevent the spread of disease.
7. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading
nations.
8. The documents are essentially contracts that bind governments to keep their trade policies
within agreed limits.
9. This is a third important side to the WTO’s work. Trade relations often involve conflicting
interests.
10. The most harmonious way to settle these differences is through some neutral procedure based on
an agreed legal foundation; that is the purpose behind the dispute settlement process.

22
 UNIT 2 - The parts of speech

Exercise 7. Read the following text, and decide what the syntactic functions of
the words in bold are.

Kinect arrives with a healthy dose (1)of sci-fi trappings. Microsoft has one-upped Sony and
Nintendo by eliminating game controllers (2)and their often nightmarish bounty of buttons. Kinect
(3)peers out into a room, locks onto people and follows their motions. Players activate it with a
wave of a hand, navigate menus with an arm swoosh and then run, jump, swing, duck, lunge, lean
and dance to direct their on-screen avatars in each game.

"I can't tell you how many times I have seen people try and do the moonwalk (4)," says Mr.
Nichols, as he recalls their first, curious encounters with their virtual mimics.

The mass-market introduction (5)of Kinect — with its almost magical gesture and voice-
recognition technology — stands as Microsoft's most ambitious, risky and innovative move in years.
Company (6)executives hope that Kinect will carry the Xbox beyond gamers to entire families. But
on a grander note, the technology could erase a string of Microsoft's(7) embarrassing failures with
mobile phones, music players, tablets and even Windows from consumers' minds and provide a
redemptive beat for the company.

"For me it is a big, big deal(8)," says Steven A. Ballmer, Microsoft's chief executive(9). "There's
nothing like it on the market."

Where Apple popularized touch-screen technology(10), Microsoft intends to bombard the

consumer (11)market with its gesture and voice offerings. Kinect technology is intended to start in
the living room, then creep over time throughout the home, office and garage into devices (12) made
by Microsoft and others. People will be able to wave at their computer and tell it to start a
videoconference (13) with Grandma or ask for a specific song on the home stereo.

"I think this is the first thing out of the consumer side of Microsoft in a long, long time where they
are in front of everyone else," says Joel Johnson (14), an editor at large at Gizmodo, the gadget
site(15). "I want a Kinect in every room of my house, watching me and listening to what I am
saying. It's so sci-fi and next level that it would be amazing."

SYNTACTIC FUNCTION
1

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 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

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 UNIT 2 - The parts of speech

ELF EVALUATION

Choose the correct answer for each question.

1. Which of the following sentences contains a collective noun?

a. Gliding slowly over the glass-clear water, I approached a clump of dark shadows.
b. Adam Horton’s dad lectured him about his temper throughout his childhood.
c. A 20-year-old man was shot in a Liverpool street after a row with a gang of men.
d. Two coral species in Florida and the Caribbean now have a spot on the federal threatened
list.

2. Which of the underlined nouns are countable?

a. Visual perception problems, often associated with autism, AD/HD and dyslexia, are
characterized by a difficulty processing visual information.
b. Ever heard the age-old adage that if you spend enough on your cutlery, you'll get a sharp
edge that lasts nearly forever?
c. Also switch your washing powder to a non-biological one, suitable for sensitive skin.
D. All of them

3. Which of the underlined nouns in the following sentences are wrongly used?

a. Compare prices on a wide selection of Consumer & Home electronics.

b. Members of the committee are thought to have taken the decision because of recent
important signs.
c. Hok Kim is an associate professor of mathematics at Grand View College.
d. Oregon Gov. Ted Kulongoski has called for a seamless education system, reaching from
preschool all the way through graduate education, as a mean to increase Oregon's wealth and
economic competitiveness.

4. Which of the following are typical noun suffixes?

a. -ence, -hood, -ment

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 b. -able, -ive, -ing
c. -al, -ic, -ous
d. -ful, -less, -y

5. In which of the following sentences is the underlined noun feminine?

a. Fran Drescher returns as the nasal-voiced caregiver for a rich widower's three children in the
1990s sitcom.
b. If Mary of Magdala was Jesus’ wife and the mother of his child, it is improbable that such
texts would have omitted such important facts, especially since both portray her in
considerable detail as the primary witness to the resurrection and a leader who, in many
ways, understood Jesus’ mission better than the male disciples.
c. Premier Danny Williams says Newfoundland has decided it doesn't need a partner to
develop a multibillion-dollar hydroelectric project on Labrador's lower Churchill River.
d. None of the above

6. In which of the following sentences is the underlined word not plural?

a. We were in halves with my brother, so we split the profit, leaving me with $250,000, and of
course I had to pay a real estate commission and some fees for recording.
b. A Phuket marine-supply company is seeking permission to salvage what it believes are two
British "human torpedoes" that have been lying in the sea near Phuket since World War II,
the governor of Phuket said yesterday.
c. The meetings department goes over every line in meetings contracts, substituting Schwan-
approved addendum when the contract falls short.
d. For three billion years, life on Earth consisted of single-celled organisms like bacteria or
algae.

7. Which of the underlined words is a noun wrongly used?

a. Iran now has the know-how to mass-produce centrifuges used to enrich uranium, an official
said today, as Western powers stepped up efforts to secure a freeze of the sensitive nuclear
work.
b. PRINCE Charles has been criticised by animal rights campaigners for offering a day of
hunting red deer at the Queen's Balmoral Estate to raise money for charity.

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 UNIT 2 - The parts of speech

c. Although unmanned aircraft are still largely confined to experimental uses in unpopulated
areas of the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration is preparing for the day when
UA will share the National Airspace System with commercial flights.
d. None of the above.

8. In which of the following sentences is the underlined noun functioning as an appositive.

a. Somewhere in my house a stack of unused 3x5 cards bound by a clip is weeping from
loneliness.
b. Rabbi Levi Meier, the Jewish Chaplain for Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, has
been named a 2005 National Jewish Book Award winner for his nonfiction book, Second
Chances.
c. A film about a fictional bird flu pandemic has experts worried it will panic some people and
convince others that legitimate warnings are hype.
d. The foundation has a 5.6 pct stake in the bank, whose shareholder pact controls 31.1 pct of
the capital.

9. Which of the underlined words is a singular noun?

a. The Los Angeles Unified School District has instituted a new policy regarding head lice
treatment and infestation.
b. "We saw a moose, lots of caribou, we saw a musk ox, lots of foxes, birds of prey," he said,
sounding more like a tourist than someone who was trying to set a world speed record.
c. Bacteria and food-borne illnesses can appear anywhere and one of the most vulnerable
places is your own kitchen.
d. All of the above.

10. In which of the following sentences are the possessive forms of nouns used wrongly?
a. Beth Strom, birth registrar at Delnor, said Sophia and Isabella seem to be two of the more
popular girls' names parents are choosing.
b. This is the first in a series. It is the beginning of someone else's story, told to and
transcribed by me.
c. She noticed two bird’s nests entwined among the thorns.
d. The cast of That '70s Show celebrated the end of the series's run Saturday at Hollywood's
Roosevelt Hotel.

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