Grade 10

Activity Sheets
Quarter 1 Week 1-2
Name: Junsay, Nexie Emily T.

Grade/Section: 10 - Bonifacio

Date: _______________
09/17/2021 Total Score: 45/50

The Layers of the Earth.

Learning Competency: Describe the internal structure of the Earth.
(S10ES –Ia-j-36.4)

Objectives:
1. Identify the layers and boundaries of the Earth.
2. Determine the composition and properties of the Layers of the
Earth.

Basic Concepts:
The Earth is formed by four concentric layers: the inner core, outer
core, the mantle and the crust. The crust is the thinnest and the outermost
layer of the Earth that extends from the surface to about 32 kilometers
below.
The Earth’s crust is divided into two regions: the continental crust
and the oceanic crust. The upper layer is composed of granite which is
only found in the continental crust. The continental crust is mainly made
up of silicon, oxygen, aluminium, calcium, sodium and potassium. The
presence of these lighter elements is responsible being slightly less dense
than oceanic crust, which has an average density of 2.9 g/cm3. The
thickness of the continental crust is mostly 35- 40 kilometers. On the other
hand, the oceanic crust is much thinner ranging around 7-10 kilometers
thick while its average thickness is 8 kilometers. It is found under the ocean
floor and it’s made of basalt primarily composed of more dense rock, which
forms distinct layers.
The mantle is located beneath the crust, which extends to about
2900 kilometers from the Earth’s surface. It makes up about 80% of the

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Earth’s total volume and about 68% of its total mass. The mantle is mainly
made up of silicate rocks, and considered as solid, since S-waves and P-
waves pass through it. It is mostly made up of the element’s silicon, oxygen,
iron and magnesium. The lower part of the mantle consists of more iron
than the upper part which explains that the lower mantle is denser than the
upper portion. The temperature and pressure increase with depth. The high
temperature and pressure in the mantle allow the solid rock to flow slowly.
The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle form a relatively cool,
outermost rigid shell called lithosphere and is about 50 to 100 kilometers
thick. These lithospheric plates move relative to each other. Beneath the
lithosphere lies a soft, weak layer known as asthenosphere, made of hot
molten material. Its temperature is about 300-800 °C. The upper 150
kilometers of the asthenosphere has a temperature enough to facilitate a
small amount of melting, and make it capable of flowing. This property of
the asthenosphere facilitates the movement of the lithospheric plates. The
lithosphere with the continent on top of it is being carried by the flowing
asthenosphere.
The core is subdivided into two layers: the inner core and outer core.
The outer core is 2900 kilometers below the Earth’s surface. It is 2250
kilometers thick and is made up of iron and nickel. The temperature in the
outer core reaches up to 2000°C at this very high temperature, iron and
nickel melt. Aside from seismic data analysis, the Earth’s magnetic field
strengthens the idea that Earth’s outer core is molten / liquid. The outer
core is mainly made up of iron and nickel moving around the solid inner
core, creating Earth’s magnetism.
The inner core is made up of solid iron and nickel and has a radius of
1300 kilometers. Its temperature reaches to about 5000 °C. The extreme
temperature could have molten the iron and nickel but is believed to have
solidified as a result of pressure freezing, which is common to liquids
subjected under tremendous pressure.
These four layers are separated by transition zones (boundaries)
called discontinuities. The discontinuity between the crust and the mantle

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 is called the Mohoroviḉiḉ Discontinuity. The core is the innermost layer
surrounding the earth’s center. The core is separated from the mantle by
Guttenberg’s Discontinuity. The discontinuity between the upper core
and the lower core is called as Lehman Discontinuity.
After knowing the internal structure of the Earth, properties and its
composition, let us now check your understanding by answering the
different activities below.
Activity 1: 4 PICS 1 WORD
Every item displays four pictures linked by a word describing terms about
layers of the earth. Answer every item by identifying 1 common word in the
4 pictures.
1 1. 1 2.

https://heavy.com/4-pics-1-word-cheats/2014/03/lasagna-sweater-cake-earth https://heavy.com/4-pics-1-word-cheats/2014/03/bread-pizza-earth-planet/

L A Y E R C R U S T

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1 3. 1 4.

https://heavy.com/4-pics-1-word-cheats/2014/04/fireplace-superhero-fur-core/ https://4-pics-1-word.com/4-pics-1-word-cheats-4-letters/core/

M A N T L E C O R E

Did you answer the Activity 1 correctly? This time, let us check your
knowledge on identifying the different layers and transition zones of the
Earth.

Activity 2: Amazing Earth!

Based from the presented illustration, label the Layers of the Earth on
the left side portion of the diagram and its boundaries on the right side
portion.

1 1. Crust
1 2. Upper mantle 6. Mohoroviḉiḉ Discontinuity 1

1 3. Lower mantle
7. Guttenberg’s Discontinuity 1
1 4. Outer core

1 5. Inner core 8. Lehman Discontinuity 1

Great! You already knew that the Earth is divided into 4 layers
namely: Crust, Mantle, Outer core and Inner core and these four layers are
separated by transition zones (boundaries) called discontinuities.

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 Now, for the next activity, you will describe each layer of the Earth
according to its general characteristics, estimated thickness and
composition.

Activity 3: FILL ME UP!

Complete the table below to describe each layer of the Earth.
LAYER GENERAL ESTIMATED COMPOSITION
CHARACTERISTICS/ THICKNESS
PROPERTIES

6 1. Crust SOLID a. continental a. continental

a. made of less dense 35 - 40
kilometers granite
rocks
b. oceanic b. oceanic
b. made of denser rocks 7 - 10 kilometers basalt

2 2. Mantle made of rigid rock 2900 kilometers composed mostly

of silicate rocks
rich in magnesium
and iron

3 3. Outer
- liquid/molten 2250 iron and nickel
core - its temperature kilometers
reaches to 2500*C -
5000*C

3 4. Inner
- solid 1300 iron and nickel
core - 5000*C and up kilometers

Based from the data above, answer the following guide questions:
X 1. What is the thickest layer? Mantle
1 2. What is the thinnest layer? Crust
1 3. Why is it that oceanic basalt settles below the continental granite rock?
Because basalt rock of the oceanic crust are much denser and heavier which has an average density of
___________________________________________________________________________
2.9cm squared than the granite rock of the continental crust.

4-5. Why is it that the inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid?
2
the inner core is made up of iron and nickel and has a extreme temperature that reaches 5000 that could
have molten the iron and nickel to be solidified as a result of pressure freezing, which is common to liquids
subjected under tremendous pressure.

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 SUMMATIVE TEST: “Choose the RIGHT so you won’t be left “
Tick the letter of the correct answer.

1 1. What is the correct order of Earth’s layers starting from the surface to the
center?
A. crust, outer core, inner core, mantle
✔ B. crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

C. mantle, outer core, inner core, crust

D. outer core, inner core, crust, mantle
X 2. Which layer of the earth makes up most of it?
✔ A. core B. crust C. lithosphere D. mantle
1 3. Miners dig into the Earth in search of precious rocks and minerals. In
which layer is the deepest explorations made by miners?
✔ A. crust B. inner core C. mantle D. outer core
1 4. Most of the mass of the Earth is found in ___________?
A. crust B. inner core ✔ C. mantle D. outer core
1 5. The Earth’s crust is made up of ______________?
A. soil B. metals C. non-metals ✔ D. rock
X 6. Which among the layer of the earth is hotter than the crust?
✔ A. inner core B. mantle C. outer core D. none of these
1 7. Which layer of the earth is in the outermost and considered as thinnest
layer?
A. outer core B. inner core C. core ✔ D. crust
1 8. The average density of the Earth is 5.5 g/cm3 whereas the average
density of surface rocks is 2.5-3.0 g/cm3. This information alone can only
tell us that the:
✔ A. Deep interior of the Earth must have a density greater than 5.5 g/cm3
B. Deep interior of the Earth must have a density less than 5.5 g/cm3
C. Deep interior of the Earth must have a density less than 2.5 g/cm3
D. Earth is comprised of many layers with different densities
X 9. How do you compare the densities of the Earth’s crust, mantle, and core?
✔ A. The mantle is less dense than the core but denser than the crust.
B. The mantle is less dense than both the core and the crust.

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 C. The mantle is denser than the core but less dense than the crust.
D. The mantle is denser than both the core and the crust.
1 10. Earth’s rigid crust floats on the hot, plastic material of the mantle. What
conclusion should be made about their density? The crust is_______________.
A. denser and it floats
B. denser and it sinks
✔ C. less dense and floats
D. same density as the mantle

Enrichment: CORRECT me if I’m wrong!

Write TRUE if the statement is correct. If FALSE, change the underlined
words to make it correct. Write your answer on the space provided.
2 FALSE
________1. In the lithosphere layer, movement of the lithospheric plates is
facilitated by a soft, weak and plastic-like layer. Asthenosphere
1 TRUE
________2. The physical evidence that the core is composed mostly of iron is
that the known mass of Earth requires material of high density at the core.
2 FALSE
________3. The mantle is the hottest layer of the Earth. Inner core
2 FALSE
________4. The high temperature and pressure in the core allow the solid
rock to flow slowly. Mantle
1 TRUE
________5. The oceanic crust is a type of crust that is thinner but denser.

Finally, we end the week 1 lesson with a refresher set of learnings as

you identify today the different layers of the Earth, transition zones
(boundaries), properties and its composition that you took up already when
you were on Grade 7.
So get ready, as you proceed to the week 2 lessons that will give you a
brand new sets of learning.

References:
Herma D. Acosta, Liza A. Alvarez, et. al. Science 10 Learner’s Material,
Department of Education. 2018.

Learning Materials are for nonprofit educational purposes which are exclusively used for
Schools Division of Digos City only. Copies are not for sale.

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Josefina Maria F. Pavico, Anna Cherylle M. Ramos, et. al. The New Grade 10
Exploring Life Through Science Series, Phoenix Publishing House.2015

Jo Ann F. Cadayona Janice S. Alquizar

Writer Layout Artist
Digos City National High Digos City National High
School School

Learning Materials are for nonprofit educational purposes which are exclusively used for
Schools Division of Digos City only. Copies are not for sale.

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Para sa mga katanungan o puna, sumulat o tumawag sa:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph