Atoms, Molecules and Ions

Chapter 2

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 Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
1. Elements are composed of indivisible particles called
atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having similar
physical and chemical properties.
3. “Law of definite proportion”
4. “Law of conservation of mass”

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Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Law of Multiple Proportions

3
16 X + 8Y 8 X 2Y

Law of Conservation of Mass

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Cathode Ray Tube

J.J. Thomson, measured mass/charge of e-

(1906 Nobel Prize in Physics) 5
Cathode Ray Tube

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 Millikan’s Experiment

Measured mass of e-
(1923 Nobel Prize in Physics)

e- charge = -1.60 x 10-19 C

Thomson’s charge/mass of e- = -1.76 x 108 C/g
e- mass = 9.10 x 10-28 g 7
Types of Radioactivity

(uranium compound)
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Thomson’s Model

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 Rutherford’s Experiment
(1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)

 particle velocity ~ 1.4 x 107 m/s

(~5% speed of light)

1. atoms positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus

2. proton (p) has opposite (+) charge of electron (-)
3. mass of p is 1840 x mass of e- (1.67 x 10-24 g) 10
 Rutherford’s Model of
the Atom

atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10-10 m

nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10-3 pm = 5 x 10-15 m

“If the atom is the Houston

Astrodome, then the nucleus is a
marble on the 50-yard line.” 11
 Chadwick’s Experiment (1932)
(1935 Noble Prize in Physics)

H atoms - 1 p; He atoms - 2 p
mass He/mass H should = 2
measured mass He/mass H = 4

 + 9Be 1n + 12C + energy

neutron (n) is neutral (charge = 0)
n mass ~ p mass = 1.67 x 10-24 g 12
mass p ≈ mass n ≈ 1840 x mass e-

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14
 Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes

Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus

Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons

Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number

235
92 U

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Atomic Number and Mass Number

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Determine the number of protons,
neutrons and electrons.

protons
neutrons
electrons

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Exercise

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 Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with
different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei

1 2 3
1H 1H (D) 1H (T)

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The average atomic mass is the weighted
average of all of the naturally occurring
isotopes of the element.

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 Naturally occurring lithium is:
7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)
92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)

Average atomic mass of lithium:

7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016

= 6.941 amu
100

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Average atomic mass (6.941)

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 Isotopes & Atomic Weight
For most elements, the percent abundance of its
isotopes are constant (everywhere on earth).

The periodic table lists an average atomic weight.

Atomic mass = ∑(fractional abundance)(isotope mass)
Example
Boron occurs as a mixture of 10B (10.0129 amu) and
11B (11.0093 amu). 10B is 19.91% abundant.

Calculate the atomic weight of boron.

 Isotopes & Atomic Weights
10B = 10.0129 amu; 11B = 11.0093 amu (10B = 19.91%). Atomic weight of B?

10B 19.91 (10.0129 amu) = 1.994 amu

100

% abundance of 11B = 100% - 19.91% = 80.09%

11B 80.09 (11.0093 amu) = 8.817 amu
100

Atomic weight of B = 1.994 + 8.817 amu

= 10.811 amu
 Exercise
• Gallium has two naturally occurring isotopes,
69Ga and 71Ga, with masses of 68.9257 amu and

70.9249 amu, respectively. Calculate the

abundances of these isotopes of gallium if the
average atomic mass of gallium is 69.723 amu.
• The atomic mass of bromine is 79.904 amu. The
natural abundance of 81Br (80.916 amu) is
49.31%. What is the atomic weight of the only
other natural isotope of bromine?
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 Noble Gas
26

Halogen
The Modern Periodic Table

Group
Period
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal
…facts about the PERIODIC
TABLE

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 Elements
Elements can occur in c. Polyatomic molecule
nature as: Elements containing more
a. Monatomic form than 2 atoms phosphorus
All metal and noble gases (P4) and sulfur (S8)
exist as atoms.
• the only elements that
b. Diatomic molecule exist in liquid state are
H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, mercury (Hg) and bromine
and I2 (Br2).

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 Chemistry In Action
Natural abundance of elements in Earth’s crust

Natural abundance of elements in human body

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 Ions
• charged species formed from a neutral atom
or molecule when electrons are gained or
lost as the result of a chemical change

Cation Anion
Na+ Cl-

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 Cation
• Metals tend to form cations by losing
electrons
Na → Na + e + -

0 +1 -1

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 Anion
• Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to form
anions
Cl + e- → Cl- Cl2 + 2e- → 2 Cl-
0 -1 -1 0 -2 -2

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