23-Oct-13

SOLID WASTE

Prof Dr
Prof. Dr. Ir
Ir. NASTITI SISWI INDRASTI

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Management that encompasses the planning,

planning
design, financing, construction and
operation of facilities for collecting,
transporting, processing, recycling and final
disposal of residual solid waste
management.

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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

ACTIVITIES INFRASTRUCTURE

Planning
g Collection

Design
Transport

Financing
Processing

Construction
Recycling

Operation Disposal

Solid waste characteristic

 Type of solid waste
 Municipal solid waste (MSW):
nonhazardous solid waste from a city,
town, village that requires routine or a
periodic collection and transport to a
processing or disposal site
 NON Municipal Solid Waste: include
industrial process waste, construction
and demolition debris, sewage sludge,
mining waste or agricultural waste.

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Municipal solid waste

Refuse Trash

Garbage Rubbish

Routine collection a periodic collection

Waste processing
Energy recovery
Recycling

Final disposal

Figure 1. General classification of municipal solid wastes (MSW)

plastics

9% 9% metals
8%
food
7%
wood
37% 7%
glass
7%
yard waste
16%
paper and
paperboard
b d

Figure 2. MSW materials in the United States (percent by weight).

(Environmental Protection Agency, 1993)

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Solid waste collection

Collection includes temporary storage or
containerization, transfer to a collection
vehicle and transport to a site where the
waste undergoes processing and ultimate
disposal.

Waste collection is the most expensive phase,

largely because it is labor intensive.

Mechanical collection systems

Automatic systems Semiautomatic systems

 In fully automatic systems, an articulated arm

mechanism on the vehicle engages, lifts, empties and
replaces the container without manual assistance.
assistance
 Semiautomatic systems require a truck crew member to
place the container in position to be automatically
hoisted and emptied into the collection truck and then
manually returned to its setout position

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Solid waste collection

 Transfer station is a facility at which solid wastes from

individual collection trucks are consolidates into larger
vehicles, such as tractor-trailer units. There are two
basic modes of operation: direct discharge or storage
discharge.

 In storage discharge transfer station, the refuse is first

emptied from the collection trucks into a storage pit or
onto a large platform.

 In a direct discharge station, each refuse truck empties

directly into the larger transport vehicles.

Figure 3. at a direct-discharge transfer station, several collection trucks

deposit reuse into a large vehicle for hauling to a more distant disposal site.

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Solid waste processing

 Reduce the total volume and weight
g
 Changes its form and improve its handling
characteristic
 To recover natural resources and energy in
the waste material for reuse or recycling
 The most widely used municipal waste
treatment processes including incineration,
incineration
shredding, pulverizing, baling and
composting.

Incineration
 Incineration is a thermal oxidation with the
furnace temperatures are about 815815-1400
1400 0C.
C
 Incineration result:
 POC (product of complete combustion): CO2,
H2O
 PIC( product of incomplete combustion): CO2,
hydrocarbon, amine, organic acid, polycyclic
g
organic matter,, etc.
 The incineration result composition is influenced
with the waste characteristic
 Incineration requirements: excessive oxygen to
minimize the PIC

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Operation of incinerator

Must be consistent
Needs:
• good understanding of waste
characteristics
• technical skills
• control of waste feed
• mixing of wastes
• temperature
p to be kept
p at required
q
level despite variations in waste
• excess air
• flue gas control
• regular maintenance

Source: David C Wilson

Energy recovery
Waste combustion produces heat
but combustion of low CV wastes may not be self-supporting

Energy recovery is via production of steam to

generate electricity
• Only steam production: 80% efficiency is typical
• Steam can be used for in-house demands
• Steam can be delivered to adjacent users eg other industrial
plants
• Electricity can be generated: 25% efficiency typical

Opportunities to sell heat are improved where

facilities are in industrial areas

Sale of surplus energy improves plant economics

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Figure 4. Schematic of rotary kiln waste-to-energy furnace

Source: Indaver

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis = thermal decomposition process which

takes place in the total absence of oxygen

Products of pyrolysis:
•combustible gases
•mixed liquid residue

Advantages:
•low operating temperature
•no need for excess air so less flue gas
•by-products are combustible

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Gasification

Gasification = incomplete combustion in the

partial
ti l absence
b off oxygen

Enables efficient destruction of hazardous waste

at lower temperatures than incineration

Thermal destruction is ensured by a combination

of high-temperature oxidation followed by high
temperature reduction

Shredding and Pulverizing

Size reduction of municipal solid

waste such as cutting and tearing,
where as pulverizing refers to the
actions of crushing and grinding

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Hammer mills:
types
yp of
equipment
used for
processing MSW
into uniform
or homogeneous
mass

Figure 5. Vertical Hammer Mill

High-pressure compaction units

Baling: compacting solid waste into the form of rectangular

blocks or bales.

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Composting
 Composting is a process in which the organic portion
p
of MSW is allowed to decompose under carefullyy
controlled conditions by the action of bacteria, fungi
and other microorganism

 With proper control of moisture, temperature and

aeration, a composting plant can reduce the volume
of the raw organic material by as much as 50 percent.

 A complete municipal solid waste composting

operation includes sorting and separating,
separating shredding
and pulverizing, digestion product upgrading and
marketing.

 The composting waste is aerated by periodically

turning each windrow. This can be done
manually with a pitchfork, but at most large
facilities it is machinery. Some of these machines
turn and rebuild the windrow directly behind the
machine; others rebuild the turned windrow
adjacent to its original position figure 6

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Figure 6. (a) windrow turning machine

(b) windrow turning arrangement

Co-composting
 An interesting example of integrated waste
management is a co-composting of municipal
solid waste and sewage sludge.

 Sewage sludge adds nitrogen, phosphorus and

other elements that enrich the solid waste and
helps the composting process

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Figure 7. Enclosed mechanical-type composting system

(reprinted with permission from composting and recycling, Louis F. Diaz, 1993)

Figure 8. Schematic of aerated static pile composting system.

(Tchobanglous, G., et. al.)

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Recycling
What is recycling?
• The re-use and remanufacture of
waste materials

What is the purpose of recycling?

• To recover useful materials and save
resources
• To prevent pollutants reaching the
waste stream

What are the benefits of recycling?

• More efficient resource use, lower
energy consumption, reduced
pollution

Recycling
 The major components of municipal solid
waste that
h have
h some economic i value
l andd
are recyclable include metals, paper, glass
and plastics

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METALS

Iron
FERROUS Magnetic
steel

Non FERROUS Non-iron and

Nonmagnetic
g
alumunium

 Paper
 And the processes of pulping, deinking and
screening wastepaper are generally more
expensive than making paper from virgin wood or
cellulose fibers.
 Glass
 Recycled glass has economic value only when it
can be separated by color and then crushed to
make new glass
 Crushed glass, or cullet can be remelted to
produce a new batch of glass
 Plastic
 To be of most value, plastics have to be separated
by type; if mixed the materials can only be used
to make lower-quality products, such as plastic
lumber. Because many people have difficulty in
identifying different plastic types, a recycling
symbol and code have been developed.

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Processing recyclables
 The most common system for processing or
beneficiating the source-separated but commingled
material is called a materials recycling facility or MRF
 In general, the following types of materials are received
at MRF in a collection truck separated into two or three
compartments
 Paper compartment
 Old newspaper (ONP), generally bundled
 Old corrugated cardboard (OCC)
 Mixed paper, including envelopes, magazines and junk
mail
 Commingled compartment
 Clear, brown and green glass
 Ferrous metal (tin) food and beverage containers
 HDPE and PET plastics (milk, detergent and soda
containers)

Figure 9.Schematic diagram of material flow at a typical MR

(Courtesy of Killam Associates, Consulting Engineers)

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Sanitary landfill

 Site selection
 volume capacity, accessibility and
hydrogeologic conditions, climate, local
socioeconomic, size and topography of
the site, the rate of reuse generation,
and the degree of refuse compaction and
site accessibility

Control of surface water

 Surface water can be controlled and diverted
away from the landfill by proper grading;
generally, a 6 to 12 percent slope of the daily
cover will allow water to drain freely from the
landfill (see figure 9)

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Figure 9. Final cover or cap of an MSW sanitary landfill (environmental Protection Agency)

 Leachate Containment
There are basically two ways to prevent leachate
problems at a sanitary landfill. One is to intercept
and channel surface runoff to prevent it from
entering the landfill. Another is to provide a suitable
type of impermeable barrier or liner between the
waste and the underlying aquifer.
aquifer

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Figure 10. Cross section of a MSWLF composite bottom line (Environmental Protection Agency)

Figure 11. In the ramp method of landfill construction, refuse is placed and compacted on a slope.
Bottom line are not shown (Environmental Protection Agency)

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Figure 12. The basic building block of a sanitary landfill is a compacted cell of solid waste,
which is separated from other cell by a layer of compacted soil.

Figure 13. Landfill gas extraction.

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Figure 13. Methane gas can be vented through the cap of a completed landfill to dilute it
below dangerous levels. (Environmental Protection Agency)

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