Introduction

Renewable energy

Renewable energy, as the name implies, is a kind of energy source that is fairly

infinite because it is continuously being replenished. It is also known as clean energy

since the sources occur in nature e.g. sunlight, wind, and tidal energy. Although

renewable energy may appear to be new information, it was already used several

centuries ago. A concrete example is the use of wind energy to power ships and also how

plants use the energy of the sun to produce the plants’ food and energy. Even if natural

forms of energy were already available, humans tend to be dependent on cheaper and

dirtier forms of energy sources (Shinn, 2018). Since fossil fuels such as petroleum are

more common, usually alternative forms of energy are ignored since building facilities in

harnessing these energies are costly. Humans have settled on the much cheaper

production of fossil fuels regardless of the consequences that would be created on a

global scale. It would be risky to implement alternative sources of energy as would be

costlier to create facilities or farms in the beggining; however in the long run, it would be

cheaper, safer, and more importantly, environmentally friendly because facilities have

been built therefore maintenance should only be the key to continue running these

facilities. Examples of renewable energy being environmentally friendly can be found in

the mechanisms of solar, wind, and wave energies. In harnessing energy from wind and

waves, turbines are needed in which the kinetic energy collected by the wind would

produce electrical energy. In the case of solar energy, it mimics the photosynthesis from

the plants where the chemical energy would be transformed to electrical energy.
 Due to the nature of fossil fuels in emitting toxic byproducts, the government should

look into more policies and support from other institutions to advocate clean and

renewable energy. Every country has a different potential on the use of renewable energy

and the need for this energy is really critical to be considered since the abuse of the use

of fossil fuels has led to global climate change (Bulut & Muratoglu, 2018). Looking on the

potential use of clean energy is an investment not only financially but environmentally in

the long run. It is an investment that the world should consider because of the

environmental dilemma the world is facing. It would cause problems for future generations

because of the misuse of harnessing fossil fuels in which their ecosystems will be

destroyed. Renewable energy should be used in order to reduce the carbon footprint in

the environment. It is possible to combine different forms of renewable energy to find a

much more optimal result in terms of the cost and the energy supply it would produce.

Fossil Fuels

Fossil fuels are described as one of the most common energy sources used for

many centuries. It is made up of fossils of prehistoric organisms that lived around 280 to

360 million years ago. As the organisms die, they were buried in layers of material until

they became completely submerged beneath the earth. They started to decompose and

in turn, is converted into a material rich in carbon because of immense heat and pressure.

The most common fossil fuels that are used are coal, oil, and natural gas (Student Energy,

2015). Coal is a type of fossil fuel that came from the decomposed plants and trees that

hardened because of pressure and temperature. Whereas, oils are products of

microorganisms like prehistoric algae while natural gas is similar to oil but it takes a longer

decomposition process and it needs higher temperature and pressure to be produced.

Since these fossils are mainly carbon composites, they are a potential material as a

source of energy. Fossil fuels are classified as a non-renewable energy source because

it is made up of prehistoric organisms that are limited in number and would take our

present generation million of years to recreate and use it.

Until today, the global demand for energy sources is 87% dependent on fossil

fuels. It is likely that in this century the demand for fossil fuels is at its peak and the supply

could be completely diminished. Since fossil fuels are mainly composed of carbon, it is

the major contributor of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide

(Zecca & Chiari, 2010). The fact that the world is still dependent on fossil fuels, it raises

numerous problems in politics and on the environment.

Statement of the Problem

With these numerous dilemmas that fossil fuels brought to the world, it is a must

that people find other sources of energy. To reduce the use of fossil fuels in the

Philippines, and thus to help solve global warming, we have to maximize our alternative

energy potential by harnessing our solar, geothermal, and wave resources. It is

advantageous to use renewable energy since it has a fairly infinite supply and possibly a

much cheaper source especially on the perspective of helping the environment.

Problem-Solution

Global Warming

In this so called technological era where the priority of society is the development

and advancement of tools, resources are used more frequently and in a fast pace. Hence,

one of the problems that arises from this era is the disregard for the toxic byproducts that
was left in the environment. Global warming is a concrete manifestation of the effects of

the uncontrolled use of non-renewable energy in order to produce power for technology.

From the past observations of global temperatures, it was concluded that climate change

is true due to the increase in temperature. Moreover, many ecosystems have been

affected by the increase in temperature such as the sea ice and glaciers that are melting

in an increasing rate (Hughes, 2000). Looking in a bigger picture more organism would

be affected because the disruption of the ecosystem would certainly lead to chaos.

Increasing rate of the global temperature is very critical because no one knows when

would it stop increasing or does it even stop increasing. This continues increasing of

temperature may therefore lead to extinction of life because earth may not be inhabitable

anymore.

From the past century it was known that the average temperature of the earth

increased by around 0.6°C and according to projections it would continue to rise at an

alarming rate. Although it may seem that the change is small, imagine a normal

temperature of a human body in which the temperature is increased by 0.6°C. There

would be a drastic change in the health and wellbeing of that person. The same can be

said of the effects of the increase in global temperatures. The increase in temperature of

the earth would also result to the fast pace of evolution needed for all the organisms

inhabiting the earth. In fact, even if evolution is natural and all living things respond to

change, evolution still requires a long term of process. Comparing it to the much faster

change in the environment, many species would have a hard time adapting and would

result in the disruption of its ecosystem (Root et al., 2003).

 The increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere would affect

physiology, phenology, distribution, adaptation, change in interaction, extinction, and

changes in community structure and composition (Hughes, 2000). Humans would not

only be affected by the cause of these activities, but also the whole ecosystem would

suffer. Physiological processes like photosynthesis, respiration, growth, and composition

change would be drastically affected. Global warming would also change the life cycle of

organisms because lifespan would be shortened. Adding to that, elevation would be

affected because of the increase in sea level. Because of these preliminary effects,

adaptation is necessary for all organisms such as the increase in the consumption for

food and energy which would cause interactions like competition, predation, infection,

and imbalances in mutualism. The changes in these interactions would cause some

species to be extinct because some species have a harder time in coping with these

drastic changes than other species which would affect the overall balance of the

ecosystem.

Increase in Poisonous Gases

Carbon dioxide is a gas that is mainly the byproduct of human activities and human

respiration. Since carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, the increase of its concentration

in the atmosphere is the main cause of global warming that leads to climate change.

Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of burning and processing of fossil fuels to be turned into

coals and different forms of petroleum gas (Ying et al., 2018). The increase of

concentration of these gases could be very dangerous not only for humans but also for

every organism on the planet. An example of organisms affected by the increase of

concentration of poisonous gases are plants. The increase of carbon dioxide emissions
combined with deforestation would certainly lead to less oxygen and an overdose of

carbon dioxide to be processed by plants.

Greenhouse effect is a phenomenon wherein greenhouse gases like carbon

dioxide trap heat from the sun which increases the average temperature inside the

atmosphere. Since 2015, it has been recorded that global warming is at its highest levels

because of the rapid increase in carbon dioxide emission and deforestation. Minimizing

the greenhouse gases and proper rehabilitation of the environment is the primary key to

resolve this worldwide dilemma (Szulejko et al., 2017). There are also people who

disregard this problem and believe that climate change is a myth but there are many

proofs that the planet is experiencing this rapid change in the environment. In general,

the increase of these greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, disrupts the natural

processes on the environment that would affect the habitable feature of the planet.

Solar Energy

Solar power is the energy taken from the sun in which it will be converted into

thermal or electrical energy. The Philippines is situated close to the equator, where it

receives good exposure from the sun since it is aligned to the sun’s ecliptic plane

consistently, although it is not always fixed (Malicdem, 2015).

There are still an estimated 700 million people in Asia that do not have a supply of

electricity. Governments and organizations have chosen countries with remote and widely

distributed islands, like the Philippines, to provide energy from solar power production as

it is the most sustainable solution. Since the Philippines is a tropical country, the regions

can have at least 1,400 kWh/square meter per year of solar irradiation, so it is also

preferable to place solar photovoltaic cells there. Despite the potential, there are
hindrances to the growth and use of solar power production such as the lack of access to

advancements to decrease the cost of solar power production, government policies, and

the lack of investments (ABD, 2016).

Since the Philippines has the 5th costliest expense on electricity, solar energy is a

great alternative of energy supply that costs less and does not harm the environment. In

2015, there were three solar farms that were established in the Philippines. An

observation by Schadow1 Expeditions was that in 33 cities of the Philippines, it gets the

highest electrical power (7kWH per square meter) every day during April and the lowest

is 3Kwh per square meter every day during December (ABD, 2016).

The Philippines is one of the developing countries most affected by the outcome

of climate change because in developing countries where fast growing population and

high energy demand, “poverty, pollution, health and environmental problems”

(Shahsavari & Akbari, 2018, p. 275) occur. Modern energy like solar power is needed to

be established in order to ensure “production, income generation, and social

development” (Shahsavari & Akbari, 2018, p. 275) and “to reduce the serious health

issues that are caused by the use of fuelwood, charcoal, animal dung and agricultural

waste. (Shahsavari & Akbari, 2018, p. 275)” Solar energy is a great solution for places

where there is a lack of energy like in rural areas as well as a good alternative in reducing

the use of fossil fuels and the production of greenhouse gases. Since solar energy is the

most accessible source of energy, it is beneficial for people living in rural areas to use this

instead as it is a more sustainable option for them. It may open up more job opportunities

and extend their activities until the evening (Shahsavari & Akbari, 2018).

For developing countries, solar energy is efficient and advantageous for five
reasons. First, the placement of developing countries has more access to the sun’s rays.

Second, social decline would be the result of continual use of fossil fuels as energy

sources which harm the environment. Third, the decreasing use of fossil fuels speeds up

the demand for solar powered technology which needs further research and resources

which decreases cost. Fourth, solar powered technology is expensive at first, but in the

long run it is the most sustainable for people who live in rural areas and people from urban

areas will use more solar powered technology as well. Lastly, other passive modes of

harnessing solar energy can be combined with solar panels to produce electricity

(Devabhaktuni, et al., 2013).

The cost of producing power from solar powered technologies is gradually

decreasing and the benefits that comes with solar energy would surpass the cost. "It is

true that newly installed RE technologies are behind conventional fuels in terms of

competitiveness considering their pure capital costs. However, global trends show an

increasing RE market and prices going down due to learning curves and policy support.”

(GIZ, 2013, p. 11) Almost half of all the power capacity that was just implemented is made

up of renewable energy worth 244 billion dollars wherein half of this were put into

investment in developing economies. Solar power technologies may be expensive upfront

but there is no cost for fuel, which would make up the Philippine’s fluctuating fuel prices

(Santos, 2014).

Sizes and costs may vary with solar panels; An 80-watt solar panel can be bought

for 3,000 pesos while a 250-watt panel can be bought for 15,000 pesos (Ranada, 2014).

Factors such as appliances, electric consumption and architecture of the house should

be considered when buying a solar panel. The cost of solar PV is now 0.10 dollars or 5.40
pesos per kWh (Dudley, 2018). A home installed with 20 solar panels can produce an

average of 675 kWh or 8,000 pesos of electricity per month.

Fossil fuels like oil, coal, and natural gas, will provide energy for the most part while

renewable resources, like solar and wind, can only provide 2 to 3 percent of global energy

capacity. With regards to environmental influence, solar power is the better option, but

with regards to dependable implementation, fossil fuels are the better option. When

comparing solar energy and fossil fuels without subsidies, the global energy prices should

be considered. Global coal prices have an average of $0.06 cents per kWh and fossil fuel

steams has an average of $0.05 to $0.03 cents per kWh, but in 2016 there was a major

commercial solar installation bid of $0.029 cents per kWh for PV which was the lowest

price. There are new solar PV projects being established by energy companies that

produce energy at half the cost of coal or natural gas (Solar electricity vs. fossil fuels: how

do they compare?, 2018).

Fossil fuels have a higher energy density than solar power, which means fossil

fuels like petroleum can give more energy than what solar panels have supplied. Fossil

fuels are more available than solar power, although in order to be used, it has to be mined

or extracted. But once there is a supply of fossil fuels, it could be used at any time, while

solar energy can only be used when the sun is present. In the long-run, solar energy is

more available because it is a renewable resource, while fossil fuels are a limited

resource. The collection and transportation of fossil fuels such as strip mining and

mountaintop removal is harmful to the environment. Fuel combustion can result to carbon-

dioxide emissions which damage the climate, however, the power of the sun has no
emissions, therefore solar energy is the most environmentally friendly energy solution

available (Solar Power Vs. Fossil Fuels, 2016).

Geothermal Energy

The location of the Philippines provides a good avenue for geothermal power

harvestation due to its position in the western area of the Pacific Ring of Fire where plate

movement and volcanic activity occur greatly. Throughout the Philippines there are

around 300 volcanoes where some are near subduction zones or trenches. These areas

are hotspots for geothermal activities and not all have been explored. The existing

geothermal plants in the country are usually near volcanic or mountainous areas where

most geothermal fields explored were found to have reached more than 240 degrees

Celsius (PHIVOLCS, 2010; Sussman, Javallana, & Benavidez, 1993).

Seven major geothermal energy plants reside in the Philippines where a total of

1,847.69 MW are produced annually as of 2015. Geothermal power supplies emit the

second highest energy supply in the total power needs of the country and only 10% of

the total amount of energy capacity of all power supplies available in the country. This

may seem small but the country’s supply of geothermal energy comes in second to the

USA in terms of total energy output.

Geothermal exploration is not a new concept in the country. The use of geothermal

power has been an energy resource since 1967 in Albay where the Tiwi geothermal plant

still stands today. The Philippine government saw potential in geothermal energy and

during this period enacted a legislation on the development of geothermal energy as an

alternative power source (Fronda, Marasigan, & Lazaro, 2015; Global Energy

Observatory, 2018; Tacio, 2010). In 2008, another law was enacted to entice companies
to invest in renewable energy and to significantly increase the renewable power output

for reduction of fossil fuel exploitation and better energy security. Forty-three contracts

have been signed after this legislation. The government is also conducting the exploration

of low enthalpy areas to create small scale geothermal plants for local energy needs. A

type of geothermal power plant, binary power systems, enables low enthalpy use since

geothermal plants in the country mainly utilize high enthalpy regions. As of 2015, the

project found two possible geothermal sites in Batangas and Davao del Sur. (Fronda,

Marasigan, & Lazaro, 2015; Halcon, et al., 2015).

Geothermal energy is given great emphasis by the government because of the

country’s natural heat resources, however, efficiency rates of geothermal power plants

are lower than other power plants. This means that the power is not utilized to its full

capacity. Two factors, conversion efficiency and effectiveness, have to be taken into

account when considering plant efficiency. Conversion efficiency is defined as the ratio

of total power generated to geothermal heat produced from the area. Most of the heat

from the reservoirs cannot be utilized. In order to create power, heat must be transformed

to work. Two kinds of energy, exergy and anergy, exists, but exergy is the only one that

can be converted to work. The type and size of the power plant also dictates the efficiency

rate. Binary plants are the least efficient compared to other power plants. Effectiveness

is also an important factor in the power plant, which is calculated by the ratio of the total

heat transferred from the area to the plant to the amount of heat available in the area.

High effectiveness ratio leads to low temperature of heat input which also leads to lower

efficiency. Energy output is higher, and so plants aim to have high effectiveness rates.

Compared to other power plants, geothermal plants have lower efficiency rates which
averages at 12%. Current geothermal plant designs are not efficient in utilizing energy,

and this could hinder a company’s incentives in investing in this type of energy facility

(Zarrouk & Moon, 2014; Valdimarsson, 2011).

Three main factors affect the creation of geothermal plants. These are the

financial, environmental, and administrative factors (IRENA, 2017). These also compose

most of the phases in creating a geothermal plant found in the paper of Dolor (2006).

Dolor (2006) discusses ten stages that developers have to consider before operating. The

first two stages involve the exploration and survey of the site. The two stages assess the

possible energy output of the areas where the plant is supposed to be constructed. The

third step involves the excavation of the possible wells at 2000-3000 meters deep,

construction of roads, and authorization from the DENR. The fourth and fifth phase

involves a feasibility study on the resources to be exploited and power plant and the

procurement of the certificate of environmental compliance from the PEIA. The sixth step

involves the finances in funding the plant. The seventh, eighth, and ninth phases involve

building the plant. The ninth and tenth stage involve expansion and decommissioning of

the plant. The ten phases are estimated to cost 276.88 million dollars. This amount is not

fixed and numerous factors may still fluctuate from this estimated amount (Geothermal

Energy Association, n.d.). It should be noted that the operating cost is significantly lower

than the initial cost since operations and maintenance costs only $0.03 to $0.05 per

kilowatt hour (Peñarroyo, 2014).

Although geothermal plants expel less toxic chemicals than fossil fuels, the power

plants still emit low levels of hydrogen sulfide and toxic materials (National Geographic,

n.d.). Fossil fuels as an energy source costs more than geothermal energy. The DOE
(2014) reported that geothermal energy costs 1.94 pesos per kilo-watt hour compared to

oil which costs 13.81 pesos per kilo-watt hour. In terms of fuel, geothermal plants need

not to buy fuels since it is already obtained from the wells. The fuel from fossil fuel power

plants on the hand have to be imported from other countries which will then tend to be

costly. Maelhum (2018) states that geothermal energy is a sustainable source since the

wells and aquifers are eventually restored.

Wave Energy

Wave energy may also be a possible source of renewable energy other than solar

and geothermal energy due to the location of the Philippines which is surrounded by the

South China Sea to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east. Ly and his colleagues

(2014) have measured the wave energy potential of different places in Southeast Asia

using a spectral wave model which was used in wind-wave modelling research. The

results showed that the annual mean wave energy is third-highest in the South China Sea

between Vietnam and the Philippines. From this study, the conclusion is that if tidal waves

are produced every day by the hundreds of beaches on the Philippines, they may cause

enough kinetic energy to be converted to electricity to power homes. Because of the

potential power that these waves generate, the Philippines has constructed a prototype

generator to understand the scope of using this energy. The Manila Times (2015) stated

that two companies, SABELLA SAS and H&WB Asia Pacific (Pte Ltd.) Corp., signed a

memorandum of agreement to put up the first tidal power plant in the country. This plant

is situated in four locations: three along the Bernardino Strait between the cities of

Matnog, Sorsogon and Capul and Dalupiri in Leyte and another one in the city of Sta. Ana

in Cagayan. This demonstration was done in order to stimulate new proposals for the use
of wave energy based technologies for the following years as well as to promote the use

of renewable energy sources in the Philippines.

In order for wave energy to be effective, it must also be efficient for generating the

electricity needed in order to power homes across the Philippines. Lu and his colleagues

(2018) constructed a prototype model that would measure the oscillation of the blades in

order to estimate the efficiency of wave energy generators. They concluded that based

on their data, when the period of the graph is longer, the oscillation on the waveform is

stronger because the nonlinear voltage speeds up the rotation. There will also be a time

in the period where the blades will not rotate and no volts are produced which means that

the power is not continuous. Another study by Rusu (2014) shows the efficiency of the

wave power generators in terms of different WECs (Wave Energy Converters): Oceantec,

Pelamis, Pontoon Power C, Seabased AB, Wave Dragon, Aqua Buoy, Archimedes Wave

Swing (AWS), Langlee, Ocean Energy Buoy, and Wavebob. The researcher measured

the average kilowatt power generated by the WECs in the Spanish and Portuguese

shores and also estimated the total kilowatts based on various vantage points throughout

the ocean. The time frame for measuring the electricity was 41 years for Spain which was

provided by the Spanish Ports Authority and 2 years for Portugal which were conducted

by previous studies. The results showed that the average electric power between

Oceantec, Pelamis, Pontoon Power C, Seabased AB, and Wave Dragon ranged between

2.60 to 2,197.8 depending on the type of WEC and the vantage point to which it was

stationed, with Seabased AB being the lowest and Wave Dragon the highest. For

Portugal, the average electric power of Pelamis, AWS, Aqua Buoy, and Wave Dragon
showed between 28.8 to 979.2 in which Aqua Buoy is the lowest and Wave Dragon is still

the highest.

With every power plant that will be used in the Philippines, there will always be a

cost to produce the electricity that will be needed for every house and establishment.

Even if the Philippines does not physically have a power plant as of now, the government

is devising a way to implement generators into ships. The DOE (Department of Energy)

(2018) stated that the Philippines will harness tidal energy generators for passenger cargo

vessels that is estimated to contain 100 passengers, four vans, and 15 motorcycles. This

project will be funded by the DOST (Department of Science and Technology) and would

cost P76,000,000 to implement the construction of the vessel. For the cost of producing

a WEC, WACOP (2016) summarizes the price of producing the Pelamis wave converter

for the Pacific. It is one of the devices in which there is enough information to calculate a

realistic cost. The cost of producing the converter would cost around $4.74-6.30 million

and the operational costs would total around $1.72-8.48 million which would bring the

total price from $6.32-14.1 million.

The main benefit to come out from wave energy and all other renewable energy

sources is that they are reservoirs for clean energy and reduce our carbon footprint by

limiting the use of fossil fuels or eliminate them entirely. Energy4me (n.d.) stated that

hydropower sources of energy do not emit any emissions and are capable of generating

large quantities of power, whereas fossil fuels such as petroleum exhaust high carbon

dioxide emissions, can be found in only a limited amount of places, and will run out after

a certain amount of years. Bedard (2007) also discusses some important social benefits

that wave energy provides such as reducing the dependence on the energy supplies
imported to the country such as oil which increase national security and stimulating the

economic development of the country by giving new opportunities to hire skilled and

unskilled workers. Therefore, wave energy has a high risk but also a great reward if

invested in it.

Conclusion

Fossil fuels are damaging to the environment in that it releases toxic wastes to the

environment which cause global warming and other environmental problems that plague

the world in this present generation. In order to reduce the use of fossil fuels in the

Philippines, and thus to help solve global warming, we have to maximize our alternative

energy potential by harnessing our solar, geothermal, and wave resources.

Solar energy is the most sustainable alternative to fossil fuels in the Philippines

since the Philippines is situated close to the equator and have widely distributed remote

islands. For developing countries like the Philippines, solar energy is efficient and

advantageous. Although upfront, installing a solar power technology like solar panels can

be costly, in the long run it won’t. Fossil fuels have a high energy density and are

consistent in providing energy, but solar energy is readily available resource, a more

environment-friendly alternative and more cost-effective.

Geothermal power is backed by the government through laws and incentives and

by the Department of Energy through joint explorations. Due to the geographically gifted

nature of the Philippines, geothermal energy harvestation could succeed in being seen

as more advantageous than the use of fossil fuels in energy production. Although current
geothermal plant designs are not efficient but are effective, new plant designs seek to

make use of places deemed unusable before. The government is willing to aid companies

that will invest in geothermal plants due to its financially disadvantaging price, and this

should be seen as a step towards the reduction of fossil fuel dependence and the

availability of more geothermal plants in the future.

Wave energy possesses a potential for Philippine society as it is an archipelago

and surrounded by large bodies of water. With this potential, the Philippines has

constructed multiple generators and power plants in order to exploit this form of energy.

It may not be the most efficient source of energy based on an experiment done by some

researchers and also may not be the cheapest source of energy, but it can produce a lot

of electrical power for the needs of the society.

All in all, renewable energy sources prove to be an alternative means to fossil fuels

due to its fairly infinite supply and reduction of poisonous gases that negatively affect the

environment. These forms of energy may not be cheap or consistently available, but will

be a big investment in the long run due to its long lasting benefits.
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