Electrical Power Engineering Tech.

Electrical Machines (Practical)

MATLAB
Simulink
● Simulink is a software package that enables you to model, simulate, and
analyze systems whose outputs change over time.
● Such systems are often referred to as dynamic systems.
● Simulink can be used to explore the behavior of a wide range of real-world
dynamic systems, including electrical circuits, braking systems, and many
other electrical, mechanical systems.
.‫)هي حزمة برمجية تمكننا من نمذجة وتمثيل وتحليل األنظمة التي تتغير االخراجات لها مع الزمن‬Simulink( ‫● الـ‬
.‫● وتسمى األنظمة التي تتغير اخراجاتها مع الزمن باألنظمة الديناميكية‬
‫) لدراسة أداء مدى واسع من األنظمة الديناميكية الحقيقية كالدوائر الكهربائية وأنظمة الكبح‬Simulink( ‫● ويستعمل الـ‬
.‫والعديد من األنظمة الكهربائية والميكانيكية األخرى‬

1. Dynamics of Electrical Machines

● Whereas a large number of practical rotating electrical machines operate on
steady-state, important problems arise under various transient operating
conditions, for example, when a generator or motor is suddenly loaded, or a
motor is started and accelerated.
● During the transient process between one steady-state condition and another,
inertial and damping forces come into play, because with the instantaneous
change in the electrical conditions, the stored magnetic-field energy cannot
change instantaneously and the energy balance is largely maintained by the
stored mechanical energy in the rotating masses.
‫ األداء الديناميكي للمكائن الكهربائية‬-1
‫ إال أن مشاكل مهمة‬،‫● بالرغم من ان عدد كبير من المكائن الكهربائية الدوّارة العملية تعمل عند الحالة المستقرة‬
‫ أو عند بدء دوران‬،ً‫ عندما يتم تحميل المولد أو المحرك فجأة‬،ً‫ مثال‬، ‫تظهر عند ظروف تشغيل عابرة مختلفة‬
.‫المحرك وتسارعه‬

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Electrical Power Engineering Tech. Electrical Machines (Practical)
‫ وألنه‬،‫ فانه يظهر تأثير عوامل القصور الذاتي واإلخماد‬،‫● وخالل العملية العابرة بين ظرف حالة مستقرة وأخرى‬
،ً‫ فانه ال يمكن أن تتغير طاقة المجال المغناطيسي المخزونة لحظيا‬،‫مع التغير اللحظي في الظروف الكهربائية‬
.‫ويتم المحافظة على اتزان الطاقة بشكل كبير بواسطة الطاقة الميكانيكية المخزونة في الكتلة الدوّارة‬

Separately Excited DC Machine Model

The electromotive force (EMF) E is proportional to the machine speed.

KE is the voltage constant and is the machine speed.

In a separately excited DC machine model, the voltage constant KE is
proportional to the field current If:

where Laf is the field-armature mutual inductance.

The electromechanical torque developed by the DC machine is proportional
to the armature current Ia.

where KT is the torque constant.

The torque constant is equal to the voltage constant.

The armature circuit is represented by a series Ra La branch in series with

an EMF E.

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Electrical Power Engineering Tech. Electrical Machines (Practical)

The field circuit is represented by an RL circuit.

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Electrical Power Engineering Tech. Electrical Machines (Practical)
The mechanical part computes the speed of the DC machine from the net
torque applied to the rotor. The speed is used to implement the EMF voltage
E of the armature circuit.

The mechanical part is represented by Simulink blocks that implement the

equation

, , where C is constant.

Case I. Armature voltage control of a d.c. separately excited motor with

The transfer function between the output quantity, speed, and the input
quantity, the armature-terminal voltage is obtained from equations as,

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Electrical Power Engineering Tech. Electrical Machines (Practical)

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Electrical Power Engineering Tech. Electrical Machines (Practical)

Case II. Field voltage control of a d.c. separately-excited motor with

and constant armature voltage
(The speed characteristic with the variation of flux (or field) for DC
separately-excited motor)
The transfer function between the output quantity, speed, and the input
quantity, the field-terminal voltage is obtained from equations as,

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Electrical Power Engineering Tech. Electrical Machines (Practical)

Assuming that the flux is directly proportional to the field current If

plot(If(1:360,1),If(1:360,2)),grid
>> plot(Te(1:360,1),Te(1:360,2)),grid
>> plot(ia(1:360,1),ia(1:360,2)),grid
>> plot(wm(1:360,1),wm(1:360,2)),grid
>> plot(Va(1:360,1),Va(1:360,2)),grid

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Electrical Power Engineering Tech. Electrical Machines (Practical)

Example:
Write a necessary equations for field voltage control of d.c. separately excited motor with

and constant armature current. If the motor has the following parameters:

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Electrical Power Engineering Tech. Electrical Machines (Practical)

represent this motor by Simulink block

Solution:
Assuming that the flux is directly proportional to the field current If
, (constant)

H.W:
Write a necessary equations for armature voltage control of d.c. separately excited motor with

and constant field current. If the motor has the following parameters:

represent this motor by Simulink block

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Electrical Power Engineering Tech. Electrical Machines (Practical)
Example:
Write a necessary equations for d.c. separately excited generator at rated speed=1220 r.p.m. and

. If the generator has the following parameters:

represent this case by Simulink block

solution:

The electromotive force (EMF) E is proportional to the machine speed.

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Electrical Power Engineering Tech. Electrical Machines (Practical)

EXAMPLE
A 6-pole, 230 V, 60 Hz ,Y-connected, three-phase induction motor has the following
parameters on a per-phase basis: R1 = 0.5 , R2 = 0.25 , X1 = 0.75 , X2 = 0.5
, Xm= 100 , and Rc = 500 . The friction and windage loss is 150 W. Use
MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems to simulate the exact equivalent circuit of
three phase induction motors per-phase. Also find the efficiency and torque of the
motor at its rated slip of 2.5%.

Solution:

Enter the parameters of this motor in Command Window

Vs=230;f=60;ws=2*pi*f;P=6;
R1=0.5;R2=0.25;

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L1=0.75/ws;L2=0.5/ws;
Lm=100/ws;Rc=500;
Pfw=150;s=0.025

The stator current:

The power factor: pf = cos (12.09o) = 0.978 lagging

Power input: Pin = = 4998.54 W

Stator copper loss: = 246.99 W

Core-loss current: Ic

Core loss: = 93.75 W

Air-gap power: = 4657.8 W

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Rotor copper loss: = 116.46 W

Power developed: = 4541.34 W

Power output Po = Pd - 150 = 4391.34 W

Efficiency: = 0.879 or 87.9%

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Shaft torque: =35.84 N.m

H.W
Using the data of above Example and the simulation of an approximate equivalent circuit by
MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems, determine the efficiency of the motor at its rated slip.

EXAMPLE
A 6-pole, 230 V, 60 Hz ,Y-connected, three-phase induction motor has the following
parameters on a per-phase basis: R1 = 0.5 , R2 = 0.25 , X1 = 0.75 , X2 = 0.5
, Xm= 100 , and Rc = 500 . The friction and windage loss is 150 W. Use
MATLAB/Program and the exact equivalent circuit of three phase induction motors
per-phase. find the efficiency and torque of the motor at its rated slip of 2.5%.
Solution:

Vs=230;f=60;ws=2*pi*f;P=6;
R1=0.5;R2=0.25;
X1=0.75;X2=0.5
L1=0.75/ws;L2=0.5/ws;
Xm=100
Lm=100/ws;Rc=500;
Pfw=150;s=0.025;
Ns=120*f/P
ws=Ns*pi/30
V1=Vs/sqrt(3)
Z2=R2/s+j*X2
Z1=R1+j*X1
Yeq=1/Rc+1/(j*Xm)+1/Z2
Zeq=1/Yeq
Zin=Z1+Zeq
I1=V1/Zin
abs(I1)
theta=angle(I1)*180/pi
pf=cos(angle(I1))
Pin=3*V1*abs(I1)*pf
Pscl=3*abs(I1)^2*R1
E1=V1-I1*Z1
abs(E1)

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Ic=E1/Rc
abs(Ic)
Im=E1/(j*Xm)
abs(Im)
Iph=Ic+Im
abs(Iph)
I2=I1-Iph
abs(I2)
Pm=3*abs(Ic)^2*Rc
Pag=Pin-Pscl-Pm
Prcl=3*abs(I2)^2*R2
Pd=Pag-Prcl
Po=Pd-Pfw
eff=Po/Pin
Ts=Po/((1-s)*ws)

H.W
Using the data of above Example and the approximate equivalent circuit to determine the efficiency of the motor
at its rated slip by MATLAB/Program.

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