Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4 7 Organic Chemistry
4 7 Organic Chemistry
4 7 Organic Chemistry
7 Organic Chemistry
Crude oil
Crude oil is a finite resource found in rocks. Crude Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number of
oil is the remains of an ancient biomass consisting compounds. Most of the compounds in crude oil are
mainly of plankton that was buried in mud. hydrocarbons, which are molecules made up of
hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
Alkanes
Most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil are hydrocarbons The general formula for the
called alkanes. Alkanes only contain single covalent homologous series of alkanes is
bonds and are classed as saturated hydrocarbons CnH2n+2
n
Name of (number of Molecular Displayed
Alkane carbons) formula Formula
H
Methane 1 CH4 H C H
H
H H
Ethane 2 C2H6 H C C H
H H
H H H
Propane 3 C3H8 H C C C H
H H H
H H H H
butane 4 C4H10 H C C C C H
H H H H
1
N Goalby chemrevise.org
fuel gas (bottled)
The fractions can be processed to produce fuels and feedstock 20° C
for the petrochemical industry. Many of the fuels on which we
petrol/gasoline
depend for our modern lifestyle, such as petrol, diesel oil, 40° C
kerosene, heavy fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gases, are
naptha (chemicals)
produced from crude oil. 110° C
kerosene (jet fuel)
Many useful materials on which modern life depends are
180° C
produced by the petrochemical industry, such as solvents, diesel oil
250° C
lubricants, polymers, detergents.
fuel oil
300° C
The vast array of natural and synthetic carbon compounds Furnace
lubricating oils
occur due to the ability of carbon atoms to form families of 340° C
similar compounds.
bitumen
Cracking
Larger Hydrocarbons can be broken down (cracked) to Cracking reactions are thermal
produce smaller, more useful molecules. decomposition reactions.
N Goalby chemrevise.org 2
Chemistry only
Alkenes
The first four members of the homologous series of alkenes are ethene, propene, butene and pentene.
H H H H H H
C C H C C C H C C C C H
H H
H H H H H H H
Ethene is C2H4
butene is C4H8
Propene is C3H6
Combustion of Alkenes
Alkenes react with oxygen in combustion reactions in the
same way as other hydrocarbons, but they tend to burn in
air with smoky flames because of incomplete combustion.
H H
H H
H H
H H
C C + H2 H C C H
C C + Br2 H C C H
H H
H H H H
Br Br ethene ethane
H H H H
H H H H H H
C C + H2O H C C O H
C C C H + Cl2 H C C C H
H H H H
ethene H Cl Cl H
ethanol H
H H H H H H H
H
C C C C H + I2 H C C C C H
H
H H I I H H
N Goalby chemrevise.org 3
Alcohols Chemistry only
Alcohols contain the functional group –OH.
Methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol are the first
Alcohols can be represented in the following forms: four members of a homologous series of alcohols.
CH3CH2OH H H H H H H H
O
Or C H CH3CH2OH H C C C O H CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
H C C C O H H
H H H H
H H H Methanol ethanol propanol butanol
Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids have the functional group –COOH. The first four members of a homologous series of
carboxylic acids are methanoic acid, ethanoic acid,
propanoic acid and butanoic acid.
The structures of carboxylic acids can be represented
in the following forms:
CH3CH2COOH
O H O
H O
CH3COOH or H C C
H C
H C C propanoic acid
O H
O H
O H
H
CH3CH2CH2COOH
H methanoic acid ethanoic acid butanoic acid
Esters
Esters are made from the reaction of carboxylic acids with Ethyl ethanoate is the ester produced from ethanol
alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (sulphuric acid). and ethanoic acid
N Goalby chemrevise.org 4
Addition Polymerisation. Chemistry only
Alkenes can be used to make polymers such as poly(ethene) and In these reactions, the double bonds open up
poly(propene) by addition polymerisation. and many small unsaturated molecules
In addition polymerisation reactions, many small molecules (monomers, which are usually alkenes) join
(monomers) join together to form very large molecules (polymers). together to form very large saturated molecules
(polymers).
Condensation Polymerisation
Condensation polymerisation involves monomers with two The simplest condensation polymers are
functional groups. When these types of monomers react they produced from two different monomers with
join together, usually losing small molecules such as water, and two of the same functional groups on each
so the reactions are called condensation reactions. monomer
For example:
Monomer 1 Monomer 2
HO CH2 CH2 OH Reacts
HOOC CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COOH
with
ethanediol Hexanedioic acid
H O CH 2 OH May be drawn
HOOC CH2 COOH
simplified as
n H O CH 2 OH + n HOOC CH2 COOH H3C CH2 OOC CH2 COO CH3+ 2n H2O
n
N Goalby chemrevise.org 5
Amino acids and Proteins Chemistry only
Amino acids have two different functional Amino acids react by condensation polymerisation to
groups in a molecule. produce polypeptides.
For example: the amino acid glycine is H2NCH2COOH and polymerises to produce the polypeptide
(-HNCH2COO-)n and n H2O
Different amino acids can be combined in the same chain to produce proteins.
N Goalby chemrevise.org 6