TEMPERATURE, HEAT QUANTITIES and HEAT

TRANSFER
Physics for Engineers
Second Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021
MODULE VIII
Course Code : Phys 123/121L
Course Title : Physics for Engineers (Lec/Lab)
Pre-requisite : Math 113, Math 123
Co-requisite : Math 113; Phys 121L
Credits Units : 4 units
Time Allotment : 6 hrs./week; 108 hours/semester
For this module : 1 week only

JUNDHEL D. CABRADILLA, REE

Instructor

1|Page Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

➢

This subject covers basic concepts, principles, and history of physics. Course topic will
include topics in Vectors; kinematics; dynamics; work, energy, and power; impulse and
momentum; rotation; dynamics of rotation; elasticity; and oscillation. Fluids; thermal
expansion, thermal stress; heat transfer; calorimetry; waves; electrostatics; electricity;
magnetism; optics; image formation by plane and curved mirrors; and image formation by
thin lenses.

The students had to engage as an independent learner in this self-study designed

module. Also, the students had to familiarize themselves with the topics through the series
of explanations and examples given.

After this learning packet, the students will be able to:

- Distinguish between temperature and heat.
- Express temperature using different scales.
- Analyze heat transfer applications.
- Determine final temperature using the method of mixtures.
- Relate heat transfer to the expansion of solids and liquids.
- Find the heat required for change of phase of solids, liquids, and gases.

Students must submit their Answers to Pre-Test before the module release & submit their
answers to Post Assessment Test & of Culminating Activity on the date indicated at the
Google Classroom.

2|Page Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

➢

Acceleration – is a vector quantity that is defined as the rate at which an object changes its
velocity.
Compound – is a substance containing two or more elements.
Dynamics – the study of the causes of motion and changes in motion.
Elasticity - is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size
and shape when that influence or force is removed.
Electricity - a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles (such as electrons
or protons), either statically as an accumulation of charge or dynamically as a current.
Element - is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances.
Energy - is the capacity to do work.
Fluids - is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, or external
force.
Force - is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object.
Heat - is a form of internal kinetic and potential energy contained in an object associated with the
motion of its atoms or molecules and may be transferred from an object at a higher temperature
to one at a lower temperature.
Impulse - is a quantity that describes the effect of a net force acting on an object (a kind of
"moving force").
Inertia - is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its velocity.
Kinematics – branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, bodies (objects)
and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without consideration of the causes of motion.
Matter – is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Magnetism – the study of physical phenomena that are mediated by magnetic field.
Momentum - is a quantity that describes an object's resistance to stopping (a kind of "moving
inertia").
Optics – the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light, including its
interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it.
Oscillation - is defined as the process of repeating variations of any quantity or measure about
its equilibrium value in time.
Power - is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit.
Resistance - is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit.
Rotation - is a circular movement of an object around a center (or point) of rotation.
Scalar - is a quantity that can be completely described by a number (called its magnitude) and a
unit.
Temperature - is a measure of the hotness or coldness of an object.
Vector - is a quantity that requires both magnitude (size) and direction to be completely described.
Voltage - is the potential difference in charge between two points in an electrical field.
Wave - is a disturbance in a medium that carries energy without a net movement of particles.
Work - measure of energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved over a distance by an
external force at least part of which is applied in the direction of the displacement.

3|Page Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

 ➢ is a measure of the hotness or coldness of an object.
➢ The temperatures used are the freezing point of water and the boiling point
of water at sea level. The distance between these marks is then divided up
into equal segments called degrees.
➢ The common metric temperature scale is the Celsius scale with freezing
point 0°C and boiling point 100°C.
➢ The common U.S. temperature scale is the Fahrenheit scale with freezing
point 32°F and boiling point 212°F.
➢ The relationship between Fahrenheit temperatures (TF) and Celsius
temperatures (TC) is given by:
𝟓 𝟓
TC = (TF - 32o) or C = (F - 32o)
𝟗 𝟗
𝟗 𝟗
TF = (TC + 32o) or F= (C + 32o)
𝟓 𝟓
where TC = Celsius temperature
TF = Fahrenheit temperature

ANDERS CELSIUS (1701–1744),

➢ astronomer, was born in Sweden. He devised the centigrade scale of
temperature in 1742. The Celsius scale (formerly the centigrade scale) is
named after him.

GABRIEL DANIEL FAHRENHEIT (1686–1736),

➢ physicist, was born in Poland. He invented the alcohol thermometer in 1709
and the mercury thermometer in 1714.

4|Page Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

 Example 1:
The human body average temperature is 98.6°F. What is it in degrees Celsius?
Given:
F = 98.6°F
C=?
Basic Equation:
C = 5/9 (F - 32°)
C = 5/9 (98.6° - 32°)
C = 5/9 (66.6°)
C = 37.0°C

ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE
➢ The Kelvin scale is the metric absolute temperature scale on which absolute
zero is 0 K and is closely related to the Celsius scale. The relationship is:

TK = TC + 273 or K = C + 273

➢ The Rankine scale is the U.S. absolute temperature scale on which absolute
zero is 0°R and is closely related to the Fahrenheit scale. The relationship is:

TR = TF + 460° or R = F + 460°

Example 2:
Change 18°C to Kelvin.
Given:
TC = 18°C
TK = ?
Basic Equation:
TK = TC + 273
Solution:
TK = 18 + 273
TK = 291 K

*The degree symbol (°) is not used when writing a temperature on

the Kelvin scale.

5|Page Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

 Example 3:
Change 535°R to degrees Fahrenheit.
Given:
TR = 535°R
TF = ?
Basic Equation:
TR = TF + 460°
Solution:
TF = TR - 460°
TF = 535° - 460°
TF = 75°F

6|Page Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

 ➢ is a form of internal kinetic and potential energy contained in an object
associated with the motion of its atoms or molecules and may be transferred
from an object at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature.
➢ Since heat is a form of energy, we could measure it in joules or ft lb, which
are energy units.
➢ However, before it was known that heat is a form of energy, special units for
heat were developed, which are still in use. These units are the calorie and
the kilocalorie in the metric system and the Btu (British thermal unit) in the
U.S. system.
➢ The kilocalorie (kcal) is the amount of heat necessary to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of water 1°C. Note: The precise definition is based on the
amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water from 14.5°C
to 15.5°C; however, the variation for each 1°C change in temperature is so
minimal that it can be ignored for all practical purposes.
➢ The Btu is the amount of heat (energy) necessary to raise the temperature
of 1 lb of water 1°F.
1 Btu = 252 cal
➢ The calorie (cal) is the amount of heat (energy) necessary to raise the
temperature of 1 g of water 1°C.
Note: One food calorie is the same as 1 kcal. That is 1 cal = 1000 cal
➢ As mentioned before, heat and work are somehow related. James Prescott
Joule determined by experiments the relationship between heat and work,
called the mechanical equivalent of heat. He found that:
1. 1 cal of heat is produced by 4.19 J of work.
2. 1 kcal of heat is produced by 4190 J of work.
3. 1 Btu of heat is produced by 778 ft lb of work.

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 Example:
1. Find the amount of work (in J) that is equivalent to 4850 cal of heat.
Solution:
4850 cal x 4.19 J/1 cal = 20,300 J or 20.3 kJ

2. How much work must a person do to offset eating a 775-calorie breakfast?

First, note that one food calorie equals one kilocalorie.

𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝑱
775 kcal x = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔J or 3.32 MJ
𝟏 𝒌𝒄𝒂𝒍

3. A given coal gives off 7150 kcal/kg of heat when burned. How many joules of
work result from burning one metric ton, assuming that 35.0% of the heat is
lost?
First, note that one metric ton equals 1000 kg.

𝒌𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝑱
7150 x x 1000 kg x 0.350 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 J
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒄𝒂𝒍

8|Page Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

 ➢ The transfer of heat from one object to another is always from the warmer
object to the colder one or from the warmer part of an object to a colder
part (Fig. 14.6).

➢ There are three methods of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and

radiation.
➢ Conduction is the heat transfer from a warmer part of a substance to a
cooler part as a result of molecular collisions, which cause the slower-moving
molecules to move faster. Conduction is the usual method of heat transfer in
solids. When one end of a metal rod is heated, the molecules in that end
move faster than before. These molecules collide with other molecules and
cause them to move faster also. In this way, the heat is transferred from
one end of the metal to the other (Fig. 14.7).

➢ Another example of conduction is the transfer of the excess heat produced

in the combustion chamber of an engine through the engine block into the
coolant (Fig. 14.8).

9|Page Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

 ➢ The conduction of heat through some materials is better than through others.
A poor conductor of heat is called an insulator. A list of good conductors and
poor conductors is given in Table 14.1.

➢ Convection is the heat transfer by the movement of warm molecules from

one region of a gas or a liquid to another. The wind carries heat along with it.
The coolant in an engine carries hot antifreeze from the engine block to the
radiator by a convection process. Heat transfer by the wind is a natural
convection process. Heat transfer by the engine coolant is a forced convection
process because it depends on a pump.
➢ Radiation is heat transfer through energy being transmitted in the forms of
rays, waves, or particles. Put your hand several inches from a hot iron (Fig.
14.10). The heat you feel is not transferred by conduction because air is a
poor conductor. It is not transferred by convection because the hot air rises.
This heat transfer is through radiation. This radiant heat is similar to light and
passes through air, glass, and the vacuum of space. The energy that comes
to us from the sun is in the form of radiant energy. At night, heat in the ground
is radiated into the air. Dark objects absorb radiant heat and light objects
reflect radiant heat. This is why we feel cooler on a hot day in light-colored
clothing than in dark clothing (Fig. 14.11).

10 | P a g e Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

 ➢ The ability of a material to transfer heat by conduction is called its thermal
conductivity. Metals are good conductors of heat. Glass and air are poor
conductors. The rate at which heat is transferred through an object depends
on the following factors:
1. The thermal conductivity
2. The cross-sectional area through which the heat flows
3. The thickness of the material
4. The temperature difference between the two sides of the material
➢ The total amount of heat transferred is given by the equation
𝑲𝑨𝒕(𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 )
𝑸=
𝑳

where Q = heat transferred in J or Btu

K = thermal conductivity (from Table 14.2)
A = cross-sectional area
t = total time
T2 = temperature of the hot side
T1 = temperature of the cool side
L = thickness of the material

➢ Table 14.2 gives the thermal conductivities of some common materials.

11 | P a g e Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

 Example:
1. Find the heat flow in an 8.0-h period through a 36 in. x 36 in. pane of glass
(0.125 in. thick) if the temperature of the inner surface of the glass is 65°F
and the temperature of the outer surface is 15°F.

Given:
K = 0.50 Btu / (ft °F h)
A = 36 in. x 36 in. = 3.0 ft x 3.0 ft = 9.0 ft2
t = 8.0 h
T2 = 65°F
T1 = 15°F
L = 0.125 in. x (1 ft / 12 in.) = 0.0104 ft
Q=?

Basic Equation:
Q = KAt(T2 - T1)/L
Solution:
[𝟎.𝟓𝟎 𝐁𝐭𝐮/(𝐟𝐭 °𝐅 𝐡)](𝟗.𝟎 𝐟𝐭 𝟐 )(𝟖.𝟎𝐡)(𝟔𝟓°𝐅−𝟏𝟓°𝐅)
Q=
𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟒𝐟𝐭
Q = 𝟏. 𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟓 Btu

12 | P a g e Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

 ➢ The insulation value of construction material is often expressed in terms of
the R value, which indicates the ability of the material to resist the flow of
heat and uses U.S. units. The R value is inversely proportional to the thermal
conductivity and directly proportional to the thickness. Low thermal
conductivity is characteristic of good insulators. This is described by the
equation:
𝑳
𝑹=
𝑲

where R = R value (in ft2 °F/Btu/h)

K = thermal conductivity
L = thickness of the material (in ft)

Example:
1. Calculate the R value of 6.0 in. of mineral wool insulation.

Given:
𝐿 = 6.0 𝑖𝑛 = 0.50 𝑓𝑡
𝐾 = 0.026 𝐵𝑡𝑢/(𝑓𝑡°𝐹ℎ)
R=?
Basic Equation:
𝑳
𝑹=
𝑲

Solution:
𝑳
𝑹=
𝑲
𝟎.𝟓𝟎 𝒇𝒕
𝑹=
𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝑩𝒕𝒖/(𝒇𝒕°𝑭𝒉)

R = 19 ft2 °F/Btu/h

This result could also have been written R-19. There is no equivalent
in the metric system.

13 | P a g e Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

 ➢ The specific heat of a substance is a measure of its capacity to absorb or give
off heat per degree change in temperature. This property of water to absorb
or give off large amounts of heat makes it an effective substance for
transferring heat in industrial processes.
➢ The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat necessary to change
the temperature of 1 kg of it 1°C (1 lb of it 1°F in the U.S. system). By formula,

𝑸 𝑸
𝒄= (metric) 𝒄= (U.S.)
𝒎∆𝑻 𝒘∆𝑻
➢ To find the amount of heat added or taken away from a substance to produce
a certain temperature change, we use

𝑸 = 𝒄𝒎∆𝑻 (metric) 𝑸 = 𝒄𝒘∆𝑻 (U.S.)

where c = specific heat

Q = heat
m = mass
w = weight
∆T = change in temperature

14 | P a g e Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

 Example:
1. How many kilocalories of heat must be added to 10.0 kg of steel to raise its
temperature 150 °C?

Given:
𝑚 = 10.0 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑇 = 150°𝐶
𝑐 = 0.115 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔 °𝐶 (from table 15)
Q=?
Basic Equation:
𝑸 = 𝒄𝒎∆𝑻
Solution:

𝑸 = 𝒄𝒎∆𝑻
𝑸 = (𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝒄𝒂𝒍 /𝒌𝒈 °𝑪)(𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝒌𝒈)(𝟏𝟓𝟎°𝑪)
Q = 173 kcal
2. How many joules of heat must be absorbed to cool 5.00 kg of water from
75.0°C to 10.0°C?

Given:
𝑚 = 5.00 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑇 = 75.0°𝐶 − 10.0°𝐶 = 65.0°𝐶
𝑐 = 4190 J/𝑘𝑔 °𝐶 (from table 15)
Q=?
Basic Equation:
𝑸 = 𝒄𝒎∆𝑻
Solution:
𝑸 = 𝒄𝒎∆𝑻
𝑸 = (𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝑱 /𝒌𝒈 °𝑪)(𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒈)(𝟔𝟓°𝑪)
𝑸 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐉 or 1.36 MJ

15 | P a g e Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

 ➢ When two substances at different temperatures
are mixed together, heat flows from the warmer
body to the cooler body until they reach the same
temperature (Fig. 14.13). This is known as
thermal equilibrium or the method of mixtures.
Part of the heat lost by the warmer body is
transferred to the cooler body and part is lost to
the surrounding objects or the air. In most cases
almost all the heat is transferred to the cooler
body. We assume here that all the heat lost by
the warmer body equals the heat gained by the
cooler body. The amount of heat lost or gained by
a body is

𝑄 = 𝑐𝑚∆𝑇 or 𝑄 = 𝑐𝑤∆𝑇

By Formula:
Heat lost = Heat gained
𝑸𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝑸𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
𝒄𝒍 𝒎𝒍 (𝑻𝒍 −𝑻𝒇 ) = 𝒄𝒈 𝒎𝒈 (𝑻𝒇 −𝑻𝒈 )

where:
the subscript 𝒍 refers to the warmer body, which loses heat;
the subscript g refers to the cooler body, which gains heat;
and Tf is the final temperature of the mixture.

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 Example 1:
A 10.0-lb piece of hot copper is dropped into 30.0 lb of water at 50 °F. If the
final temperature of the mixture is 65°F, what was the initial temperature of
the copper?

Given:
𝑤𝑙 = 10.0 lb 𝑤𝑔 = 30.0 lb
𝑐𝑙 = 0.093 Btu/lb °F 𝑐𝑔 = 1.00 Btu/lb °F
𝑇𝑙 = ? 𝑇𝑔 = 50°F
𝑇𝑓 = 65°F

Basic Equation:

𝒄𝒍 𝒘𝒍 (𝑻𝒍 −𝑻𝒇 ) = 𝒄𝒈 𝒘𝒈 (𝑻𝒇 −𝑻𝒈 )

Solution:
𝒄𝒈 𝒘𝒈
𝑻𝒍 = (𝑻𝒇 −𝑻𝒈 )+𝑻𝒇
𝒄𝒍 𝒘𝒍
(𝟏.𝟎𝟎 𝑩𝒕𝒖/𝒍𝒃 °𝑭)(𝟑𝟎.𝟎𝒍𝒃)
𝑻𝒍 = ( 𝟔𝟓°𝑭 − 𝟓𝟎°𝑭) + (𝟔𝟓°𝑭)
(𝟎.𝟎𝟗𝟑 𝑩𝒕𝒖/𝒍𝒃 °𝑭)(𝟏𝟎.𝟎𝒍𝒃)
𝑻𝒍 = 𝟓𝟓𝟎°𝑭

Some find it easier to find 𝑻𝒍 using a second method. Substitute the data directly into
the basic equation. Then solve for 𝑻𝒍 as follows:
𝒄𝒍 𝒘𝒍 (𝑻𝒍 −𝑻𝒇 ) = 𝒄𝒈 𝒘𝒈 (𝑻𝒇 −𝑻𝒈 )
𝑩𝒕𝒖 𝑩𝒕𝒖
(𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟑 ) (𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝒍𝒃)(𝑻𝒍 − 𝟔𝟓°𝑭) = (𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 ) (𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝒍𝒃)( 𝟔𝟓°𝑭 − 𝟓𝟎°𝑭)
𝒍𝒃 °𝑭 𝒍𝒃 °𝑭
𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝑻𝒍 𝑩𝒕𝒖/°𝑭 − 𝟔𝟎 𝑩𝒕𝒖 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝑩𝒕𝒖
𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝑻𝒍 𝑩𝒕𝒖/°𝑭 = 𝟓𝟏𝟎 𝑩𝒕𝒖
𝟓𝟏𝟎𝑩𝒕𝒖
𝑻𝒍 =
𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝑩𝒕𝒖/°𝑭
𝑻𝒍 = 𝟓𝟓𝟎°𝑭

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 Example 2:
If 200g of steel at 220 °C is added to 500g of water at 10.0°C, find the final
temperature of this mixture.

Given:
𝑐𝑙 = 0.115 cal/g °C 𝑐𝑔 = 1.00 cal/g °C
𝑚𝑙 = 200 g 𝑚𝑔 = 500g
𝑇𝑙 = 220 °C 𝑇𝑔 = 10.0°C
𝑇𝑓 = ?

Basic Equation:

𝒄𝒍 𝒎𝒍 (𝑻𝒍 −𝑻𝒇 ) = 𝒄𝒈 𝒎𝒈 (𝑻𝒇 −𝑻𝒈 )

Solution:
𝒄𝒍 𝒎𝒍 𝑻𝒍 + 𝒄𝒈 𝒎𝒈 𝑻𝒈
𝑻𝒇 =
𝒄𝒍 𝒎𝒍 + 𝒄𝒈 𝒎𝒈
𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒍
(𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝒈 °𝑪)(𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒈)(𝟐𝟐𝟎 °𝑪) + (𝟏.𝟎𝟎 𝒈 °𝑪)(𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒈)(𝟏𝟎.𝟎°𝑪)
𝑻𝒇 = 𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒍
(𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝒈 °𝑪)(𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒈)+(𝟏.𝟎𝟎 𝒈 °𝑪)(𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒈)

𝑻𝒇 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟐°𝑪

To find Tf by the second method, substitute the data directly into the basic equation.
Then, solve for Tf as follows:
𝒄𝒍 𝒘𝒍 (𝑻𝒍 −𝑻𝒇 ) = 𝒄𝒈 𝒘𝒈 (𝑻𝒇 −𝑻𝒈 )
𝒄𝒂𝒍
(𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓 °𝑪) (𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒈)(𝟐𝟐𝟎°𝑪 − 𝑻𝒇 ) = (𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒂𝒍/𝒈°𝑪)(𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒈)( 𝑻𝒇 − 𝟏𝟎. 𝟎°𝑪)
𝒈
𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝟓𝟎𝟔𝟎𝒄𝒂𝒍 − 𝟐𝟑. 𝟎 °𝑪 𝑻𝒇 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 °𝑪 𝑻𝒇 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝒈 𝒈
𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟔𝟎 𝒄𝒂𝒍 = 𝟓𝟐𝟑 °𝑪 𝑻𝒇
𝒈
𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟔𝟎𝒄𝒂𝒍
= 𝑻𝒇
𝟓𝟐𝟑𝒄𝒂𝒍/°𝑪
𝑻𝒇 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟐°𝑪

18 | P a g e Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

 Glossary:
Absolute Zero The lowest possible temperature.
Btu (British thermal unit) The amount of heat (energy) necessary to raise the
temperature of 1 lb of water 1°F.
Calorie The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1°C.
Celsius Scale The metric temperature scale on which ice melts at 0° and water boils
at 100°.
Change of Phase (sometimes called change of state) A change in a substance from
one form of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) to another.
Conduction A form of heat transfer from a warmer part of a substance to a cooler
part as a result of molecular collisions, which cause the slower-moving molecules to
move faster.
Convection A form of heat transfer by the movement of warm molecules from one
region of a gas or a liquid to another.
Fahrenheit Scale The U.S. temperature scale on which ice melts at 32° and water
boils at 212°.
Heat A form of internal kinetic and potential energy contained in an object associated
with the motion of its atoms or molecules and which may be transferred from an object
at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature.
Kelvin Scale The metric absolute temperature scale on which absolute zero is 0 K and
the units are the same as on the Celsius scale.
Kilocalorie The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water
1°C.
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat The relationship between heat and mechanical work.
Method of Mixtures When two substances at different temperatures are mixed
together, heat flows from the warmer body to the cooler body until they reach the
same temperature. Part of the heat lost by the warmer body is transferred to the cooler
body and to surrounding objects. If the two substances are well insulated from
surrounding objects, the heat lost by the warmer body is equal to the heat gained by
the cooler body.
Radiation A form of heat transfer through energy being radiated or transmitted in the
forms of rays, waves, or particles.
Rankine Scale The U.S. absolute temperature scale on which absolute zero is 0°R
and the degree units are the same as on the Fahrenheit scale.
Specific Heat The amount of heat necessary to change the temperature of 1 kg of a
substance by 1°C in the metric system or 1 lb of a substance by 1°F in the U.S. system.
Temperature A measure of the hotness or coldness of an object.
Thermal Conductivity The ability of a material to transfer heat by conduction.

19 | P a g e Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

 Formulas:
𝟓
TC = (TF - 32o)
𝟗
𝟗
TF = (TC + 32o)
𝟓
TK = TC + 273

TR = TF + 460°

𝑲𝑨𝒕(𝑻𝟐 −𝑻𝟏 )
𝑸= 𝑳
𝑳
𝑹=
𝑲

𝑸 = 𝒄𝒎∆𝑻
𝑸 = 𝒄𝒘∆𝑻
𝒄𝒍 𝒎𝒍 (𝑻𝒍 −𝑻𝒇 ) = 𝒄𝒈 𝒎𝒈 (𝑻𝒇 −𝑻𝒈 )

20 | P a g e Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

 ❖Suggested Readings

➢ Applied Physics - 10th Edition by Ewen, D.,

Schurter, N., & Gundersen, P. E. (2012)
➢ College Physics – 9th Edition by Raymond A.
Serway and Chris Vuille

For inquiries, you may call or text and chat:

ENGR. JUNDHEL D. CABRADILLA
Contact: 09751070490
Email address: engr.juncab@gmail.com
Facebook account: Engr. JC

21 | P a g e Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

22 | P a g e Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU