IMPULSE, MOMENTUM and COLLISION

Physics for Engineers

Second Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021
MODULE V
Course Code : Phys 123/121L
Course Title : Physics for Engineers (Lec/Lab)
Pre-requisite : Math 113, Math 123
Co-requisite : Math 113; Phys 121L
Credits Units : 4 units
Time Allotment : 6 hrs./week; 108 hours/semester
For this module : 1 week only

JUNDHEL D. CABRADILLA, REE

Instructor

1|Page Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

➢

This module covers basic concepts, principles, and history of physics. Course topic will
include topics in Vectors; kinematics; dynamics; work, energy, and power; impulse and
momentum; rotation; dynamics of rotation; elasticity; and oscillation. Fluids; thermal
expansion, thermal stress; heat transfer; calorimetry; waves; electrostatics; electricity;
magnetism; optics; image formation by plane and curved mirrors; and image formation by
thin lenses.

The students had to engage as an independent learner in this self-study designed

module. Also, the students had to familiarize themselves with the topics through the series
of explanations and examples given.

After this learning packet, the students will be able to:

- Use momentum and impulse in describing motion.
- State the law of conservation of momentum and apply it to physical problems.
- Analyze elastic and inelastic collisions of two objects.

Students must submit their Answers to Pre-Test before the module release & submit their
answers to Post Assessment Test & of Culminating Activity on the date indicated at the
Google Classroom.

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➢

Acceleration – is a vector quantity that is defined as the rate at which an object changes
its velocity.
Dynamics – the study of the causes of motion and changes in motion.
Elasticity - is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original
size and shape when that influence or force is removed.
Electricity - a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles (such as
electrons or protons), either statically as an accumulation of charge or dynamically as a
current.
Energy - is the capacity to do work.
Fluids - is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, or
external force.
Force - is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another
object.
Impulse - is a quantity that describes the effect of a net force acting on an object (a kind
of "moving force").
Inertia - is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its velocity.
Kinematics – branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, bodies
(objects) and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without consideration of the causes
of motion.
Magnetism – the study of physical phenomena that are mediated by magnetic field.
Momentum - is a quantity that describes an object's resistance to stopping (a kind of
"moving inertia").
Optics – the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light,
including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect
it.
Oscillation - is defined as the process of repeating variations of any quantity or measure
about its equilibrium value in time.
Power - is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric
circuit.
Resistance - is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit.
Rotation - is a circular movement of an object around a center (or point) of rotation.
Scalar - is a quantity that can be completely described by a number (called its magnitude)
and a unit.
Vector - is a quantity that requires both magnitude (size) and direction to be completely
described.
Voltage - is the potential difference in charge between two points in an electrical field.
Wave - is a disturbance in a medium that carries energy without a net movement of
particles.
Work - measure of energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved over a distance
by an external force at least part of which is applied in the direction of the displacement.

3|Page Engr. Jundhel Cabradilla | SOE family - BiPSU

 Momentum and impulse are important concepts in describing and
understanding the motion of objects and the related effects on those objects. The
law of conservation of momentum is an important law of physics; it helps us analyze
how two objects interact with each other when they are in contact with each other
and when they collide.
➢ Momentum is a measure of the amount of inertia and motion an object has
or of the difficulty in bringing a moving object to rest. Since momentum is
partially determined by velocity, it, like velocity, is a relative physical quantity.
It must have a frame of reference. For example, a canoe being paddled
upstream at the same rate at which the current is flowing downstream has a
velocity of zero and zero momentum relative to the shore. Expressing these
concepts in mathematical terms, we have momentum equals the product of
the mass times the velocity of an object.

𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗
Where:
p = momentum
m = mass
v = velocity

The momentum of a train makes it impossible to stop within a short distance,

and this explains why it cannot stop at a railroad crossing when the engineer sees
someone stopped or stalled at it.

The units of momentum are kg m/s in the metric system and slug ft/s in the
U.S. system. Momentum is a vector quantity whose direction is the same as the
velocity.

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 Example 1:
Find the momentum of an auto with mass 1350 kg traveling 75.0 km/h.
Data:
m =1350 kg
𝑘𝑚 1000 𝑚 1ℎ
v = 75 x 𝑥 =20.8 m/s
ℎ 1 𝑘𝑚 3600 𝑠
p=?
Basic Equation:
p = mv

Substitution:
p = (1350 kg) (20.8 m/s)
= 28,000 kg m/s

Example 2:
Find the momentum of an auto with mass 105 slugs traveling 60.0 mi/h.
Data:
m =105 slugs
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
v = 60 =88.0 ft/s
ℎ
p=?
Basic Equation:
p = mv

Substitution:
p = (105 slugs) (88 ft/s)
= 9240 slugs ft/s

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 Example 3:
Find the velocity that a bullet of mass 1.00 𝑥 10−2 kg would have to have so that
it has the same momentum as a lighter bullet of mass 1.80 𝑥 10−3 kg and
velocity 325 m/s.

Basic Equation:
p1 = m1 v1
p2 = m2 v2

We want
p1 = p 2
or
m1 v1 = m2 v2

Working Equation:

𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝒗𝟏 =
𝒎𝟏
Substitution:

𝒎
(𝟏. 𝟖𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒌𝒈)(𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝒔 )
𝒗𝟏 =
(𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒌𝒈

𝒗𝟏 = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔

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 Impulse—the force applied and the length of time it is applied—determines
stopping distance. Everyday examples of impulse include jumping off a deck or
dropping a glass. If you do not bend your knees when you land so as to increase the
time of impact, you risk breaking bones. Similarly, a glass dropped on a hardwood
floor will probably shatter, whereas the same glass dropped on a pile rug may not.
The rug has more “give,” which means that the pile of the rug provides a longer time
of contact during the impact. Both are examples of impulse.
The impulse on an object is the product of the force applied and the time
interval during which the force acts on the object. That is,
𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒔𝒆 = 𝑭𝒕
Where: F = force
t = time interval during which the force acts
How are impulse and momentum related? Recall that
𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊
𝒂=
𝒕
If we substitute this equation into Newton’s second law of motion, we have
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊
𝐹 = 𝑚( )
𝒕
𝒎𝒗𝒇 − 𝒎𝒗𝒊
𝐹=( )
𝒕
𝑭𝒕 = 𝒎𝒗𝒇 − 𝒎𝒗𝒊
Note that mvf is the final momentum and mvi is the initial momentum. That
is,
𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒔𝒆 = ∆𝒑 (𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎) = 𝑭𝒕 = 𝒎𝒗𝒇 − 𝒎𝒗𝒊

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 Note: The Greek letter (“delta”) is used to designate “change in.”
Impulse is the measure of the change in momentum of an object in response
to an exerted force over an interval of time. The amount of force and the
length of time the force is applied will determine the change in momentum.

A common example that illustrates this relationship is a golf club hitting a golf
ball (Fig. 6.1). When a golf ball is on the tee, it has zero momentum because
its velocity is zero. To give it or change its momentum (impulse), you apply a
force for a given period of time. During the time that the club and ball are in
contact, the force of the swinging club is transferring most of its momentum
to the ball. The impulse given to the ball is the product of the force with which
the ball is hit and the length of time that the club and ball are in direct contact.
You can increase its momentum by increasing the force (by swinging the golf
club faster) or increasing the time (by keeping the golf club in contact with
the ball longer, which shows the importance of “followthrough”).

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 Example 1:
A 17.5-g bullet is fired at a muzzle velocity of 582 m/s from a gun with a mass of
8.00 kg and a barrel length of 75.0 cm. (a) How long is the bullet in the barrel? (b)
What is the force on the bullet while it is in the barrel? (c) Find the impulse exerted
on the bullet while it is in the barrel. (d) Find the bullet’s momentum as it leaves the
barrel.

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 When no outside forces are acting on a system of moving objects, the total
momentum of the system remains constant.

Wernher von Braun (1912–1977),

➢ engineer and rocket expert, was born in Germany. He was chiefly responsible
for the manufacture and launching of the first American artificial earth
satellite, Explorer I, in 1958. As director of the Marshall Space Flight Center
from 1960 to 1970, he developed the Saturn rocket for the Apollo 8 moon
landing in 1969.

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 - A change in momentum takes force and time because

𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎 = 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒔𝒆 = 𝑭𝒕

As we noted earlier in this section, it is more difficult to stop a large truck than
a small car traveling at the same speed and impossible to stop a rapidly moving train
within a short distance. These events can be explained in terms of the impulse–
momentum theorem as follows.
If the mass of an object is constant, then a change in its velocity results in a
change in its momentum. That is,
∆𝑝 = 𝑚∆𝑣
The impulse of an object equals its change in momentum. That is,
𝐹∆𝑡 = ∆𝑝
Then,
IMPULSE–MOMENTUM THEOREM

𝑭∆𝒕 = ∆𝒑 = 𝒎∆𝒗 = 𝒎𝒗𝒇 − 𝒎𝒗𝒊

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 Example:
What force is required to slow a 1450-kg car traveling 115 km/h to 45.0
km/h within 3.00 s? How far does the car travel during its deceleration?

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 The collision of two objects is an excellent example that demonstrates the law of
conservation of momentum. Whenever objects collide in the absence of any external
forces, the total momentum of the objects before the collision equals the total
momentum after the
collision. That is,

𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏

We will now study collisions in one dimension (along a straight line) by discussing
the two extreme types, perfectly elastic and inelastic.

Elastic Collisions
In an elastic collision, two objects collide and return to their original shape without
being permanently deformed. This happens when two billiard balls collide.

Example:
One ball of mass 0.600 kg traveling 9.00 m/s to the right collides with a second ball
of mass 0.300 kg traveling 8.00 m/s to the left. After the collision, the heavier ball is
traveling 2.33 m/s to the left. What is the velocity of the lighter ball after the collision?

Data: 𝑚1 = 0.600 𝑘𝑔, 𝑚2 = 0.300 𝑘𝑔

𝑣1 = 9.00 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑣2 = −8.00 𝑚/𝑠
𝑣1′ = −2.33 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑣2′ = ?
Working Equation:
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 − 𝑚1 𝑣1′
𝑣2′ =
𝑚2
Substitution:
𝑚 8𝑚 2.33𝑚
(0.6𝑘𝑔) (9 (0.3𝑘𝑔) (−
𝑣2′ = 𝑠)+ 𝑠 ) − (0.6𝑘𝑔)(− 𝑠 )
0.3𝑘𝑔
𝒎
𝒗′𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟔 (𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕)
𝒔

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 Inelastic Collisions
In an inelastic collision, two objects collide and couple together. This happens
when two railroad cars collide and couple together and move along the tracks.

Example:
A 1.75 x 104-kg railroad car traveling 8.00 m/s to the east collides and couples with a
stopped 2.25 x 104-kg railroad car. What is the velocity of the joined railroad cars after
the collision?

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 If the two colliding objects do not join together to form a single mass but ricochet
off each other, the collision is elastic. The same principles of conservation of
momentum apply to elastic collisions in two dimensions; that is, the total momentum
in the system must be the same before and after the collision. The following example
shows how such problems can be solved using the above principles.

Example:
A 2.00-kg mass A is moving in an easterly direction at a velocity of 5.00 m/s. It
crashes into a stationary mass B, which also has a mass of 2.00 kg. Mass A is
deflected 30.0° north of its original path, and mass B is thrust in a direction 90.0° to
the right of the final path of mass A. (a) What is the momentum of mass A after the
collision? (b) What is the momentum of mass B after the collision? (c) What is the
velocity of mass A after the collision? (d) What is the velocity of mass B after the
collision?

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 Glossary:
Elastic Collision = A collision in which two objects return to their original shape
without being permanently deformed.
Impulse = The product of the force exerted and the time interval during which the
force acts on the object. Impulse equals the change in momentum of an object in
response to the exerted force.
Impulse–Momentum Theorem = If the mass of an object is constant, then a
change in its velocity results in a change of its momentum. That is,
𝑭∆𝒕 = ∆𝒑 = 𝒎∆𝒗 = 𝒎𝒗𝒇 − 𝒎𝒗𝒊

Inelastic Collision = A collision in which two objects couple together.

Law of Conservation of Momentum= When no outside forces are acting on a
system of moving objects, the total momentum of the system remains constant.
Momentum= A measure of the amount of inertia and motion an object has or the
difficulty in bringing a moving object to rest. Momentum equals the mass times the
velocity of an object.

Formulas:

𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝐹𝑡
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 − 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚
𝑭∆𝒕 = ∆𝒑 = 𝒎∆𝒗 = 𝒎𝒗𝒇 − 𝒎𝒗𝒊
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏

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 ❖Suggested Readings

➢ Applied Physics - 10th Edition by Ewen, D.,

Schurter, N., & Gundersen, P. E. (2012)
➢ College Physics – 9th Edition by Raymond A.
Serway and Chris Vuille

For inquiries, you may call or text and chat:

ENGR. JUNDHEL D. CABRADILLA
Contact: 09751070490
Email address: engr.juncab@gmail.com
Facebook account: Engr. JC

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