The Self from Various Perspectives - Page 1 of 14

The Self from Various Perspectives

MODULE 1

OVERVIEW
Before we even had to be in any formal institution of learning, among the many things that
we were first taught as kids is to articulate and write our names. Growing up, we were told to refer back
to this name when talking about ourselves. Our parents painstakingly thought about our names. Should
we be named after a famous celebrity, a respected politician or historical personality, or even a saint?
Were you named after one? Our names represent who we are. It has not been a custom to just randomly
pick a combination of letters and number (or even punctuation marks) like zhfjk756!! To denote our being.
Human beings attach names that are meaningful to birthed progenies because names are supposed to
designate us in the world. Thus, some people get baptized with names such as “precious”, “beauty”, or
“lovely”. Likewise, when our parents call our names, we were taught to responds to them because our
names represent who we are. As a student, we are told to always write our names on our papers, projects,
or any output for that matter. Our names signify us. Death cannot even stop this bond between the person
and her name. Names are inscribed even into one’s gravestone. A name is not the person itself no matter
how intimately bound it is with the bearer. It is only a signifier. A person who was named after a saint
most probably will not become an actual saint. He may not even turn out to be saintly! The self is
perennially molds, shapes, and develops. The self is not a static thing that one is simply born with like a
mole on one’s face or is just assigned by one’s parents just like a name. Everyone is tasked to discover
one’s self. Have you truly discovered yours?

LEARNING OUTCOMES

• discuss the different representations and conceptualizations of the self from

various disciplinal perspectives;
• compare and contrast how the self has been represented across disciplines and
perspectives;
• examine the different influences, factors and forces that shape the self;
• demonstrate critical and reflective thought in analyzing the development of one’s
self and identify by developing a theory of the self.

LEARNING EXPERIENCES & SELF-ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES (SAA)

ACTIVITY
Do You Truly Know Yourself?
Answer the following questions about yourself as full and precisely as you can. Use the SAA sheet provided
on the next pages.
1. How would you characterize yourself?
2. What makes you stand out from the rest? What makes yourself special?
3. How has yourself transformed itself?
4. How is yourself connected to your body?

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5. How is yourself related to other selves?

6. What will happen to yourself after you die?

ANALYSIS
Were you able to answer the questions above with ease? Why? Which questions did you find easiest to
answer? Which ones are difficult? Why?
Questions Easy or Difficult to Answer Why?

ABSTRACTION
Philosophy
Philosophy is derived from the Greek words “philos” and “sophia” which literally means “Love for
Wisdom”. It is the study of acquiring knowledge through rational thinking and inquiries that involves in answering
questions regarding the nature and existence of man and the world we live in. As such, it is imperative to look into
the various explanations from different philosophers their notion of what the “Self” its nature and how it is formed
in order to have a better picture on how people develop their behaviors, attitude and actions and to be able to identify
and understand who we are and how we came to be.

Socrates
Socrates’ work was never published, we were only able to know who Socrates is and his works because of
his illustrious students spoke generously and in detail about his knowledge, wit, wisdom and intellect. His student
Plato for example included Socrates in some of his work as a pivotal character.
He could be considered as the first martyr of education, knowledge and philosophy. For lighting up the minds of
his students, he was literally charged with corruption of minors. He was made to choose between exile and death
via the intake of hemlock. Socrates chose the latter, thus dying as a martyr that fights against ignorance and narrow-
mindedness.
The philosophy of Socrates underlies in the importance of the notion “knowing oneself” for him, men’s
goal in life is to obtain happiness and such goal motivates us to act towards or avoid things that could have negative
repercussions in our lives. As such, by fully knowing oneself a person will be able to achieve happiness.
Socrates also posited that possession of knowledge is a virtue and that ignorance is a depravity, that a person’s
acceptance of ignorance is the beginning of acquisition of knowledge. So, one must first have the humility to
acknowledge one’s ignorance so as to be able to know what he is lacking and what he needs to know.
Socrates believe that the answer to our pursuit in knowing ourselves lies in our own abilities and wisdom,
and that the only way for us to understand ourselves is through internal questioning or introspection. This method
of questioning oneself, where the person assumes the role of both the teacher and the student is known to the world
as the Socratic Method or Socratic Conversation.
By continuously asking and evaluating who we are we as a person will also be able to understand our
strengths and weaknesses, the things that we like and dislike, how we want people to treat us and how we want
ourselves to be treated, so by knowing these things we can act in accordance to what we know we are and live our
lives following our knowledge of ourselves.

Plato
One of the most prominent thinkers of his time, Plato included in his work the learnings and ideas shared
to him by his teacher Socrates. He wrote several literature that tackles politics, human nature, and established the

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idea of virtue and intelligence. Plato is historically known to be the father of the academy a place where learning
and sharing of knowledge happens, that later became one of the pillars and basis of what schools and education is
now in the present.
Plato generally followed his teacher and the idea of knowing thyself although from his works such with the
notable ones’ such as the allegory of the cave, the apology, and his work on a perfect government and societal
system, “the Republic” where he said that the world can only be led by a Philosopher king, a person who is virtuous
as well as intelligent. According to Plato, a person who is a follower of truth and wisdom will not be tempted by
vices and will always be just.
Plato also believed in the division of a person’s body and soul which forms the person as a whole aside
from the material things and that could be observed and associated with a person, Plato presented the idea the ones’
soul is divided into 3 different parts that has different views leading to different behaviors, these parts of the soul
are known as the Appetitive, Spirited, and Rational Soul.
Plato’s 3 parts of the soul
Appetitive Soul –Plato’s idea of the appetitive soul is the part of the person that is driven by desire and
need to satisfy oneself. This satisfaction both involves physical needs and pleasures and desires. As long as the
person find an object or situation good or satisfying, the Appetitive soul can drive the person to lean towards those
objects and situations.
Spirited Soul – this part of the soul can be attributed to the courageous part of a person, one who wants to
do something or to right the wrongs that they observe. Spirited soul are very competitive and is very active, his
competitiveness drives one to expect positive results and winning.
Rational Soul – The last part of the soul could be said is the driver of our lives, this is the part that thinks
and plan for the future “the conscious mind” it decides what to do, when to do it and the possible results one could
have depending on their actions.

St. Augustine
A Saint and a Philosopher of the church, St. Augustine follows the idea that God encompasses us all, that
everything will be better if we are with God. His work’s focal point is on how God and his teachings affects various
aspects in life, he follows the belief that everything is better if we devote ourselves in mending our relationship with
God. His idea of a man and how to understand who we are as a person is related to our understanding of who we
are and how we question ourselves, though St. Augustine also relates our existence to God being modeled in his
likeness though being alive means that we are still far from God and has yet to be truly with him.
St. Augustine also rejected the doubtfulness of the academy in which one cannot or should not accept ideas from
others. He emphasized that we may not be able to give our agreement to everything other people tell us but we can
still agree to those who we, from our own perception, think is right or wrong based from our perception.
He believes that our notion of ourselves and our idea of existence comes from a higher form of sense in
which bodily senses may not perceive or understand, and the more one doubts and question his life means that,
that person is actually living. St. Augustine while integrating the teaching of the church in his philosophy and
establishing our sense of self with God which we cannot achieve with our bodies since the limitation of our senses
in truly understanding the essence of our existence and role in the world is limited. So people is in need to
establish their relationship with god through being virtuous, but at the same time, to be able to stand by on what
we think is true, who we think we are that are from our own understanding and solely defined by us alone although
people may say differently, by continuously questioning and finding the truth will we be able to find the best answer
to who we are and what our role is in the world.

Descartes
Rene Descartes is a French Philosopher known to be the father of modern philosophy because of his radical
use of systematic and early scientific method to aid his ideas and assumptions. Though his works were often

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compared or said to be similar to the concept of St. Augustine which could be traced back to the works of Plato,
what his ideas sets him apart is on his belief in modern dualism or the existence of body and mind and it’s
implication to one’s existence were presented with the evidences from experiments as well as philosophical
reasoning, he also known to be the proponent of the “Methodical Doubt” which simply meant of a continuous
process of questioning what we perceive and accepting the fact that doubting, asking questions are a part of ones’
existence. As such he has defined the roles of the mind and body to the notion of one’s existence and sense of self.
Descartes is known for the statement “Cogito Ergo Sum” which means in English as “I think therefore I
am”. According to him a person is comprised of mind and body, the body that perceives from the different senses
and the mind that thinks and question or doubt what the body has experienced. For him, the body and its perceptions
cannot fully be trusted or can easily be deceived, For instance there are times that we feel that a dream is real before
actually waking up or having different perception of size based on an objects distance from the viewer.
Descartes explained that because we cannot always trust our senses and in turn what we perceive as who
we are or the essence of our existence, we as a rational being should focus on the mind and explained that the more
we think and doubt what we perceived from our senses and the answer that came from such thinking or doubting
leads to better understanding of ourselves. He also implies that being in a constant doubt regarding one’s existence
is proof that a person actually exist.

Locke
John Locke is an English Philosopher, Physician, He is considered to be the father of Classical liberalism
some of his works on this subject matter paved the way to several revolutions to fight the absolute powers of
monarchs and rulers of his time that led to the development of governance, politics and economic system that we
now know.
His work on the self is most represented by the concept “Tabula Rasa” which means a Blank Slate. He
believed that the experiences and perceptions of a person is important in the establishment of who that person can
become. Unlike what the other philosophers view on human experiences and senses, John Locke does not disregard
the experiences of the person in the identification and establishment of who we are as a person. He stated that a
person is born with knowing nothing and that is susceptible to stimulation and accumulation of learning from the
experiences, failures, references, and observations of the person.
Considering this, the process of the mind to absorb information and accumulate knowledge may imply that
as a person to be able to be whom we want to be, with the right stimulations, enough experiences, as well as
awareness that by primarily knowing nothing will enable one to be open to any kind of learning and does not limit
any possibilities for growth implies that the opportunity for one person to develop to anything he wants to be is
limited only to the environment, experiences, and the choices of the person.

Hume
The Scottish Philosopher David Hume, focused his work in the field of empiricism, skepticism, and
naturalism. Being an Empiricist which believes in concrete evidences and observable experiences that meld a
person, his notion on the self- contradicts to the ideas of the philosophers before him which said that at the notion
of self, one’s identity and behaviour does not exceed the physical realm and that the “Self” is only the accumulation
of different impressions.
According to him, there is no permanent “self”, that since our impressions of things based from our
experiences and from such impressions we can create our ideas and knowledge which leads to the argument that
since our impression and ideas change, it may improve or totally be replaced means that one change occurred the
same phenomenon of will happen to ones idea of who he is and what he can do.
That is the idea that Hume reiterated when saying that there should be no permanent concept of the self. He said
when a person is asked the question “how are you? “That person tends to answer different impressions such as
good, happy, optimistic, contented, sad, etc. generally they apply to who you are now but at the same time these

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characteristics might change from time to time. If the neighbour you knew your entire life to be happy and have a
positive outlook suddenly looked sad and discontented can we say that the person you seeing is not your neighbour
anymore?

Kant
Immanuel Kant, a German Philosopher that is known for his works on Empiricism and Rationalism. Kant
responded to Hume’s work by trying to establish that the collection of impressions and different contents is what it
only takes to define a person.
Kant argued that the awareness of different emotions that we have, impressions and behaviour is only a part of our
self. He said that to fully understand who we are, a certain level of consciousness or sense that uses our intuition
which synthesizes all the experiences, impressions and perceptions of ourselves will pave the way to define and
know who we really are.
Kant argued that the sense called “Transcendental Apperception” is anessence of our consciousness that
provides basis for understanding and establishing the notion of “self” by synthesizing one’s accumulation of
experiences, intuition and imagination goes. Which means that this idea goes beyond what we experience but still
able to become aware of. For example the idea of time and space, we may not be able to observe the movement of
time and the vastness of space but we are still capable of understanding their concept based from what we can
observe as their representation.
With that in mind and following the idea of Kant about Self, we can say that we are not only an object that
perceives and reacts to whatever it is that we are experiencing, we also have the capabilities to understand beyond
those experiences and be able to think and have a clear identification who we are and establish a sense of self that
is unique and distinct from others.

Freud
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian Psychologist and Physician, he is also known as the father of psychoanalysis
and is known for his work on human nature and the unconscious. Freud believed that man has different constructs
of personality that interacts with each other and along with his concept of the different levels of consciousness
provides an idea how a person develops a sense of self.

Aspects of Personality
ID - also known as the child aspect of a person, The ID’s attention is on satisfaction of one’s needs and self-
gratification. It is driven by the pleasure principle.
SUPEREGO- is the conscience of the one’s personality, Superego has the inclination to uphold justice and do what
is morally right and socially acceptable actions. The superego is involved in the notion of right or wrong that is
imparted to us by our parents or people that tool care for us during childhood.
EGO - Sometimes known as the Police or the mediator between id and superego. It operates within the boundaries
of reality, primary function is to maintain the impulses of the ID to an acceptable degree.
Freud also introduced the idea that the accumulation of the experiences of a person helps build his personality
although such information are not stored in a single area where we can access them at any time. He introduced the
levels of consciousness, The Conscious where minority of our memories are being stored and the memories that are
in the conscious is easier to be tapped or accessed. The other one is the Pre-conscious, the middle part of the entirety
of our consciousness, the memories stored in this area can still be accessed but with a little difficulty. And the last
one is the Unconscious, this area is where majority of our memories since childhood are deeply stored. It is very
difficult to tap the memories in the unconscious, it would need a trained professional and several special techniques
in order to make some memories resurface.
Freud believed that we are a by-product of our experiences in the past. And that are actions are driven by
the idea of resisting or avoiding pain, and are molded from our need for pleasure or being happy.

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Ryle
Gilbert Ryle with his Behavioristic approach to self, said that self is the behaviour presented by the person,
his notion of dualism is that the behaviour that we show, emotions and actions are the reflection of our mind and as
such is the manifestation of who we are.
Ryle does not believe that the mind and body, though some say can coexist, are two separate entities which
is said to be evident in the unexplainable phenomenon or abilities of the mind where the soul is considered. To him,
once we encounter others, their perceptions of what we do, how we act, and the way we behave will then result to
the understanding of other people and establishing of who we are.
His explanation of self is further exemplified in his “ghost in the machine” view. This view said the man
is a complex machine with different functioning parts, and the intelligence, and other characteristics or behaviour
of man is represented by the ghost in the said machine.
He gave further explanation using an example imagining that if you are touring a visiting friend to the
university that you are studying and you brought him to the athletic centre, library, buildings and classrooms, but
then your friends ask “but where is the university? As such is the point of Ryle, all those places, buildings and
offices are the university which supports his idea that the mind and body is not necessarily separate entities. So
considering that analogy, the idea of Ryle is saying that the things that we do, how we behave and react and all
other components like the way we talk, walk, and look is generally who we are as a person.

Churchland
Paul Churchlanda Canadian philosopher whose focus is on the idea that people should improve our
association and use of words in identifying the self. He has this idea that the “self” is defined by the movements of
our brain. Churchland’s work revolves around challenging of the notion and terms being used to explain behavior
or to explain how a person feels, thinks, and act with regards to physiological phenomenon that is happening in the
body as well as definitions brought about by emotions, this is one of the notion of the concept of Folk Psychology
also known as common sense psychology.
The main philosophy of Churhland built the idea of “eliminative materialism”. Basically, eliminative
materialism opposes that people’s common sense understanding of the mind is false and that most of the mental
states that people subscribe to, in turn, do not actually exist, this idea also applies on the understanding of behaviour
and emotions. This leads to his idea of Neurophilosophy, he believed that to fully understand one’s behaviour, one
should understand the different neurological movement of the brain that pertains to different emotions, feelings,
actions and reactions and how such brain movements affect the body. With this in mind we can eliminate the
ambiguity of subjective and baseless identification of the mind, behaviour and self in general because by
understanding the different neural pathways, how they work, and what implications are those movements are to
people, will we not only have proof that there is a measurable classification on one’s behaviour it can also be said
that the constant movement of the brain can be the basis of who the person is this is emphasized by Churchland
and his wife in the statement “The Brain as the Self”.

Merleau-Ponty
Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty is a French philosopher that is known for his works on existentialism
and phenomenology. His idea of the self, regarded that the body and mind are not separate entities, but rather those
two components is one and the same. His idea that follows the gestalt ideation where the whole is greater than the
sum of its parts in which pushed his idea on the unity of the function of the mind and body, this idea is called the
Phenomenology of Perception.
The idea of Phenomenology of Perception according to Merleau-Ponty is divided into three (3) division,
The Body, The Perceived World, and the People and the world. The body that both receives the experience as well
as integrates such experiences in the different perception. The Perceived world, which are the accumulation of the

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perception as integrated by the experiences of the body. And the People and the world that enable one to not only
be able to integrate the other objects in the world but also to be able to experience the cultural aspect and relate to
others.
His idea of perception follows the idea of Gestalt psychology which gives important on the whole than the
sum of its part. For him, perception guides our action based from what our experiences are, the body perceives
while our consciousness provides the meaning or interprets the various perception we have in the world and the self
could be established by the perceptions we have in the world, whereas one’s action, behaviour and language used
could be said to be the reflection of our united perception of the world.

APPLICATION
In your own words, state what “self” is for each of the following philosophers. After doing so, explain how
your concept of “self” is compatible with how they conceived of the “self”. Write it on the boxes provided on the
SAA sheet.

1. Socrates
2. Plato
3. Augustine
4. Descartes
5. Hume
6. Kant
7. Ryle
8. Merleau-Ponty

SELF-ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES (SAA) SHEET

ACTIVITY
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

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4. _____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

5. _____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

6. _____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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ANALYSIS
Questions Easy or Difficult to Answer Why?

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APPLICATION
1. Socrates

2. Plato

3. Augustine

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4. Descartes

5. Hume

6. Kant

7. Ryle

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8. Merleau – Ponty

KEY POINTS
✓ Philosophy is derived from the Greek words “philos” and “sophia” which literally
means “Love for Wisdom”. It is the study of acquiring knowledge through rational
thinking and inquiries that involves in answering questions regarding the nature and
existence of man and the world we live in.
✓ Socrates believe that the answer to our pursuit in knowing ourselves lies in our own abilities and wisdom, and
that the only way for us to understand ourselves is through internal questioning or introspection. This method
of questioning oneself, where the person assumes the role of both the teacher and the student is known to the
world as the Socratic Method or Socratic Conversation.
✓ Plato generally followed his teacher and the idea of knowing thyself although from his works such with the
notable ones’ such as the allegory of the cave, the apology, and his work on a perfect government and societal
system, “The Republic” where he said that the world can only be led by a Philosopher king, a person who is
virtuous as well as intelligent. According to Plato, a person who is a follower of truth and wisdom will not be
tempted by vices and will always be just.
✓ His work’s focal point is on how God and his teachings affects various aspects in life, he follows the belief that
everything is better if we devote ourselves in mending our relationship with God.
✓ Descartes is known for the statement “Cogito Ergo Sum” which means in English as “I think therefore I am”.
According to him a person is comprised of mind and body, the body that perceives from the different senses
and the mind that thinks and question or doubt what the body has experienced. For him, the body and its
perceptions cannot fully be trusted or can easily be deceived, For instance there are times that we feel that a
dream is real before actually waking up or having different perception of size based on an objects distance from
the viewer.
✓ Locke is considered to be the father of Classical liberalism some of his works on this subject matter paved the
way to several revolutions to fight the absolute powers of monarchs and rulers of his time that led to the
development of governance, politics and economic system that we now know.
✓ According to Hume, there is no permanent “self”, that since our impressions of things based from our
experiences and from such impressions we can create our ideas and knowledge which leads to the argument
that since our impression and ideas change, it may improve or totally be replaced means that one change
occurred the same phenomenon of will happen to ones idea of who he is and what he can do.
✓ Immanuel Kant, a German Philosopher that is known for his works on Empiricism and Rationalism. Kant
responded to Hume’s work by trying to establish that the collection of impressions and different contents is
what it only takes to define a person.
✓ Ryle does not believe that the mind and body, though some say can coexist, are two separate entities which is
said to be evident in the unexplainable phenomenon or abilities of the mind where the soul is considered. To

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him, once we encounter others, their perceptions of what we do, how we act, and the way we behave will then
result to the understanding of other people and establishing of who we are.
✓ Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty is a French philosopher that is known for his works on existentialism and
phenomenology. His idea of the self, regarded that the body and mind are not separate entities, but rather those
two components is one and the same. His idea that follows the gestalt ideation where the whole is greater than
the sum of its parts in which pushed his idea on the unity of the function of the mind and body, this idea is
called the Phenomenology of Perception.

END OF MODULE ASSESSMENT

Now that you have finished the review of the various concepts outlined above, it is now time for an assessment to
see how far you have improved. On every module’s “End of Module Assessment” (this part), write your answers
on separate sheet/s provided. (See separate sheets for the questions.)

LOOKING AHEAD
Congratulations for making it till the end of this module! If you aced the assessments, I am happy for you. If you
have not reached your desired level of competence, just keep going! Remember that an expert was once a beginner.
The next topic will deal on The Self, Society, and Culture! Happy learning!

REFERENCES
Beilharz, Peter, and Trevor Hogan. 2002. Social Self, Global Culture: An Introduction to Sociological Ideas. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Chaffee, John. 2015. The Philosopher’s Way: Thinking Critically about Profound Ideas. 5th Ed. Boston: Pearson.
David, Randolph. 2002. Nation, Self, and Citizenship: An Invitation to Philippine Sociology. Department of
Sociology, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines.
Descartes, Rene. 2008. Meditations on First Philosophy: With Selections from the Objections and Replies. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Ganeri, Jonardon. 2012. The Self: Naturalism, Consciousness, and the First-Person Stance. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Hume, David, and Eric Steinberg. 1992. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding; A Letter from a Gentleman
to His Friend in Edinburgh; An Abstract of a Treatise of Human Nature. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
Marsella, Anthony J., Geroge A. De Vos, and Francis L.K. Hsu. 1985. Culture and Self: Asian and Western
Perspectives. London: Tavistock Publications.
Mead, George Herbert. 1934. Mind, Self, and Society: From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.

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SELF AND MODULE EVALUATION

This part requires you to rate the quality of the module to help you continuously improve the development of this
learning module. This also asks you to rate your learning experience for each of the modules.
Rate the module using the following:
1- Strongly disagree
2- Disagree
3- Agree
4- Strongly agree

The learning module: 1 2 3 4

Please check appropriate column

was engaging
allowed for self-checking (SAAs)
developed in gradual, manageable steps
provided independent, self-paced learning
contained relevant information I needed

SELF-EVALUATION
Rate the extent of your learning in this module using the scale below. Check the column corresponding to your
rating in the space provided. Do not hesitate to contact me if you need further assistance.
4- I’m an expert. I understand and can teach a friend about it.
3-I’m a Practioner. I understand and can cite examples on the topics given.
2- I’m an apprentice. I understand if I get help or look at more examples.
1- I’m a novice. I do not understand the topic.

My learning: 1 2 3 4
I can now

Please check appropriate column

discuss the different representations and conceptualizations of the self from
various disciplinal perspectives;
compare and contrast how the self has been represented across disciplines and
perspectives;
examine the different influences, factors and forces that shape the self;
demonstrate critical and reflective thought in analyzing the development of one’s
self and identify by developing a theory of the self.

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END OF MODULE ASSESSMENT (Answer Sheet)

sheeeSHeShShe
(Please do not forget to provide information on this part)
Name: _____________________________________________ Course& Year: ___________
Module Number and Title: ______________________________________________________
Contact number & email (if any):_______________________________
Date accomplished: ________________________

Answer the following:

1. Who was more concerned with another subject, the problem of the self?
____________________________________________________________

2. “The unexamined life is not worth living” is a line of _________.

____________________________________________________________

3. _______ is an imperfect and impermanent aspect of individuals.

____________________________________________________________

4. He emphasizes that justice in the human person can only be attained if the three parts of the soul are
working harmoniously with one another. Who is he?
____________________________________________________________

5. What was the book/ magnum opus of Plato?

____________________________________________________________

6. What are the three parts of the soul that are working harmoniously with one another?
____________________________________________________________
7. _____ is forged by reason and intellect.
____________________________________________________________
8. What is in charge of base desires, like eating, drinking, sleeping and having sexual discourse?
____________________________________________________________
9. Adopting some ideas from Aristotle, he said that, indeed, man is composed of two parts: matter and form.
Who is he?
____________________________________________________________

10. It is a Greek word that refers to the common stuff that makes up everything in the universe.
____________________________________________________________

11. According to ______ the soul is what animates the body, it is what makes us humans.
____________________________________________________________

12. Who is the “Father of Modern Philosophy”?

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