CHAPTER 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

THAT DEFINED SOCIETY.

OBJECTIVES:

1. Discuss the concept of Scientific revolution and its contribution to the modern science.
2. Discuss how science can formulate contributions in the society from its history.
3. Discuss How the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin and Freud contributed to the spark of
scientific revolution.
4. Appreciate the scientific people that contributed to the evolution of science.

Scientific Revolution:

 Science is an old word itself. There is no individual that can exactly identify when and where science
began.

 From the Genesis of time, science has existed

 Science is always interwoven to society

 Human beings have embarked in scientific activities in order to know and understand everything around
them

 Noble Ideas -> Philosophy -> Possible explanations to certain phenomena

 Humans also used religion

What science can formulate:

1. SCIENCE AS AN IDEA – Ideas, Theories, Systematic explanations, observations about the physical
world.

2. SCIENCE AS AN INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY – It encompasses a systematic and practical study

of the natural and physical world. Systematic observation and experimentation.

3. SCIENCE AS BODY OF KNOWLEDGE - It is a subject or a discipline, deals with process of

learning about the natural and physical world. School of science.

4. SCIENCE AS PERSONAL AND SOCIAL ACTIVITY – both knowledge and activities done by
human beings to develop better understanding of the world around them. Improves life, Survives Life,
Interwoven with People’s lives.
Scientific Revolution:

 Claimed to have started in the early 16th to 18th century in Europe.

 Invention of printing machine

 Blooming intellectual activities done in various places

 Growing number of scholars in various fields of human interests.

 Period of enlightenment when the developments in the field of mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature

 Emergence of the birth of modern science

 Golden age

 Some scientific individuals led to their painful death, condemnations from religious institutions.

 Some religions did not accept many of the early works of scientists.

 Curiosity – Did not stop scientific people.

 Their love for science is driven by their deep passion to know and discover.
 Very significant in the development of human beings, transformation of the society and in the
formulation of scientific ideas.

 Scientific investigations, experiments and observations.

 Creation of new research fields in science -> Modern science

 SCIENTIST – Ordinary people doing extraordinary things.

 Hence, the three composition of discipline in science was formulated which includes: THEORY,
RESEARCH and PRACTICE.
Invention of Movable printing press by Johannes
Gutenberg in year 1450

(This is his grandson)

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

• Born: February 19, 1473 Died: May 24, 1543

• Polish astronomer who proposed that the planets have the Sun as the fixed point to which their motions
are to be referred

• That Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting the Sun annually, also turns once daily on its own axis;
and that very slow long-term changes in the direction of this axis account for the precession of the
equinoxes.

• This representation of the heavens is usually called the heliocentric, or “Sun-centered,” system—derived
from the Greek helios.

• Finished his manuscript called commentariolus (Little commentary)

• He Outlined two kinds of planetary motion:

1. The orbits of venus and mercury lay inside the orbit of the earth thus closer to the sun

2. The Orbits of mars, Jupiter and Saturn lay outside the earth’s orbit thus farther from the sun

Mercury and venus – Have shorter years

Mars, Jupiter, Saturn – Have Longer years

 Copernicus is a courageous man, during those times his model was judged as heretic and therefore
unacceptable to Catholics.
 Banned and ignored in Rome.

CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN

• Born: February 12, 1809 Died: April 19, 1882

• English agnostic and naturalist whose scientific theory of evolution by natural selection became the
foundation of modern evolutionary studies.

• Darwin at first shocked religious Victorian society by suggesting that animals and humans shared a
common ancestry.

• Darwin formulated his bold theory in private in 1837–39, after returning from a voyage around the
world aboard HMS Beagle,
 • but it was not until two decades later that he finally gave it full public expression in On the Origin of
Species 1958, a book that has deeply influenced modern Western society and thought.

• THEORY OF EVOLUTION

Charles Darwin had the following ideas regarding the theory of natural selection:

• Species keep on evolving or changing with time. As the environment changes, the requirements of an
organism also change and they adapt to the new environment. This phenomenon of changing over a
period of time as per the natural requirements is called adaptation.

• As per Darwin’s theory, only the higher changes are naturally selected and the lower ones are
eliminated. Thus, not all the adaptations contribute to a progressive evolution. For example, people
living in tropical countries have more melanin in their body to protect them from the sunlight.

• Almost all organisms share common ancestry with some organism. According to Darwin, all organisms
had one common ancestor at some point in time and kept on diverging ever since.

• He also studied that the birds of Galapagos Island (Darwin’s finches) developed different beaks as per
the availability of the food. This proved adaptive radiation. Similarly, he also observed the Australian
Marsupials which showed a number of marsupials emerging from an ancestor.

• According to Charles Darwin, evolution is a very slow and gradual process. He concluded that
evolution took place over a very long period of time. As we talk about the time period in evolution, we
usually refer to billions of years. The generation of a species from another takes a long period of time.
It is a very steady process as the changes and adaptation take a long time to stabilize and give rise to a
new species.

• SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST, ELIMINATION OF THE WEAKEST

• Finished his book “The descent of Man”

• This replaced the dominant views of a religious or biblical design that places human beings in a
privileged position of having been created by God.

• Darwin’s accomplishment was so diverse that it is useful to distinguish two fields to which he made
major contributions:

1. Evolutionary Biology

2. Philosophy of Science
SIGMUND FREUD

• Born: May 6, 1856 Died: September 23, 1939

• A very talented communicator who did his share to raise the consciousness of the civilized world in
psychological matters

• The Father of Psychology the Father of Psychoanalysis

• PSYCHOANALYSIS – a scientific way to study the mind and neurotic illness

• Had a great impact in understanding human nature.

• Unorthodox method – Focused on human sexuality and evil nature of man

• Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory is centered on the belief that human behavior is influenced by an
unconscious mind. Freud believed that every human has a collection of unconscious thoughts and urges,
many of which are unpleasant, that influence behaviors and experiences.

• Freud proposed that the mind consists of three parts: the id, the ego and the superego. He examined his
patients' histories in detail, looking for events that he believed caused certain behavior.

• the goal of psychoanalysis is to bring what exists at the unconscious or subconscious level up to
consciousness.

• This goal is accomplished through talking to another person about the big questions in life, the things
that matter, and diving into the complexities that lie beneath the simple-seeming surface.
 • Freud theorized that the id is present at birth and is responsible for a person's instincts; he categorized
the id as part of the unconscious mind.

• The ego develops from the Id, and ensures that the id's impulses can be expressed in an acceptable way.
The Ego is considered to be part of both the conscious and unconscious minds. Finally, the Superego
develops based on the morals an individual learns from parents and from society. It includes a person's
sense of right and wrong and guides people's judgments.

• Id - The id operates at an unconscious level and focuses solely on instinctual drives and desires. Two
biological instincts make up the id, according to Freud: eros, or the instinct to survive that drives us to
engage in life-sustaining activities, and thanatos, or the death instinct that drives destructive, aggressive,
and violent behavior.

• Ego - The ego acts as both a conduit for and a check on the id, working to meet the id’s needs in a
socially appropriate way. It is the most tied to reality and begins to develop in infancy;

Superego - The superego is the portion of the mind in which morality and higher principles reside, encouraging
us to act in socially and morally acceptable ways (McLeod, 2013).
CHAPTER 2: DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE
OBJECTIVES:
1. Analyze how scientific revolution is done in various parts of the world like in Latin America, East
Asia, Middle East and Africa.
2. Discuss some historical events in different regions of the world that contributed to the
development of science.
3. Familiarize with the historical scientific discoveries that led to modern science.

MESOAMERICA (MAYAN, INCA, AZTEC)

• Mesoamerica includes entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico yup to the border of South
America.

• Rich in culture and Knowledge prior to arrival of European colonizers

MAYA CIVILIZATION – lasted 2000 year

 Known for their works of astronomy
 Allows them to use their temples and religious structures for astronomical observation
 Planting and Harvesting are aligned to the cycles of celestial bodies
 Predicting Eclipse
 Two Calendar Systems
 In Terms of TECHNOLOGY, Mayans Built Hydraulics system with sophisticated water systems to
supply water to different communities.
 In the field of ARTS, Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints
from a mineral called MICA.
 First people to produce rubber products
 The World’s first civilizations to use writing system known as the Mayan Hieroglyphics.
 In Mathematics, they created a number system and developed the concept of zero even before the
romans did.

INCA CIVILIZATION – made scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization.
 Roads paved with stones
 Stone buildings to protect from disasters
 Irrigation system and technique for storing water for crops to grow
 Calendar with 12 months
 First suspension bridge
  QUIPU – Knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret.
 INCA FLOOR TEXTILES – Prized artistic achievements.

AZTEC CIVILATION – made substantial contributions to science and technology.

 MANDATORY EDUCATION – Mandated to children
 CHOCOLATES – Valued Cacao beans
 ANTISPASMODIC MEDICATION – Relax muscles, which could help during surgery.
 CHINAMPA – for agricultural farming in which the land is divided into rectangular area and
surrounded by canals
 AZTEC CALENDAR – Plan activities, rituals and planting and harvesting season
 CANOE – a light narrow boat for travelling in water systems.

ASIA (India, China, Middle East countries)

Asia is the biggest Continent in the world and home of may ancient civilizations that hosted several cultural,
economic, scientific and political activities of all ages.

INDIA – Huge Peninsula (2nd largest country in Asia)

 Known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works.
 IRON STEEL – is considered as the BEST, better than the roman empire.
 Famous in MEDICINE
 AYURVEDA – a system of traditional medicine, still practice as form of alternative medicine. They
discovered some medicinal properties of plants that led them to develop medicines to cure various
illness.
 SUSRUTA SAMHITA – List of different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient
India.
- Also Notable for the field of ASTRONOMY, they developed theories on the configuration of the
universe.
 Introduced that the earth is spherical, 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.
 SIDDHANTA SHIROMANI – written in the 12 th century, Astronomical topics such as: Longitudes of
the planets, three problems of diurnal rotation, syzygies’, lunar and solar eclipses, latitudes of the
planets, risings and settings, the moon’s formation and crescent, conjunctions of planets, Paths of Sun
and Moon.
 In terms of MATHEMATICS, they standardized measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy
and designed a ruler. The MOHENJODARO RULER.
  ARYABHATIYA – a number of trigonometric functions, tables and techniques, as well as algorithms of
algebra.
 Concept of Zero and decimals
 Hindu Arabic Numeral system
 MADHAVA of Sangamagrama – considered as the founder of mathematical analysis.
- Gravity was a force of attraction.

CHINA – with substantial contributions in many areas of life like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics,
arts, philosophy and music among others.
 Traditional Medicines – Chinese discovered medicinal properties and uses of plants and animals and
reflexology. ACUPUNCTURE
 Developed many tools like Compass, Papermaking, gunpowder and Printing tools.
 Iron Plough, wheelbarrow and propeller.
 Developed a design of different models of bridges
 Invented first seismological detector.
 Developed a dry dock facility.
 In the field of ASTRONOMY, chines made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses
and comets, and effects to our world.
 Observed heavenly bodies to understand better the weather changes and seasons that may affect their
daily decisions.
 Known for seismology, this made them prepared in times of natural calamities.

MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES are dominantly occupied by Muslims.

 Widespread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim Scholarship called the Golden Age
that lasted until the 13th Century
 Muslim scientists placed greater value on science experiments rather than plain-thought experiments.
 Ibn Al-Haytham – regarded as the Father of Optics
 Mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm
 Al-Jabr – where Aljebra is derived from
o Introduction to decimal point notation
 Jabir Ibn Hayyan Father of Chemistry
 Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine, first physician to conduct clinical trials.
 The book of Healing and the Canon of Medicine
  Contagious nature of infectious diseases and introduction of Clinical Pharmacology.
 Decline of this golden age of Islam started in the 13th century due to the conquest of mongols.

AFRICA – blessed with natural and mineral resources.

 Science also emerged long before the Europeans colonized it.
 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION – made significant advances in the fields of Astronomy, Mathematics and
Medicine.
 Geometry were developed to build rectilinear structures.
 Egyptian Pyramids and the Early Dams to divert water from the NILE river.
 Center of Alchemy – Medieval forerunner of Chemistry.
 Human Anatomy and Pharmacology and applied important components such as diagnosis, treatment and
prognosis for the treatment of diseases.
 In the field of ASTRONOMY – Three types of Calendars: Lunar, Solar and Stellar.
 Metallurgy – known during the Ancient times.
 North Africa and Nile Valley imported iron technology from the Near east region for their developments
during the Bronze Age and the Iron Age.
 Lebombo Bone – tool for multiplication, division and simple mathematical calculation.
 Muslims in Africa – Advanced Mathematics such as algebra, geometry and trigonometry.
CHAPTER 3: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION – BUILDING
OBJECTIVES:
1. Discuss the development of science in the Philippines
2. Discuss how the colonizers improved the indigenous science and technology that are used in the
modern world.
3. Discuss the governing government agency in monitoring the science and technology in the
Philippines and enumerate their goals
4. Be able to enumerate and discuss Filipino scientist that contributed to the development of modern
science.

 Before the coming of colonizers, the early inhabitants of the archipelago had their own culture and
traditions.
 Embedded in their way of life.
 Plant crops, take care of animals for food production.
 Predict movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and climates and in organizing days into
months and years.
 Use science in their soil for agricultural purposes.
 Medicinal use of plants
 Technology in building houses, irrigations and developing tools is used in everyday life.
 Planting, hunting, cooking and fishing. Making Weapons for fighting.
 Musical Instruments
 Gold and silver, jewelries and ceramics in trading with China, Indonesia and Japan.
 When Colonizers entered our Country:

BRIEF HISTORY:
SPANISH
 Education, with subjects and disciplines. – Formal Science
 Adapted some Western Technology and their ways of life
 Galleon Trade – Crops, tools, spices, technology
 Advancement in medicine, engineering, arts, music and literature in the country.
 Center of Global Trade in South East Asia
 Modern research University that became the University of the Philippines
 Transportation and Communication system.
 Catholic doctrines and practices during the Spanish era halted the growth of science in the country.
AMERICANS
 Public education system
 Engineering and health conditions of people
 Public hospitals
 Transportation and communications systems improved.
 Science focuses on nature studies and sanitation formally known as SCIENCE.
 American Scholars introduced technology.
 Protestant Church Missions

JAPAN
 Reparation money focuses of building some institutions and public facilities.
 Highways and in providing technological training and human resource development in the country.
 Improving the quality of science education still remains as a big challenge in the country.

Government Policies on Science and Technology

GOAL: To prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a technologically driven world and
capacitate the people to live in a world driven by science.
 Several science related programs and projects were created to develop the scientific literacy of the
country. The Current K to 12 education programs included SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS (STEM) as one of the major tracks to enroll in science related
fields in college.

There are many other areas and fields that the country is looking forward to embark various research and
projects.
 Use of alternative and safe energy.
 Harnessing mineral resources.
 Finding cure for various researches and illness.
 Climate change and global warming.
 Increasing food production.
 Preservation of Natural resources.
 Coping with natural disasters and calamities.
 Infrastructure development.
Famous Filipinos in the Field of Science
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba – Tissue culture in the Philippine Mangoes. Developed a chemical spray for
healthy and faster production of mangoes.
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso – Observing the characteristics and melting speed of ice in Artic and Antarctica
region by using satellite images.
3.
4. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. – Officer of the famous Institute of electrical and electronic engineering. Improved
the Control Theory.
5.
6. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz – beneficial effects of sea snail venom
7. Fabian Millar Dayrit – Herbal Medicine. Focused on beneficial effects of Virgin Coconut Oil and
Lagundi.
8. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III – Tilapia culture and Sex change of Tilapia to resolve overpopulation of
Tilapia in the Philippines.
9. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. – Inventing meconium drugs testing.
10. Lilian Formalejo Patena – For doing research on plant biotechnology.
11. Mari – Jo Panganiban Ruiz – Outstanding educator and graph theorist.
12. Gregory Ligot Tangonan – Research in the field of communications technology. Used fiber optics to
transmit wireless messages faster and more effectively.
13. Caesar Saloma – Renowed Physicist. Led the development of a method to generate high-contrast
images of semiconductor sites via one photon optical beam-induced current imaging and confocal
reflectance microscopy. 
14. Edgardo Gomez – Scientist in Marine Science. Restoration of Coral reefs and breeding of Giant Clams
15. William Padolina – Chemist, president of national academy of science and technology (NAST) –
Philippines. Focused on extracting the fatty acids of coconut for development of pharmaceutical and
durable household products. He also focused on coconut breeding.
16. Angel Alcala – Marine Science. Developed artificial reefs to promote coral reef restoration.
University of the Philippines – Los Banos - Science of Paradise for agriculture, forestry, plant and animal
science and veterinary science.
University of the Philippines – Visayas is also a national center for marine science, fisheries and other related
sciences.
University of the Philippines Manila – Medical and Public health.
University of the Philippines – Diliman – producing more scientist and engineering
CHAPTER 4: SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIIPINES

OBJECTIVES:
1. Be able to enumerate the science schools, colleges and universities in the Philippines.
2. Be able to enumerate the achievements of each science schools and identify how they can nurture
future scientist.

SCIENCE EDUCATION
In tertiary education, Science deals with developing students understanding and appreciation of science ideas
and scientific works.
Also focuses on the preparation of science teachers, scientists, engineers and other professionals in various
science – related fields such as engineering , agriculture, medicine and health sciences.

PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)

- Service Institute of the DOST offering free scholarship basis for secondary courses. Producing filipino
science scholars with scientific minds and passion for excellence.

SPECIAL SCIENCE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

- Provides learning environment to science children through a special curriculum that recognizes the
multiple intelligences of the learners.
- Foster holistic development of the learners.

QUEZON CITY REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGHSCHOOL.

- Became Quezon City Science Highschool
- Special science school for talented students in science and mathematics
- Envisions to serve as a venue in providing maximum opportunities for science gifted students to develop
spirit of inquiry and creativity.
- Supported by Local government and Parents – Teachers Association.

MANILA SCIENCE HIGHSCHOOL

- Produce scientists with Souls.
- Humanities and other electives are included in their curriculum.
- Producing alumni and winners for various national competitions.
CENTRAL VISAYAN INSTITUTE FOUNDATION
- Home and pioneer of the prominent school-based innovation known as the dynamic learning program.
- Takes pride in its research center for theoretical physics (RTCP) established in 1992.
CHAPTER 5: INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, AND HUMAN FLOURISHING

OBJECTIVES:

1. Be able to define what is Indigenous science and identify what are indigenous science in the Philippines.
2. Discuss Human flourishing and be able to connect it with indigenous science.
3. Discuss different roles of science in the modern society.

INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM

Indigenous knowledge is embedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they grow up.
Indigenous knowledge are taught and practiced by the indigenous people are:
- Predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals behavior and celestial
bodies
- Using herbal medicine
- Preserving foods
- Classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on cultural properties
- Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting.
- Using indigenous technology in daily lives.
- Building local irrigation systems
- Classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural properties.
- Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits
- Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard.

HUMAN FLOURISHING

 EUDAIMONIA – literally “Good Spirited” is a term coined by renowed Greek philosopher Aristotle to
describe the pinnacle of happiness that is attainable by humans.
 Translated as human flourishing.
 Aristotle’s human flourishing arises as a result of different components such as phronesis, friendship,
wealth and power.
SCIENCE AS METHOD AND RESULTS

Scientific Method:
1. OBSERVE
2. DETERMINE THE PROBLEM
3. FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS (Accept or Reject Null Hypothesis)
4. CONDUCT EXPERIMENT
5. GATHER AND ANALYZE
6. FORMULATE CONCLUSION
7. PROVIDE RECOMMENDATION

VERIFICATION THEORY
- The earliest criterion that distinguishes philosophy and science.
- Proposes that a discipline is science if it can be confirmed or interpreted in the event of an alternative
hypothesis being accepted.
- Vienna Circle
- Astrology – followers are able to employ the verification method in ascertaining its reliability.

FALSIFICATION THEORY
- Asserts that as long as an ideology is not proven to be false and can best explain a phenomenon over
alternative theories, we should accept the said ideology.
- The shift to this theory allowed emergence of theories otherwise rejected y verification theory.
- It does not promote ultimate adoption of one theory but instead encourages research in order to
determine which among the theories can stand the test of falsification.
- There is no known rule as to the number of instance that a theory is rejected or falsified in order for it to
be set aside.
- Similarly, there is no assurance that observable event or evidences are indeed manifestations of a certain
concept or theories.

SCIENCE AS A SOCIAL ENDEAVOR

- Perpetuates a dimension which generally benefits the society.
- Presents an alternative notion that goes beyond the boundaries of cold, hard facts of science and instead
projects it in a different light, such as a manifestation of shared experience forging solidarity over
communities.
SCIENCE AS A RESULT
- For the most part, People who do not understand science are won over when the discipline is able to
produce results.
- Science is not the only discipline which is able to produce results.
- It can be concluded that science does not monopolize the claim for definite results.

SCIENCE AS EDUCATION
 In the Philippines, a large distribution of science high schools can be found all over the country, forging
competition for aspiring students to secure a slot and undergo rigorous science and mathematics training
based on specialized curricula.
 Although arguable as these schools also take great consideration in providing holistic education by
assuring that other non – science courses are covered, adeptness in science and mathematics are the
primary condition to be admitted.
 Aristotle’s eudaimonic person is required to be knowledgeable about science, among other things of
equal importance.
 They are supposed to possess intellectual virtues that will enable the to determine truth from falsehood
or good reasoning from poor reasoning.
 Does not focus on one aspect alone.
CHAPTER 6: TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING

OBJECTIVES:
1. Discuss and realize what life could have been without technology.
2. Discuss the role of technology in the society.
3. Discuss how technology emerged in the early times
4. Enumerate notable comparisons in a specific field with the use of technology.
5. Be able to enumerate the essence of technology in our modern society.
6. Discuss how technology achieves Good Life to all people.

Technology in Society
 Comparing the lives of people before and now
 Nowadays there has been a great change in people’s way of life due to the existence of science and
technology.
 People who lived in the past and people who are living in the present all have different views what it
means to flourish, primarily due to the kind of environment and the period one is in.

The Human Condition before Common Era

 It is difficult to pinpoint the particular period where technology is said to have started.
 Homoerectus - have been using fire to cook, through chipping one flint over the other to produce a
spark.
 Tools from stone and flints marked the era of the stone age.
 Homosapiens – began to sharpen stones as one would a knife.
 An example of this is the simple machine called WEDGE.
 This particular period proved to be difficult for our ancestors, but in a remarkable distinct way.
 Paleolithic period (figured out due to excavation)
 Soon enough, people discovered minerals and began forging metalwork. They realized that these
substances are more durable, malleable and have more luster than the previous material.
 Clothing – Fur and Animal skin, primarily used for comfort against harsh winds.
 Added several more to their garments. Our ancestors have been deeply engaged in the concept of beauty.
Perhaps they had taken a liking to a certain shiny stone or perfectly shaped bone and wanted to wear it
as trophy.
 Through out the course of history, Religion remains to be the strongest contender to science arguably
due to its being the most easily grasped
 For a long time, humans were content with their relationship with nature.
  Holocene extinction
 Growing population also necessitated finding additional resources, leading to overhunting and
overfishing common prey, some of which were endemic to the area.
 Cultivating Agriculture
 Formation of communities caused humans to expand more in territory.
 Waging wars
 Trade emerged
 People then had a new objective – gather as much products as possible.
 Turned to wealth as one of their goals
 They began to hunt, far and produce things with prospect of profit.
 Products of every kind were exchanged, ranging from necessary ones such as crops, cattle, poultry,
clothing materials, up to metals, accessories, weapons, spices, literature and entertainment. They were
able to find and create niches for interests.
 Technology has been instrumental in all of these because in searching for the good life, people were able
to come up with creations. That would make life easier, more comfortable and more enriching.
 Paved way for Medicine, Chemistry, Intellectual figures.

Advancements in medicine, technology, health and education ushered humanity’s best.

Notable comparisons then and now:
1. Health and Mortality Rate (Average Life span)
2. Business transactions
3. Literacy Rate (Education)
4. Gross Domestic Product (Economy)
5. Tourism (Travel and Improvement of Tourist Destinations)
ESSENCE OF TECHNOLOGY

BACKTRACKING THE HUMAN TECHNOLOGY

Technology’s initial promises proved to be true.

All in all, human condition improved.
- Different Machineries
- Prolonging lives – assisting disabilities
- Industrial workplaces
- Improved education
- Exploring the Universe for other planets we can love once the earth’s resources depleted.
- Technological advancements are occurring in a rapid pace that our morality cannot quite keep up. No
such consideration as given in this approach in achieving the Good Life.
CHAPTER 7: THE GOOD LIFE
OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the principles of Plato and Aristotle in attaining Good life.
2. Define Good life
3. Discuss Good life is attained by science and technology
4. Enumerate the 5 goals of Good life

PLATO – The task of understanding the things in the world runs parallel with the job of truly getting into what
will make the soul flourish.
In an attempt to understand reality of the external world, man must seek to understand himself too.
ARISTOTLE – gave a distinction between the theoretical and practical sciences.
THEORETICAL DISCIPLINES – Aristotle included LOGIC, BIOLOGY, PHYSICS and METAPHYSICS
PRACTICAL DISCIPLINE – Ethics and politics.
TRUTH – Is the aim of the theoretical sciences, “GOOD” is the end of the practical ones.
 Every attempt to know is connected in some way in an attempt to find the good or as said the attainment
of human flourishing.
 We have seen how a misplaced or an erroneous idea of human flourishing can turn tables for all us,
make sciences work AGAINST us rather than FOR us, and draw a chasm between the search for truth
and for the good.

ARISTOTLE
 Approached the Problem of reality from a scientific lens

Goal of life: HAPPINESS

PLATO – World of forms and World of matter.
 Plato claims that despite the reality of change, things remain, and they retain their ultimate whatness

WORLD OF MATTER – things are changing and impermanent.

WORLD OF FORMS – entities are only copies of the ideal and the models, and the FORMS are the only real
entities.
Compared to his teacher (PLATO), Aristotle puts everything back to the ground in claiming that this
world is all there is to it and that this world is the only reality we can all access.
 Aristotle disagreed with his teacher’s position and forwarded the idea that there is no reality over and
above what the senses and can perceive.
 Change is a process. Start as potentialities and move toward Actualities.
 Aristotle extend this analysis from the external world and declares the even HUMAN BEINGS are
POTENTIALITIES who aspire for their ACTUALITIES.
  Human being moves according to some end.
 Every action emanates from a person is a function of the purpose (TELOS).
 We all want to be happy
 Aristotle claims that happiness is the be all and end all of everything we do.
 What Aristotle means in happiness is Human Flourishing, a kind of contentment in knowing that one is
getting the best out of life.
 MAXED OUT HIS POTENTIALS IN THE WORLD.

5 Goals of Good life

MATERIALISM
- Material wealth as the primary source of the meaning in life.

HEDONISM
- Obtaining and indulging in pleasure because life is limited.

STOICISM
- Happiness can only be attained by a careful practice of apathy.

THEOISM
- Ultimate basis of happiness is communion and serving God while waiting to return in God.

HUMANISM
 Captain of his own ship, seeking for ways on how to improve the lives.
 The reason why Technology came across and evolved

Whether or not we agree with these technology advancements, these are all undertaken in the hopes of attaining
the good life.
The balance however, between the good life, ethics and technology has to be attained.