TRADE PROJECT

PROJECT TITLE: PETROLEUM WASTE TREATMENT AND

POLLUTION CONTROL AT TULLOW KENYA

CASE STUDY LOKICHAR BASIN

COURSE CODE: 2901/3

PRESENTED BY: MILLY CHEPKOECH

INDEX NUMBER: 5781015847

CENTRE NAME: THE ELDORET NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

CENTRE CODE: 578101

COURSE: DIPLOMA IN PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCE

PRESENTED TO: KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN

PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

DIPLOMA IN PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCE

SUPERVISOR: MADAM MARCELLA KEITANY

EXAM SERIES: NOVEMBER 2021

 DECLARATION

This very project is my original work and has not been presented by anybody to the Kenya

National Examination Council for the award in Diploma in petroleum Geoscience.

CANDIDATES NAME : MILLY CHEPKOECH

INDEX NUMBER : 5781015847

SIGN : ……………………………

DATE : …………………….../2021

This research project has been submitted for defense with my approval as the student‘s

appointed supervisor.

SUPERVISOR’S NAME :MADAM MARCELLA KEITANY

SIGN : ……………………………

DATE : …………………….../2021

i
 DEDICATION
My dedication goes to my parents Mr. and Mrs. Kosgei for their support in my study and

through my project writing.

And lastly to my classmates and friend for their support and encouragement during my

project research.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I must begin thanking the almighty God for all that he has done for me this far and for all that

he has promised he will do. My sincere thanks to my lecturer Madam Marcella for his

knowledge in my project writing. You advised me on the way forward and without your

guidance and support this project might not have been complete. Sincere that to my

supervisor at Tullow Oil Company for his support while at the company and all its employees

in general.

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 ABSTRACT
There are global environmental concern about the pollution from petroleum industries and

other organizations that should not only be controlled but also prevented. Many alternatives

are available to those in charge of environmental protection, but they should be able to draw

on a systematic procedure to help implement prevention and control measures. The project

will give us a brief introduction to air pollution and the various air pollutants.

This project also provides insight into various ways and approaches involved in pollution

control especially air pollution. The aim of this project is to find the most affecting air

pollutant, show a brief detail for technology used in treating air pollution and also discuss

steps in selecting pollution control. Since, some air pollutants are very detrimental to human

health and the planet as a whole. Nine out of ten human beings currently breathe air that

exceeds the WHO’s guideline limits for pollutants. And since air pollution is caused by solid

and liquid particles and certain gases that are suspended in the air. These particles and gases

comes from our own daily activities. This leads to those who are exposed to poor air quality

can face an increased risk of developing or exacerbating a range of serious health issues.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION........................................................................................................................i
DEDICATION...........................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................1
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY....................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................1
1.2 Historical background of tullow oil Kenya..........................................................................1
1.3 Statement of problem...........................................................................................................2
1.4 Objective..............................................................................................................................3
1.5 Research questions...............................................................................................................3
1.6 Limitation of the study.........................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................4
2.0 Literature review..................................................................................................................4
2.1 POLICY...............................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER THREE....................................................................................................................5
Research design and Methodology............................................................................................5
3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................5
3.2 Primary sources....................................................................................................................5
3.2. Sampling technique.............................................................................................................5
3.3. Data collection methods......................................................................................................5
3.4 Location of study..................................................................................................................6
3.5 Conclusion............................................................................................................................6
3.6 Secondary source.................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................................................7
4.0 Data analysis presentation and interpretation......................................................................7
4.1 Air pollution and pollution control......................................................................................7
4.2 Air Quality Monitoring........................................................................................................7
4.3 Steps in selecting pollution control at Tullow oil................................................................8
4.4Number of wells at Tullow oil..............................................................................................9
4.5Greenhouse gas emissions.....................................................................................................9
4.6 Amount of air emissions produced by each air pollutants.................................................10
4.7 Control Measures at Tullow Oil Company........................................................................11
4.8 Organization experience in air pollution control preparedness..........................................13

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4.9 Technology used in air pollution control at Tullow oil......................................................13
CHAPTER FIVE......................................................................................................................16
5.0. Summary of major findings, conclusions and recommendation.......................................16
5.1 Major findings..................................................................................................................16
5.2 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................16
5.3 Recommendation................................................................................................................17
Reference ………………...……….………………………………………………………....18

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Petroleum is vital to many industries and in the manufacturing of a wide variety of materials.

Since, petroleum industry is considered to be one of the main environmental polluters,

increased attention is put on environmental protection during petroleum activities. During

exploration, well stimulation and oil and gas production a certain amount of waste is

produced. Substantial quantities of toxic and non-toxic waste are generated during

the extraction, refinement, and transportation stages of oil and gas. Some industry by-

products, such as volatile organic compounds, nitrogen & sulfur compounds, and spilled

oil can pollute air, water, and soil at levels that are harmful to life where improperly

managed. Climate warming, ocean acidification, and sea level rise are global changes

enhanced by the industry's emissions of greenhouse gases like methane and micro-

particulate aerosols like black carbon.

Among all human activities, fossil-fuel extraction is the largest contributor to the ongoing

buildup of carbon compounds in the earth's biosphere. The International Energy Agency and

others report that oil & gas use comprised over 55% (18 Billion Tons) of the record 32.8

Billion Tons (BT) of carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the atmosphere from all energy

sources during year 2017. Coal use comprised the remaining 45%. Total emissions continue

to rise nearly every year: up another 1.7% to 33.1 BT in year 2018.

1.2 Historical background of tullow oil Kenya

Tullow entered Kenya in 2010, after signing agreements with Africa Oil and Centric Energy

to gain a 50% operated interest in five onshore licenses; 10BA, 10BB, 10A, 12A and 13T. In

2012, Tullow farmed in to onshore Block 12B with 50% and increased its interest in Block

12A to 65%. Since then our interest in Block 10A has been relinquished and in October 2015.

Tullow currently has a 50% operated interest in Blocks 10BA, 10BB, 13T and 100% in Block

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12B. In June 2019 Tullow exited non operated Block 12A. The Ngamia-1 exploration well in

Kenya marked the start of a significant programme of drilling activities across the acreage. In

2012, the Ngamia-1 well successfully encountered over 200 meters of net oil pay, the second

East Africa onshore tertiary rift basin opened by Tullow. This has since been followed by

further exploration success in the South Lokichar Basin at the Amosing, Twiga, Etuko,

Ekales-1, Agete, Ewoi, Ekunyuk, Etom, Erut and Emekuya oil accumulations.

1.3 Statement of problem

In petroleum industry, petroleum has many uses but with its uses comes its disadvantages one

being pollution. These petroleum pollutions affect the environment in many different ways

hence need to be controlled Through its own operations, the petroleum industry directly

contributed about 8% (2.7 BT) of the 32.8 BT year 2017 total of CO2 from fossil fuels. Also,

due to its intentional and other releases of natural gas, the industry directly contributed at

least 79 Million Tons of methane (2.4 BT CO2-equivalent) that same year; an amount equal

to about 14% of all known anthropogenic and natural emissions of the potent warming

gas. Since the industrial age began circa 1750–1850 with growing wood and coal use,

the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and methane have increased about 50% and

150%, respectively, above their relatively stable levels of the prior 800,000+ years. Each is

currently increasing at a rate of about 1% every year, since about half of the added carbon is

absorbed by the world's oceans. The acceleration is also so rapid that half of all emissions and

buildup have occurred over just the past 30 years. toxic and non-toxic waste are generated

during the extraction, refinement, and transportation stages of oil and gas. Some industry by-

products, such as volatile organic compounds, nitrogen & sulfur compounds, and spilled

oil can pollute air, water, and soil at levels that are harmful to life where improperly

managed. Climate warming, ocean acidification, and sea level rise are global changes

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enhanced by the industry's emissions of greenhouse gases like methane and micro-

particulate aerosols like black carbon.

1.4 Objective
The objective of this original research is

 To give more knowledge about the petroleum industry,

 How to treat petroleum waste and controlling of pollution in the petroleum sector by

the methods used in air pollution control.

 To also summarize studies and investigations and show a brief details of different

technologies used for treatment of petroleum waste.

1.5 Research questions

i) How waste are produced?

ii) Where waste is deposited?

iii) How to control waste?

iv) The waste treatment method?

1.6 Limitation of the study

i) Harsh environmental condition at the place of study.

ii) Insufficient tools to conduct my studies

iii) Lack of personnel that could give accurate information on effects of air emissions.

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 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
A number of scholars have contributed to the discourse of petroleum waste treatment and

pollution control. This part analyses the various literature materials relevant to the topic of

study. It is however important to note from the onset that environmental regulations is a

relatively new approach to waste and pollution control with most environmental legislations

having been passed in the past 20-30 years with Kenya being recently. There is also a

substantial contribution of natural and physical sources to pollution. Clearly, even if natural

source exceeds artificial sources, the adverse effects might result largely from artificial

sources in populated areas.

2.1 POLICY
Shahryar Jafarijad, in his book “petroleum waste treatment and pollution control” he talked

about the different methods of mitigating the air, water and land pollution in the petroleum

industry

Hesham Idly in his paper titled “sustainability and development resources industrial ecology

as an approach to sustainability” demonstrate that good environmental management practices

combined with appropriate policy initiative not only improve the environmental management

of used oil.

Ministry of energy Kenya, released an article on “Energy and petroleum legislation

framework “ it showed important legislation frameworks to be conducted in pollution control

and waste management In Kenya.

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University of Malaysia, came up with a method of how to turn air pollutants into hydrogen

fuel. Controlled containment air by use of an instrument which turned the polluted air into

hydrogen fuel which was later used by human.

University of Philippines, came up with remediation process Including natural processes,

pump and treat, soil flushing, soil vapor extraction, bioremediation and exaction especially in

soil pollution.

CHAPTER THREE
Research design and Methodology
3.1 Introduction
Methodology refers to the methods used by the researcher to collect data from the center of

study. This is where clear explanation is given on how the study was undertaken in the

industry.

A number of methods for studying the treatment of oily wastewater and solid waste

management and control and treatment of air emission.

3.2 Primary sources

This will be the first-hand accounts, experiences and lessons in form of face to face

interviews with different engineers on their view on various aspect on waste oil management.

This will give well descriptive insight on the industry with regards to petroleum waste

treatment and pollution control.

3.2. Sampling technique

Most methods were manually operated using active sampling for collection of air pollutants,

polluted water/oily wastewater and solid wastes.

3.3. Data collection methods

This entails the highlights of methological approaches that were used by the researcher to

collect data from the respondents during research study.

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Observation

This is the classic scientific enquiry method of collecting data in which the researcher

services the event in question, either directly or through intermediary devices. The researcher

observed by tracing the source of emissions of air pollutant in the chimney.

Interviews

I extremely used this research method. It was orally and face to face. I got to ask engineers

and the supervisors questions related to the petroleum waste treatment and pollution control

especially air pollution.

Questionnaires

This refers to the form prepared and distributed to ensure responses to certain question. They

were drafled from the aims and objectives of study, several copies were made and distributed

to respondents. I used structured type of questionnaires.

3.4 Location of study

The research was undertaken at Tullow oil industry in Turkana.

3.5 Conclusion
The method used in this research was; questionnaires, interviews and observation.

3.6 Secondary source

There will be existing articles and written information by other authors in relation to the issue

in Kenya and other countries. This will also include the use of internet and journals.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data analysis presentation and interpretation
This is the arrangement and presentation of data that was collected during research study. The

analysis and interpretation of the data collected will be presented by use of bar graphs, pie

charts, tables and descriptive words.

4.1 Air pollution and pollution control

Introduction

Air pollution is the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of

humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials. There are

different types of air pollutants produced by Tullow company, such as gases (such as

ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane and

chlorofluorocarbons), particulates (both organic and inorganic), and biological molecules. Air

pollution may cause diseases, allergies and even death to humans; it may also cause harm to

other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built

environment. Both human activity and natural processes can generate air pollution.

4.2 Air Quality Monitoring

By Hans-Ulrich Prefer and Peter Brackman

Air quality monitoring means the systematic measurement of ambient air pollutants in order

to be able to assess the exposure of vulnerable receptors (e.g., people, animals, plants and art

works) on the basis of standards and guidelines derived from observed effects, and/or to

establish the source of the air pollution (causal analysis).

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4.3 Steps in selecting pollution control at Tullow oil

Step 1: The first part is to determine what will be

Define emissions released from the stack. All potentially
harmful emissions must be listed. The second
part is to estimate how much of each material
will be released. Without this information,
the manager cannot begin to design a control
programme.
Step 2: All susceptible targets should be identified.
Define target groups. This includes people, animals, plants and
materials. In each case, the most susceptible
member of each group must be identified.
For example, asthmatics near a plant that
emits isocyanates.
Step 3: An acceptable level of exposure for the most
Determine acceptable exposure levels. sensitive target group must be established. If
the pollutant is a material that has cumulative
effects, such as a carcinogen, then long-term
exposure levels (annual) must be set. If the
pollutant has short-term effects, such as an
irritant or a sensitizer, a short-term or perhaps
peak exposure level must be set
Step 4: Step 1 identifies the emissions, and Step 3
Select controls. determines the acceptable level. In this step,
each pollutant is checked to ensure that it
does not exceed the acceptable level. If it
exceeds the acceptable level, additional
controls must be added, and the exposure
levels checked again. This process continues
until all exposures are at or below the
acceptable level. Dispersion modelling can
be used to estimate exposures for new plants
or to test alternative solutions for existing
facilities.

4.4Number of wells at Tullow oil

Currently tallow has 12 wells that is currently being produced. Tullow is currently on plan of

completing 300 wells that was scheduled in the year 2018 by the year 2025. And the

transportation of the oil to a refinery in Mombasa has already commenced.

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4.5Greenhouse gas emissions
Tullow’s total Scope 1 emissions in 2019 were 1.26 million tons of CO² e (2018: 1.22

million tons) a 3.7 per cent increase on 2018, mainly due to drilling campaigns with the

Sterna Forth and Maersk Venture rig and also due to seismic and exploration activity in

Guyana and The Comoros, and the Early Oil Pilot Scheme in Kenya. Despite this increase we

realized a 3.6 per cent reduction in emissions intensity relative to production, from 139 tones

(2018) to 134 tones (2019) of CO2 e per 1,000 tons of hydrocarbon produced.

tonnes of CO2 emmisions per hydrcarbon produced

2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

CO2 is part of the gases emitted in the petroleum industry. It is harmful to the lungs but the

research shows that the CO2 produced by tallow company has reduced exponentially over the

past 4 years hence reducing the risk of lung cancer.

4.6 Amount of air emissions produced by each air pollutants

At Tullow

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 air pollutants

CO2
CO
Nox
SO2

As shown in the pie chart CO2 is the most produced of all the pollutants by the petroleum

industry. This is followed by SO2 which comes second on the list. CO and nitrogen oxide

follow as shown respectively.

4.7 Control Measures at Tullow Oil Company

Controls can be divided into two basic types of controls - technological and administrative.

Technological controls are defined here as the hardware put on an emission source to reduce

contaminants in the gas stream to a level that is acceptable to the community and that will

protect the most sensitive target. Administrative controls are defined here as other control

measures

1. Administrative control

In addition to the technological systems, there is another group of controls that must be

considered in the overall design of an air pollution control system. For the large part, they

come from the basic tools of industrial hygiene.

Substitution

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One of the preferred occupational hygiene methods for controlling environmental hazards in

the workplace is to substitute a safer material or process. If a safer process or material can be

used, and harmful emissions avoided, the type or efficacy of controls becomes academic. It is

better to avoid the problem than it is to try to correct a bad first decision. Examples of

substitution include the use of cleaner fuels, covers for bulk storage and reduced temperatures

in dryers.

Local ventilation

Controls are required for all the identified problems that cannot be avoided by substituting

safer materials or methods. Emissions start at the individual worksite, not the stack. A

ventilation system that captures and controls emissions at the source will help protect the

community if it is properly designed. The hoods and ducts of the ventilation system are part

of the total air pollution control system.

Isolation

Isolation - locating the plant away from susceptible targets - can be a major control method

when engineering controls are inadequate by themselves. This may be the only means of

achieving an acceptable level of control when best available control technology (BACT) must

be relied on. If, after applying the best available controls, a target group is still at risk,

consideration must be given to finding an alternate site where sensitive populations are not

present.

Work procedures

Work procedures must be developed to ensure that equipment is used properly and safely,

without risk to workers or the environment. Complex air pollution systems must be properly

maintained and operated if they are to do their job as intended. An important factor in this is

staff training. Staff must be trained in how to use and maintain the equipment to reduce or

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eliminate the amount of hazardous materials emitted to the workplace or the community. In

some cases BACT relies on good practice to ensure acceptable results.

Real time monitoring

A system based on real time monitoring is not popular, and is not commonly used. In this

case, continuous emission and meteorological monitoring can be combined with dispersion

modelling to predict downwind exposures. When the predicted exposures approach the

acceptable levels, the information is used to reduce production rates and emissions. This is an

inefficient method, but may be an acceptable interim control method for an existing facility.

4.8 Organization experience in air pollution control preparedness

Tullow is committed to ensuring our colleagues and host communities are kept safe and well,

in all international locations where we operate. This also includes air pollution. In September,

senior management held a global safety event, which took place in 16 locations across 10

countries, to raise awareness and reinforce a positive safety culture. The safety event

comprised of a review of the new IOGP Life-Saving Rules and an examination of how their

effective application would have avoided many of the near-miss high-potential events

recorded in 2019. According to the research, Tullow has curbed 70% of its air pollution since

its operation began and are continuing to find more pollution control measures.

4.9 Technology used in air pollution control at Tullow oil

Cyclone separators or simply cyclones are separation devices (dry scrubbers) that use the

principle of inertia to remove particulate matter from flue gases. Cyclone separators is one of

many air pollution control devices known as precleaners since they generally remove larger

pieces of particulate matter. This prevents finer filtration methods from having to deal with

large, more abrasive particles later on. In addition, several cyclone separators can operate in

parallel, and this system is known as a multicyclone.

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It is important to note that cyclones can vary drastically in their size. The size of the cyclone

depends largely on how much flue gas must be filtered, thus larger operations tend to need

larger cyclones. For example, several different models of one cyclone type can exist, and the

sizes can range from a relatively small 1.2-1.5 meters tall (about 4-5 feet) to around 9 meters

(30 feet)—which is about as tall as a three story building.

How It Works

Cyclone separators work much like a centrifuge, but with a continuous feed of dirty air. In a

cyclone separator, dirty flue gas is fed into a chamber. The inside of the chamber creates a

spiral vortex, similar to a tornado. The lighter components of this gas have less inertia, so it is

easier for them to be influenced by the vortex and travel up it. Contrarily, larger components

of particulate matter have more inertia and are not as easily influenced by the vortex.

Since these larger particles have difficulty following the high-speed spiral motion of the gas

and the vortex, the particles hit the inside walls of the container and drop down into a

collection hopper. These chambers are shaped like an upside-down cone to promote the

collection of these particles at the bottom of the container. The cleaned flue gas escapes out

the top of the chamber.

Most cyclones are built to control and remove particulate matter that is larger than 10

micrometers in diameter. However, there do exist high efficiency cyclones that are designed

to be effective on particles as small as 2.5 micrometers. As well, these separators are not

effective on extremely large particulate matter. For particulates around 200 micrometers in

size, gravity settling chambers or momentum separators are a better option.

Out of all of the particulate-control devices, cyclone separators are among the least

expensive. They are often used as a pre-treatment before the flue gas enters more effective

pollution control devices. Therefore, cyclone separators can be seen as "rough separators"

before the flue gas reaches the fine filtration stages.

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Effectiveness

Cyclone separators are generally able to remove somewhere between 50-99% of all

particulate matter in flue gas. How well the cyclone separators are actually able to remove

this matter depends largely on particle size. If there is a large amount of lighter particulate

matter, less of these par0ticles are able to be separated out. Because of this, cyclone

separators work best on flue gases that contain large amounts of big particulate matter.

There are several advantages and disadvantages in using cyclone separators. First, cyclone

separators are beneficial because they are not expensive to install or maintain, and they have

no moving parts. This keeps maintenance and operating costs low. Second, the removed

particulate matter is collected when dry, which makes it easier to dispose of. Finally, these

units take up very little space. Although effective, there are also disadvantages in using

cyclone separators. Mainly because the standard models are not able to collect particulate

matter that is smaller than 10 micrometers effectively and the machines are unable to handle

sticky or tacky materials well.

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 CHAPTER FIVE
5.0. Summary of major findings, conclusions and recommendation
This is the summary of the whole study as well as the recommendations on how to improve

the research more efficiently on effectiveness of the pollution control.

5.1 Major findings

From the finding the industry uses the most efficient use of methods of controlling pollution

especially air pollution.

According to the research carried out there where trained personnel for the to carry out

pollution control instruments.

The researcher found out that there are legal framework and policies that govern pollution

management and control.

5.2 Conclusion
The industry has demonstrated its sincere interest in abating and controlling air pollution by

substantial reductions of its own refinery emissions by large expenditures on research and

control, and by its continued cooperation with government at all levels and representatives of

other industries. The oil industry will continue to support research, related to its products and

operations, that is considered important to understanding and solving air pollution problems

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and will also support any sound legislation that will lead in that direction. The industry

believes that if new legislation is considered necessary for control of atmospheric pollution it

should be based on scientific information rather than on unproved theory or opinion. Because

of the unique topographical and meteorological conditions in Turkana county, unusual steps

have been taken to control refinery emissions in that area. Such controls, requiring huge

expenditures, are not necessarily warranted in other communities. This oil industry report

discusses the air pollution problems of petroleum refineries and the control methods being

used; when new problems arise, the industry has well qualified technical committees ready to

cope with them. Where the public is affected, representatives of both industry and control

agencies should discuss the problem to arrive at a solution mutually satisfactory to all parties

concerned. On many occasions control people have been invited to visit refineries, discuss

problems and to see at first hand the progress made in control of emissions. The value of this

type of get acquainted program has been well demonstrated.

5.3 Recommendation
These refer to the observation made by the researcher in the industry for a better

improvement.

The researcher wish to recommend the following;

i) Every worker should be made aware on the dangers of pollution

ii) The company should give free medical services for pollution related issue.

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 Reference
Bethea, R. M. 1978. Air Pollution Control Technology. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

McIlvaine Company. 1974. The Wet Scrubber Handbook. Northbrook, IL: McIlvaine

Company.

Richards, J. R. 1995. Control of Particulate Emissions (APTI Course 413). U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency.

Richards, J. R. 1995. Control of Gaseous Emissions. (APTI Course 415). U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1969. Control Techniques for Particulate Air

Pollutants. AP-51.

ARET Secretariat. 1995. Environmental Leaders 1, Voluntary Commitments to Action On

Toxics Through ARET. Hull, Quebec: Environment Canada’s Public Enquiry Office.

Bishop, PL. 1983. Marine Pollution and Its Control. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Brown, LC and TO Barnwell. 1987. Enhanced Stream Water Quality Models QUAL2E and

QUAL2E-UNCAS: Documentation and User Manual. Athens, Ga: US EPA, Environmental

Research Lab.

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Brown, RH. 1993. Pure ApplChem 65(8):1859-1874.

Calabrese, EJ and EM Kenyon. 1991. Air Toxics and Risk Assessment. Chelsea, Mich:

Lewis.

Public Health Service Publication No. 654. Proceeding. National Conference on Air

Pollution, United States Government Printing Office, Washington,

American Petroleum Institute, Glossary of Terms Used in Petroleum Refining, New York,

American Petroleum Institute,

Public Healt li Service Publication No. 763, Atmospheric Emissions from Petroleum

Jtejineries: A Guide for Measurement and Control, Washington, D. C, U. S. (Government

Printing Office.

APPENDIX

QUESTIONNAIRE
SECTION ONE: GENERAL INFORMATION

1.Tick to indicate your Age.

2. Level of formal education

Diploma Bachelor’s degree MA/MSC/PhD

3. For how long have you worked in your current position?

Less than 5 yrs. 5-10 yrs. above 10 yrs.

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