Contents

Theme 1: Scientific Methodology 1

Chapter 1 Introduction to Scientific Investigation 2

1.1 Science is Part of Daily Life 4
1.2 Your Science Laboratory 9
1.3 Physical Quantities and Their Units 15
1.4 The Use of Measuring Instruments, Accuracy, Consistency, Sensitivity and Errors 18
1.5 Density 28
1.6 Steps in a Scientific Investigation 33
1.7 Scientific Attitudes and Values in Carrying Out Scientific Investigations 37
Summative Practice 1 41

Theme 2: Maintenance and Continuity of Life 43

Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life 44

2.1 Cell – Structure, Function and Organisation 46
2.2 Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis 59
Summative Practice 2 67

Chapter 3 Coordination and Response 70

3.1 Homeostasis in Living Things 72
Summative Practice 3 85

Chapter 4 Reproduction 88
4.1 Sexual and Asexual Reproduction 90
4.2 Human Reproductive System 97
4.3 The Menstrual Cycle 104
4.4 Fertilisation and Pregnancy 107
4.5 Factors Affecting the Development of a Foetus and Baby 111
4.6 Infertility and Contraception 115
4.7 Plant Reproduction 119
Summative Practice 4 133

Theme 3 : Exploration of Elements in Nature 135

Chapter 5 Matter 136

5.1 Matter in Nature 138
5.2 Three States of Matter 145
Summative Practice 5 159

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Chapter 6 Periodic Table 162
6.1 Classification of Elements 164
6.2 Mixtures 176
6.3 Compounds 185
Summative Practice 6 191

Chapter 7 Air 194

7.1 Composition of Air 196
7.2 Combustion 204
7.3 Air Pollution 208
Summative Practice 7 214

Theme 4: Energy and Sustainability of Life 219

Chapter 8 Light and Optics 220

8.1 The Usage of Mirrors 222
8.2 Properties of Light 229
8.3 Reflection of Light 2 30
8.4 Refraction of Light 233
8.5 Dispersion of Light 236
8.6 Scattering of Light 239
8.7 Addition and Subtraction of Light 2 41
Summative Practice 8 250

Theme 5 Exploration of Earth and Space 253

Chapter 9 Earth 254

9.1 The System and Structure of the Earth 256
9.2 Composition of the Earth 261
9.3 Main Processes of the Earth 263
9.4 Geohazard Phenomena 265
9.5 Age of the Earth 268
9.6 Earth Resources and Applied Geology 270
Summative Practice 9 275

Answers 278
Glossary 284
Reference 287
Index 288

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