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Mohamed Ahmed Hassan

(P8)
Eng : Alaa Hamada

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 Task (1) (P8)
1. The attributes of components (accept or reject).
Acceptance Plan Components
- Acceptance sampling type.

 Quality characteristics.
 Specification limits.
 Statistical model.
 Quality level goals.
 Risk.
 Pay factors.

Attribute Sampling
In attribute sampling, each sample is inspected for the presence or
absence of one or several attributes (often called quality
characteristics). Measurements used to detect these quality
characteristics are not retained. Rather, they are compared to a
standard then recorded as either passing or failing. An aggregate
fracture test is an example of attribute sampling. Aggregate is
accepted or rejected based on a minimum quality characteristic of
one fractured face on a specified percentage of the material. The
actual percentage of fractured face is not recorded; instead, a
simple pass-fail record is used .

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Figure 1. A generic example of a quality characteristic distribution.
Note: This distribution represents hypothetical quality
characteristic measurement results if an entire lot were broken
down into infinitesimally small sections and the quality
characteristic associated with each section was measured. As
stated earlier, this distribution can never be known for certain
unless a 100 percent inspection method is used.
- There are typically three different ways of using sample data:
Use the average of sample measurements only. This method
calculates the sample average and uses this to estimate lot average.
It does not calculate sample variation, thus it is unable to estimate
the overall distribution of the quality characteristic within the lot.
Use the average of sample measurements and variation in sample
measurements. This method estimates lot average as the calculated
sample average and estimates lot variation as the calculated sample
variation. It estimates the overall distribution of the quality
characteristic within the lot by applying the non-central t
distribution .

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2. Produces risk & customer risk.
Producer's risk : is the probability that a good product will be rejected as a bad product by
the consumer .

When the acceptance reliability level (ARL), we can define the producer's risk .

It calculates the probability of loss from rejecting a batch which, in fact, should have been
accepted, or accepting a batch that, in fact, will be rejected by the customer .

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Customer Risk : means any change with respect to any of the customers of the Companies or
the relationship between any of such customers and all or any of the Companies for any
reason including, without limitation, the announcement of the execution and delivery hereof,
but excluding any changes arising from (i) any material failure of any Company to comply
with the material terms of any applicable agreement with any of the Top Customers or to
supply any such Top Customers, in all material respects, with products or services in the same
manner and of the same type as have been provided by the Companies during the twelve
month period prior to the date hereof, and (ii) any plans or intentions (including changes in
specifications, anticipated purchasing levels, or contractual arrangements) communicated in
writing by a Top Customer to any Company during the twelve month period prior to the date
hereof, or of which there otherwise is Seller’s Knowledge, other than such plans or intentions
as may have already been reflected in the terms of a Top Customer Contract .

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4. State the Advantage and Disadvantage of Acceptance
sampling
Meaning of Acceptance Sampling or Sampling Inspection:
- One method of controlling the quality of a product is 100% inspection which
requires huge expenditure in terms of time, money and labour. Moreover due to
boredom and fatigue involved in repetitive inspection process, there exists a
possibility to overlook and some defective products may pass the inspection
point.

Depending upon the type of inspection acceptance sampling may be

classified in two ways:

1. Acceptance sampling on the basis of attributes i.e. GO and NOT GO

gauges .

2. Acceptance sampling on the basis of variables.

The AOQ curve indicates that as the actual percent defectives in a

production process increases, initially the effect is for the lots to be passed
for acceptance even though the number of defectives has gone up and the
percent defectives going to the consumer increases.

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Advantages of Acceptance Sampling :

1. The method is applicable in those industries where there is mass production

and the industries follow a set production procedure.

2. The method is economical and easy to understand.

3. Causes less fatigue boredom.

4. Computation work involved is comparatively very small.

5. The people involved in inspection can be easily imparted training.

6. Products of destructive nature during inspection can be easily inspected by

sampling.

7. Due to quick inspection process, scheduling and delivery times are improved.

Limitations of Acceptance Sampling :

1. It does not give 100% assurance for the confirmation of specifications so there
is always some likelihood/risk of drawing wrong inference about the quality of
the batch/lot.

2. Success of the system is dependent on, sampling randomness, quality

characteristics to be tested, batch size and criteria of acceptance of lot.

Producer’s and Consumer’s Risk :

The acceptance or rejection of the whole batch of products in acceptance

sampling depends upon the results of the sample inspected. There is always a
chance that a sample may not be true representative of the batches or lots from
which it is drawn.

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This leads to following two types of risks :

1. Producer risk.

2. Consumer risk.

1. Producer Risk (α):

It is the small probability of a lot/batch being good or even better acceptable
quality level (AQL) but yielding a bad sample and thus getting rejected. So this
probability of rejection of a good lot which otherwise would have been accepted is
known as producer’s risk (α).

2. Consumer Risk (β):

It is the probability of a batch/lot being bad or worse than the limiting quality
(LQ) but yielding a good sample and getting accepted. So this probability of a
defective lot being accepted which otherwise would have been rejected is known
as consumer risk (β).

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