University of Technology

Department of Communication Engineering

Optical Communication Systems Engineering Branch

Frequency Modulation & Demodulation

Experiment No.6 in Analog Communication Laboratory II
June (17,24), 2021

Mousa Saad Luaibi

Second Stage
 Analog Communication Laboratory II Exp.No.6: Frequency Modulation & Demodulation
 Objective
To study the operation of Frequency Modulator and Demodulator by using MATLAB
SIMULINK.

 Apparatus
1. MATLAB SIMULINK.

 Theory

Frequency modulation (FM) is a standard technique for high-fidelity communications as it

is evident in the received signals of the FM band (88-108 MHz) versus the AM band (450-
1650 kHz). The main reason for the improved fidelity is that FM detectors, when properly
designed, are not sensitive to random amplitude variations, which are the dominant part of
electrical noise (heard as static on the AM radio). Frequency modulation is not only used in
commercial radio broadcasts, but also in police and hospital communications, emergency
channels, TV sound, wireless (cellular) telephone systems, and radio amateur bands above
30 MHz.

The basic idea of an FM signal vs. an AM signal is demonstrated in figure (1).

Figure (1) FM signal VS AM signal.

 Analog Communication Laboratory II Exp.No.6: Frequency Modulation & Demodulation
In FM signal, the frequency of the carrier signal is changed by the modulating (baseband)
signal while its amplitude remains the same. In AM signal, we now know that it is the
amplitude (or the

envelope) of the carrier signal that is changed by the modulating signal. The FM signal can
be expressed by:

X fm ( t )= Ac cos ( θi ( t ) ) … … … …(1)

t
θi ( t ) =2 π ∫ f i ( τ ) dτ … … … …( 2)
0

f i ( t )=f c + k f m(t )… … … … (3)

t
θi ( t ) =2 π ∫ f c + k f m(τ )dτ … … … …( 4)
0

( )
X fm ( t )= Ac cos 2 π ∫ f c +k f m ( τ ) dτ … … … … ( 5 )
0

If m ( t )= A m cos ( 2 π f m t ) , the Message signal

( )
X fm ( t )= Ac cos 2 π ∫ f c +k f A m cos ( 2 π f m τ ) dτ … … … … ( 6 )
0

( )
X fm ( t )= Ac cos 2 π ∫ f c + ∆ f cos ( 2 π f m τ ) dτ … … … … ( 7 )
0

∆f
(
X fm ( t )= Ac cos 2 π f c t+
fm )
sin (2 π f m t ) … … … … ( 8 )

X fm ( t )= Ac cos ( 2 π f c t+m f sin (2 π f m t) ) … … … … ( 9 )

Where:
θi ( t ) =¿ Angle of a modulated sinusoidal carrier.

f i ( t )=¿ The instantaneous frequency.

Hz
k f =¿ Frequency modulation constant ( ).
V
 Analog Communication Laboratory II Exp.No.6: Frequency Modulation & Demodulation
Ac =¿ Carrier signal amplitude.

Am =¿ Message signal amplitude.

f c =¿ Carrier signal frequency.

f m=¿ Message signal frequency.

∆ f k f Am
m f =¿ Modulation index ¿ = .
fm fm

∆ f =¿ Maximum frequency deviation.

From the above equations we can see that the frequency of the FM signal deviate ( ∆ f ) from
the center frequency of the carrier signal as the message amplitude is varied.

The bandwidth of the FM signal depends on the modulation index (m¿¿ f ) ¿, and the well-
known Carson’s Rule approximates it:
BW =2 ( ∆ f +f m )=2 f m (m¿¿ f +1)… … … … (10 ) ¿

The factor (2) in the equation is to account for both the upper and lower sidebands (left and
right of the carrier). This equation gives the bandwidth, which contains 98% of the signal
power.

 Procedure
 Part (A): FM Generation (Using MATLAB SIMULINK)

1. Connect the block diagram shown in figure (2).

Analog Communication Laboratory II Exp.No.6: Frequency Modulation & Demodulation

Figure (2) FM Modulation

2. Use sine wave generator for message signal with the following information:
rad π
Am =1V pk − pk ,W m=2 π × 10 , Phase¿ , Sample time = 0.001, and zero for
sec 2
other parameters.

3. Set the parameters k f =50 , f c =100 , A c =1.

4. Draw the waveforms of the message and FM signal.

 Part (B): FM Detection (Using MATLAB SIMULINK)

1. Connect the circuit shown in figure (3).

 Analog Communication Laboratory II Exp.No.6: Frequency Modulation & Demodulation

Figure (3) FM Demodulation.

2. Use sine wave generator for message signal with the following information:
rad π
Am =1V pk − pk ,W m=2 π × 10 , Phase¿ , Sample time = 0.001, and zero for
sec 2
other parameters.

3. Set the parameters k f =50 , f c =100 , A c =1.

4. Set the filter extracted message signal parameters as:

rad
Low-Pass Filter , Order¿ 2 , Pass-band edge frequency¿ 2 π ×10 sec .

5. Using Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) with information:

Hz
Output amplitude = 1 , Quiescent frequency¿ 10 Hz , Input sensitivity¿ 1 V ,
Initial phase¿−2× π .

6. Draw the output signal.

 Discussion

1. Explain the principle of direct method generation of FM signal.

 This can that by "VCO" Voltage-controlled oscillator circuit: It's oscillator
circuit that can generate a signal with a frequency that changes according to
the change in the amplitude of the input signal, and when the information
signal applied to the input of VCO circuit will generate output signal whose
frequency changes according to the change in the amplitude of the
information signal and is FM signal, as shown in figure (4).
Analog Communication Laboratory II Exp.No.6: Frequency Modulation & Demodulation

Figure (4) FM Generation by direct method.

2. What is the difference between narrowband FM and wideband FM refer to the

spectral component of the two signals?

Subject Narrowband FM Wideband FM

Modulation Index Less than 1 Greater than 1
Frequency Deviation 5 kHz 75 kHz
Modulating Frequency 3 kHz From 30 Hz to 15 kHz
Bandwidth 2Wm 2∆W
Application Mobile communications TV broadcasting
spectrum Contains the carrier and Contains the carrier and
sidebands infinite sidebands

So
3. Compare the N ratio of:
o

A. AM DSB-LC.
B. AM SSB-SC.
C. FM.

AM DSB-LC AM SSB-SC FM

N i= n2c´( t )=n 2s´( t ) N i= n2c´( t )=n 2s´( t )

m2´( t ) AC Si= m2´ ( t )

2

Si= +
2 2
Analog Communication Laboratory II Exp.No.6: Frequency Modulation & Demodulation
Ni Ni S o 3 π A 2C k 2f m2´ ( t )
No= No= =
4 4 No ξ W 3m

m2´ ( t ) Si
So = So =
4 4

So m2´ ( t ) 2 Si So Si
= 2´ × =
N o m (t)+ A2 N i No Ni
C

4. Explain the operation of frequency demodulation by using the PLL method.

 The FM signal is applied to the input of the phase detector, which compares
the phase of the FM signal with the phase of the VCO signal, and when the
frequency is different between them, the phase will also differ, and the output
will pass through LPF, which is proportional to the phase difference between
the two signals, and then passes through VCO to reduce the frequency of its
signal until it becomes equal to the frequency FM and in this case the circuit
becomes lock, as shown figure (5).

Figure (5) Block diagram of PLL.

 Analog Communication Laboratory II Exp.No.6: Frequency Modulation & Demodulation

5. Explain what is Carson's rule.

 A rule defining the bandwidth of the carrier signal that is frequency
modulated.
BW =2 ( ∆ f +f m )

Any frequency modulated signal will have an infinite number of sidebands

and hence an infinite bandwidth but, in practice, all significant sideband
power (98% or more) is concentrated within the bandwidth defined by
Carson's rule.

 Graph papers

 Part (1) FM Modulation.

Analog Communication Laboratory II Exp.No.6: Frequency Modulation & Demodulation

 Part (2) FM Demodulation.

Analog Communication Laboratory II Exp.No.6: Frequency Modulation & Demodulation